经皮穴位电刺激在围手术期的应用进展

李天行 丁凯 冒亚楠 宋宇豪 谢渭芬 宁北芳

引用本文: 李天行,丁凯,冒亚楠,等. 经皮穴位电刺激在围手术期的应用进展[J]. 海军军医大学学报,2026,47(2):261-268.DOI: 10.16781/j.CN31-2187/R.20240847.
Citation: LI T, DING K, MAO Y, et al. Application of transcutaneous electrical acustimulation in perioperative period: recent progress[J]. Acad J Naval Med Univ, 2026, 47(2): 261-268. DOI: 10.16781/j.CN31-2187/R.20240847.

经皮穴位电刺激在围手术期的应用进展

doi: 10.16781/j.CN31-2187/R.20240847
基金项目: 

上海市卫生健康委员会临床研究面上项目 202240347;

上海市卫生健康委员会临床研究青年项目 20244Y0160;

海军军医大学第二附属医院临床研究项目 2023YJBF-PY06;

海军军医大学第二附属医院临床研究项目 2024DZXYY-206.

详细信息

Application of transcutaneous electrical acustimulation in perioperative period: recent progress

Funds: 

General Program of Clinical Research Project of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission 202240347;

Youth Program of Clinical Research Project of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission 20244Y0160;

Clinical Research Project of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University 2023YJBF-PY06;

Clinical Research Project of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University 2024DZXYY-206.

  • 摘要: 经皮穴位电刺激(TEA)融合了针灸与经皮神经电刺激的技术特点,通过体表电极作用于神经邻近或重叠的穴位,利用电流刺激发挥治疗效应。该技术具有参数可调、选穴方案灵活、无创安全、患者依从性高等优势。现有研究表明,TEA在围手术期管理中展现出巨大应用潜力:可有效稳定患者术前状态、维持术中生命体征平稳、降低术后并发症发生率,其作用机制涉及自主神经平衡、激素调节与免疫功能改善等。本文旨在综述TEA在围手术期应用及其作用机制的最新研究进展。

     

    Abstract: Transcutaneous electrical acustimulation (TEA) combines the technical features of acupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. It delivers therapeutic electrical stimulation via surface electrodes applied to acupoints adjacent to or overlapping with nerves. This technique offers advantages such as adjustable parameters, flexible acupoint selection protocols, non-invasiveness, safety, and high patient compliance. Current research robustly demonstrates TEA's significant potential in perioperative management: it effectively stabilizes preoperative patient status, maintains intraoperative hemodynamic stability, and reduces the risk of postoperative complications. Its mechanisms of action involve autonomic nervous system balance, hormone regulation, and immune function enhancement. This review summarizes recent advances in the perioperative applications of TEA and their underlying mechanisms.

     

  • 经皮穴位电刺激(transcutaneous electrical acustimulation,TEA)起源于中医针灸疗法,并逐步发展成熟,作为穴位刺激的关键技术之一,其已广泛应用于临床多种疾病的治疗。大量研究表明,TEA刺激足三里、内关、合谷等穴位可调节胃肠道动力,对胃食管反流病、功能性消化不良、慢性便秘等胃肠道疾病有良好的治疗效果[1-2],同时在防治晕动症、调节应激情绪等其他领域极具应用前景[3-4]。随着对TEA研究的不断深入,其在围手术期的应用不断拓展。目前,TEA在术前抗焦虑、稳定血压、术中器官保护、减轻应激反应、缓解术后消化道症状、镇痛、预防认知功能障碍等方面[5-7]疗效显著,在围手术期全程管理中应用前景广阔。本文就TEA在围手术期的应用现状和进展及其作用机制进行综述。

    针灸是我国传统医学的瑰宝,以针刺和艾灸为主要方法,通过对人体特定经络、腧穴进行刺激达到治疗疾病的目的。电针(electroacupuncture,EA)是在针灸的基础上给予穴位毫针微小电流刺激。EA通过设定参数进行电刺激治疗,实现了治疗的标准化,具备更好的可重复性和实操性,在临床和科研领域受到广泛肯定。随着科技不断进步,经皮神经电刺激(transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation,TENS)、经皮迷走神经刺激(transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation,t-VNS)等无创疗法发展迅速。TENS通过表皮施加特定低频脉冲电流,利用电流刺激外周神经粗纤维,用于缓解各类急慢性疼痛、促进术后胃肠功能恢复等。

    TEA是在EA及TENS的基础上,采用经皮电极对邻近或与周围神经重叠的穴位施加一定的电流刺激以治疗疾病的方法,其治疗参数多样,大致可分为长脉冲刺激、短脉冲刺激、脉冲串刺激和干扰电流刺激;按功能可分为兴奋性刺激和抑制性刺激。此外,TEA还具有选穴灵活、无创安全、简易便携等优点,显著提高了患者的依从性,并已在许多疾病中证明疗效可靠[8]

    围手术期是从患者决定接受手术治疗开始到手术治疗直至基本康复的特殊阶段,涵盖术前、术中、术后3个时期。围手术期许多因素如情绪紧张、内环境失衡、应激反应、器官功能紊乱、疼痛、认知功能障碍等都会不同程度降低患者舒适化医疗体验,影响患者术后恢复,给患者及家属的心理和经济带来负担。近年研究结果显示,TEA对稳定患者术前状态、维持术中生命体征平稳、减少术后并发症等方面均有较好作用。

    2.1.1   抗焦虑

    手术前焦虑十分常见,其发生率约为11%~80%[9]。焦虑状态会增加术中麻醉管理风险、术后疼痛敏感性以及术后感染概率,延长患者术后恢复时间。临床上常用的抗焦虑治疗主要包括药物治疗及心理干预,但存在药物潜在不良反应及心理干预周期过长等问题,而TEA可作为上述治疗方法的替代及补充。

    Hou等[5]在一项随机对照试验中,将74例行肾切除术患者分为TEA或假刺激(sham-TEA)对照组进行了比较研究,TEA组患者术前、术后多次对印堂、太冲、内关穴予TEA,对照组则将电极片放置在相同穴位但不予通电。研究结果发现,TEA组可通过提高血清褪黑素水平有效缓解患者术前及术后的焦虑状态,促进患者术后恢复。在乳腺癌和痔疮切除术患者的研究中同样也发现TEA治疗可缓解患者术前和术后焦虑状态[10-11]。这些研究认为,术前TEA抗焦虑的常用穴位主要包括印堂、内关、太冲等,其作用机制可能与调节交感/副交感神经平衡、改善内分泌及抑制炎症反应等有关[5, 11]。脑干中蓝斑核(locus coeruleus,LC)是大脑释放去甲肾上腺素的主要来源。蓝斑核-去甲肾上腺素(locus coeruleus-norepinephrine,LC-NE)投射系统调节整个中央神经系统并调节感觉处理、运动行为、唤醒和认知过程,也是痛觉调节及针灸镇痛主要靶向的中枢神经系统的效应部位之一[12]。Sclocco等[13]通过功能磁共振成像技术,发现t-VNS通过LC-NE系统可增强人体脑干的兴奋性,减少抑制性中枢神经递质导致的负面情绪。因此,进一步探索TEA对LC-NE系统的影响,可能为TEA抗焦虑的机制研究找到重要突破口。

    2.1.2   调节血压

    血压稳定不仅能降低术中麻醉风险,还能减少术后并发症,加速患者术后康复,对围手术期患者至关重要[14]。术中血压波动不仅会加重手术器官的损伤,还会影响重要器官的灌注,当术中平均动脉压变异系数大于10%时,术后谵妄的风险显著升高[15-16]。多项研究表明,TEA可优化患者术前状态,对围手术期的血压调控发挥重要作用。

    有研究发现,利用TEA刺激合谷、曲池、足三里、太冲穴12周可以降低高血压患者的收缩压,TEA治疗组较普通护理组患者收缩压下降了6.83 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),并且这种降压作用能持续到第36周,其机制可能与TEA降低交感神经活性、增加副交感神经活性相关[17]。Chen等[15]在一项随机对照试验中,对91例妇科恶性肿瘤合并高血压的患者麻醉诱导前行TEA(TEA治疗组)或sham-TEA(对照组)干预(TEA组对合谷、内关进行电刺激,对照组则对上肢非穴位位置进行电刺激),结果发现TEA治疗组在麻醉诱导前出现高血压的比例低于对照组(9.0% vs 29.0%,P<0.05),且收缩压、舒张压和平均血压均低于对照组。在另一项随机双盲对照的临床研究中纳入105例腹腔镜子宫肌瘤切除术患者,TEA组术前30 min对合谷、内关行TEA,结果与对照组相比,TEA组术中低血压的发生率降低(19.2% vs 45.3%,P<0.01),对血管活性药物需求也明显减少,进一步研究发现TEA通过内源性阿片肽对血压具有双向调节作用,从而有效维持术中血压稳定[18]。以上结果表明,术前TEA治疗可改善患者血压、减少血管活性药物使用,有助于手术安全。

    2.2.1   器官保护

    术中保护重要脏器功能对患者术中安全、术后恢复有重要意义。目前TEA在术中器官保护作用的研究主要涉及心脏、肺、大脑等重要脏器。

    据报道,非心脏手术患者围手术期心肌梗死或损伤的发生率为13.1%[19],当出现心源性休克时死亡率可高达50%[20],因而围手术期心脏保护十分重要。动物实验中发现,TENS治疗可能通过促进内源性类阿片样物质释放起到保护心脏的作用[21]。Li等[6]在接受脊柱外科手术的冠心病患者中,从麻醉诱导前30 min至手术结束使用TEA刺激内关和郄门,TEA治疗组患者术后第1、3天血清高敏肌钙蛋白T浓度分别较对照组降低5.75 ng/L及3.95 ng/L,且术后第1、3、5天心率较对照组分别降低6.79、5.14及4.79 min-1,机制研究发现TEA可通过调节交感/副交感神经平衡减轻围手术期心肌缺血损伤。在儿童心脏手术中也发现围手术期应用TEA能有效减轻小儿心脏手术后的心肌损伤[22]。这些结果提示,TEA在围手术期心血管系统保护中的作用,但具体机制有待深入研究。

    术中患者在麻醉状态下心肺功能的维持十分重要,TEA通过多种途径对术中肺功能起保护作用。研究发现,EA可通过抑制p38磷酸化及降低caspase-3活化等机制,减少心肺转流术诱发的大鼠肺部炎症、氧化应激和细胞凋亡,改善大鼠急性肺损伤,为TEA在术中保护肺脏功能提供了理论基础[23]。Zhao等[24]纳入112例行单肺通气麻醉的食管癌手术患者,在麻醉诱导前30 min分别予受试者肺俞、合谷、足三里行TEA或sham-TEA刺激(电极片放置于相应穴位不进行电刺激),结果表明TEA刺激能提高患者术中氧合指数、IL-10水平,降低肺泡-动脉血氧分压差、TNF-α、IL-6水平,有效降低患者术后肺部并发症的发生率,缩短住院天数[(13.8±0.4)d vs(15.5±1.3)d,P<0.05]。在妇科腹腔镜手术[25]及肺癌胸腔镜手术[26]中应用TEA也得到了类似的结果。这些研究结果提示,TEA治疗可能通过改善肺部炎症、抑制氧化应激等机制改善肺功能,有望为提高麻醉手术安全提供保障。

    目前TEA改善神经损伤方面的研究相对较少。既往报道,TEA刺激足三里和内关可抑制应激反应,保护中枢神经系统[27]。在脑卒中大鼠模型中,TENS刺激合谷、百会穴,可能通过调节硫氧还蛋白互作蛋白、BRCA1/BRCA2复合体3亚基/NOD样受体热蛋白结构域蛋白3和低氧诱导因子-1α/Bcl2/腺病毒E1B相互作用蛋白3通路活性、抑制神经元氧化应激、激活线粒体自噬等机制,减轻缺血性脑卒中后的脑损伤[28]。临床研究发现,TEA可能通过减少术中脑血流波动、降低血脑屏障的通透性等作用来减轻神经炎症和中枢神经系统损伤,保护大脑[29-30]。上述研究对TEA在神经损伤修复方面的作用进行了初步探索,为今后深入研究提供了依据。

    2.2.2   减少麻醉药物剂量

    全身麻醉药是一类能抑制中枢神经系统功能,可逆性引起意识、感觉和反射消失,松弛骨骼肌的药物,为各类手术提供保障,常用药物包括瑞芬太尼、异丙酚、七氟醚等。麻醉药物为手术提供了坚实的基础,但其不良反应也逐渐引起关注,如异丙酚易引起低血压,影响神经元再生;阿片类药物可引起呼吸抑制、损害认知功能[31]。此外,有研究报道氯胺酮和硫喷妥钠等药物可能通过抑制自然杀伤细胞活性等作用抑制肿瘤免疫,增加复发风险[32]。因此,亟需一种安全、有效的手段,以尽可能减少术中麻醉药物的剂量。

    TEA在各种疼痛治疗方面的作用已得到广泛认可[33],一篇纳入76项随机对照试验的meta分析显示,TEA与针灸、EA一样可减少外科术中异丙酚和瑞芬太尼的使用剂量[31]。Lu等[34]利用功能磁共振成像技术发现,TEA刺激神门、郄门可抑制左侧丘脑、右侧壳核和中脑的活动,从而起到镇静作用。在全麻腹腔镜手术和儿童骨科手术中的研究发现,应用TEA可以减少麻醉药物用量、降低急性躁动的发生率、缩短术后拔管时间[8, 35]。机制研究中发现,TEA镇痛机制与促进内源性阿片肽的释放相关,不同频率TEA诱导中枢神经系统释放不同类型阿片肽,低频(2 Hz)的电刺激主要促进β-内啡肽和脑啡肽释放,当频率为2~100 Hz时促进β-内啡肽和强啡肽释放,当以不同频率交替刺激时可促进相应内源性阿片肽释放并以协同方式发挥镇痛作用[36]。这些研究结果进一步明确了TEA在镇痛及减少麻醉药物用量等方面具有较好的效果,但具体机制有待进一步研究。

    2.2.3   减轻术中应激反应

    围手术期中,术前焦虑、麻醉操作、手术创伤等因素都易引起机体应激反应[37],尤其术中气管插管、拔管、手术对脏器的刺激等易引起机体交感/副交感神经平衡紊乱、免疫抑制,影响手术操作及患者预后。

    动物研究发现,TENS可以抑制促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素、降低糖皮质激素水平、激活NF-κB信号通路,利于巨噬细胞向M1型极化,促进术后免疫功能恢复[37-38]。一项纳入122例行胸腔镜肺叶切除手术患者的随机对照临床研究中,在麻醉前30 min至手术结束对患者内关、合谷、列缺、尺泽进行TEA并与假刺激组对照,发现TEA有助于维持血流动力学稳定,降低血浆中肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素和皮质醇的水平,通过下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺素轴减弱麻醉插管、拔管时的应激反应,减少了术中瑞芬太尼的用量,提升麻醉复苏质量,降低患者术后并发症发生率[39]。近期,一项纳入12项随机对照研究共计1 347例受试者的meta分析显示,TEA干预组在术后拔管即刻、5 min和10 min的心率和平均动脉压均低于对照组,降低了术后紧急躁动和术后谵妄的发生率,也降低了丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼的用量,能有效减轻术中应激反应[40]

    2.3.1   促进胃肠功能恢复

    术后胃肠功能紊乱与麻醉、手术应激、术中创伤等因素密切相关,常表现为腹痛、腹胀、腹泻、恶心、呕吐、进食困难等。据报道,约10%~30%的腹部手术患者在全身麻醉后会出现不同程度的术后胃肠功能紊乱[41],延长了患者住院时间,增加了术后并发症的可能。目前治疗术后胃肠功能紊乱主要包括术前充分肠道准备、术中目标导向液体治疗、术后疼痛管理等方式,但效果不令人满意,寻找更好的方法改善术后胃肠功能紊乱成为研究的热点。

    有多项随机对照试验纳入了行胃肠道肿瘤切除及剖宫产等手术的患者,发现TEA治疗可减少术后肠麻痹发生,缩短术后首次排气、排便、恢复正常饮食以及肠鸣音的时间,有效缓解了患者术后消化道症状,促进术后机能恢复,其机制可能与TEA增加副交感神经活动、降低交感神经活动、提高胃正常慢波比例及抗炎作用相关[42-44]。一项荟萃分析纳入了10项随机对照试验共1 497例患者,同样表明TEA可加速胃肠手术后消化道功能的恢复[45]。近年来,随着TEA在治疗胃肠动力相关疾病中的应用广泛开展,其作用机制还包括调节胃肠动力、改善内脏敏感性、提高黏膜屏障功能及影响胃肠道激素分泌等,为TEA改善术后胃肠动力障碍的临床应用提供了更多临床及理论依据。此外,一项动物研究发现,刺激颈部迷走神经可减轻手术诱导的肠道炎症,改善术后肠道动力,其机制为胆碱能肌间神经元作用于表达α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体的肠道巨噬细胞,表明肠道肌层巨噬细胞很可能是胃肠道胆碱能抗炎通路靶点之一,值得进一步研究[46]

    2.3.2   术后镇痛

    术后疼痛在临床上十分常见,约86%的患者会出现术后疼痛,甚至其中有75%的患者会出现中/重度疼痛[47]。药物治疗是目前控制疼痛最常用的方法,但是阿片类药物易出现恶心、呕吐、头晕等不良反应,长期使用会出现药物耐受,不利于患者术后康复。

    在癌性疼痛小鼠模型中发现,高频和低频TENS均可通过激活下行疼痛调节通路、促进局部大麻素释放、激活大麻素CB1受体等发挥镇痛作用[48]。一项有关急性术后疼痛大鼠模型研究发现,EA可通过活化干扰素基因刺激因子/1型干扰素信号通路降低神经节炎症因子水平,发挥镇痛及抗炎作用,为TEA在术后镇痛的机制研究提供了新思路[49]

    Wang等[50]在一项多中心随机双盲对照试验中纳入83例行腹腔镜胃肠道肿瘤切除术的患者,于术前1 d、手术当天、术后第1天对患者神门、内关和足三里穴行TEA或sham-TEA刺激(电极片放置于相应穴位不进行电刺激),结果表明TEA不仅能缓解术后疼痛,减少镇痛药物使用剂量,还能改善术后睡眠质量。这可能与TEA激活了核因子E2相关因子2/抗氧化反应原件通路进而减轻炎症反应相关。在行胸腔镜肺部手术患者中,TEA组患者对内关、合谷穴行TEA,与对照组(电极片放置于相应穴位不进行电刺激)相比,TEA组术后6~48 h疼痛评分降低,术后24 h内需要紧急镇痛的人数比例减少(59.5% vs 85.7%,P<0.01),展现出了良好的术后镇痛效果;机制研究表明,TEA降低患者术后血清IL-6水平,提高β-内啡肽水平并激活内啡肽系统,减轻术后疼痛[51]。一项纳入76项随机对照试验[52]共9 665例患者的meta分析结果提示,TEA可减轻患者术后疼痛,减少术后阿片类药物的使用量,说明TEA对术后镇痛疗效显著。以上研究结果提示,TEA可能通过活化内源性大麻素系统、内啡肽系统缓解患者术后疼痛,减少术后对阿片类药物的需求以及药物相关不良反应,有助于患者术后康复。

    2.3.3   改善认知功能

    术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)是一种术后出现的中枢神经系统疾病,以记忆受损、精神错乱、认知能力和社交能力下降为主要特征。POCD在老年术后患者中更为常见,术后7 d POCD的发生率约为25%~40%[53],给老年患者及其家庭带来巨大的经济压力和精神负担。神经炎症是POCD发病的重要因素[54],因其位置的特殊性,目前针对POCD的防治手段十分有限。

    多项研究发现,对腹腔镜结肠癌根治术、腰椎手术、膝关节置换术的老年患者术后行TEA可以减少神经炎症反应,减轻神经元损伤,降低POCD的发生率[55-57]。Guo等[58]在一项纳入110例行胸腔镜肺癌切除术老年患者的随机双盲前瞻性的临床研究中,从麻醉前30 min至手术结束在百会、内关、合谷、足三里行TEA或sham-TEA(电极片放置于相应穴位不进行电刺激),在术后短期及长期随访中发现,与假刺激组比较,TEA组术后不同时间点POCD发生率均下降,术后第6个月和第12个月TEA组的整体健康评分也高于假刺激组。另有meta分析结果也肯定了TEA在预防老年人全身麻醉后早期术后认知能力下降中的作用[59]。上述研究结果为TEA在防治POCD的临床应用奠定了较好的基础,但术后长期疗效仍需大队列随机对照临床试验进一步验证。

    本文系统总结了TEA在围手术期应用的进展与机制。TEA融合针灸与经皮电刺激优势,其无创、灵活、安全的特点在围手术期全程管理中具有重要的应用前景。TEA在围手术期全程通过神经-内分泌-免疫多靶点调控发挥以下核心作用:术前有效缓解焦虑、稳定血压;术中保护心肺器官、减少麻醉药用量并抑制应激反应;术后促进胃肠功能恢复、提供镇痛并降低老年患者POCD风险,优化患者康复进程。目前有关TEA的临床研究在方案设计上存在异质性,亟需开展更多高质量、大样本、标准化的随机对照试验以提供更强循证依据。同时,探索TEA与加速康复外科的整合,可提升其临床应用精准性和推广潜力。

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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2024-12-13
  • 接受日期:  2025-06-23

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