Associations between negative emotions, marital relationship, and semen quality in male infertility patients
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摘要:
目的 探讨男性不育症患者的抑郁、焦虑及压力情绪状态对精液质量的影响,并分析夫妻关系质量与情感性触摸行为在上述关联中的作用。 方法 选取2024年3月至12月在海军军医大学第一附属医院生殖医学中心接受体外受精-胚胎移植治疗的154例男性不育症患者为研究对象。采用一般资料调查表收集人口学与临床信息;使用抑郁-焦虑-压力量表、夫妻关系问卷和情感性触摸量表分别评估患者的负性情绪水平、夫妻关系质量以及情感性触摸频率。精液质量指标(包括精子活动率、前向运动率、精子浓度)数据来源于患者胚胎移植前的精液动态分析报告。 结果 男性不育症患者伴有抑郁、焦虑、压力情绪的比例分别为11.7%(18/154)、15.6%(24/154)和11.0%(17/154)。年龄≥33岁组不育症患者的抑郁、焦虑和压力情绪得分及精子浓度均高于年龄<33岁组,而情感性触摸得分低于年龄<33岁组(均P<0.05)。日运动时长≥60 min组不育症患者的抑郁和压力情绪得分均低于日运动时长<60 min组(均P<0.05)。相关分析显示,抑郁、焦虑及压力情绪之间两两正相关(均P<0.01),而三者均与精子活动率呈负相关(P<0.01或P<0.05);抑郁情绪与精子前向运动率呈负相关(P<0.01);夫妻情感质量与夫妻认知水平呈正相关(P<0.01),且两者均与抑郁、焦虑及压力情绪呈负相关(均P<0.01);情感性触摸频率与夫妻情感及夫妻认知水平均呈正相关(均P<0.01),但与精子浓度呈负相关(P<0.05)。分层回归分析显示,焦虑情绪与精子活动率呈负相关(t=-1.993,P=0.048),情感性触摸频率与精子浓度呈负相关(t=-2.271,P=0.025);夫妻认知水平与抑郁(t=-2.875,P=0.005)、焦虑(t=-4.186,P<0.001)、压力(t=-4.099,P<0.001)水平均呈负相关;吸烟量与焦虑(t=2.166,P=0.032)、压力(t=2.010,P=0.046)水平呈正相关;婚姻持续时长与焦虑情绪呈正相关(t=2.531,P=0.012)。 结论 男性不育症患者负性情绪常见,抑郁、焦虑及压力情绪与精子活动率下降相关,较高的夫妻关系质量可缓解负性情绪,情感性触摸频率关联夫妻关系与精子浓度。 Abstract:Objective To investigate the impact of depression, anxiety, and stress on semen quality in male infertility patients and to analyze the role of marital relationship and affective touch behaviors in this association. Methods A total of 154 male infertility patients who underwent in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer treatment at the Reproductive Medicine Center of The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University between Mar. to Dec. 2024 were enrolled. Demographic and clinical data were collected using a general information questionnaire. The depression-anxiety-stress scale, marital relationship questionnaire, and affective touch scale were used to assess negative emotion levels, marital relationship, and affective touch frequency, respectively. Semen quality parameters-including sperm motility, progressive motility, and sperm concentration-were obtained from semen dynamic analysis reports prior to embryo transfer. Results The proportions of infertility patients with depression, anxiety, and stress were 11.7% (18/154), 15.6% (24/154), and 11.0% (17/154), respectively. Infertility patients aged ≥33 years had higher scores for depression, anxiety, and stress, as well as higher sperm concentration, but had significantly lower score of affective touch compared to those aged <33 years (all P<0.05). Patients with daily exercise duration ≥60 min had significantly lower depression and stress scores than those with <60 min (all P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that depression, anxiety, and stress were positively correlated with each other (all P<0.01), while all 3 were negatively correlated with sperm motility (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Depression was also negatively correlated with progressive motility (P<0.01). Marital relationship and marital cognition were positively correlated with each other (P<0.01) and negatively correlated with depression, anxiety, and stress (all P<0.01). The frequency of affective touch was positively correlated with marital relationship and marital cognition (both P<0.01), but was negatively correlated with sperm concentration (P<0.05). Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that anxiety was negatively correlated with sperm motility (t=-1.993, P=0.048), and the frequency of affective touch was negatively correlated with sperm concentration (t=-2.271, P=0.025). Marital cognition was significantly negatively correlated with depression (t=-2.875, P=0.005), anxiety (t=-4.186, P<0.001), and stress (t=-4.099, P<0.001). Smoking amount was positively correlated with anxiety (t=2.166, P=0.032) and stress (t=2.010, P=0.046). Marriage duration was positively correlated with anxiety (t=2.531, P=0.012). Conclusion Negative emotions are common in male infertility patients, and depression, anxiety, and stress are associated with reduced sperm motility. Higher marital relationship can alleviate negative emotions, and the frequency of affective touch is associated with marital relationship and sperm concentration. -
Keywords:
- infertility /
- negative emotion /
- semen quality /
- marital relationship /
- affective touch
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不孕不育症是一组由多种病因导致的生育障碍状态。在未采取避孕措施且进行正常性生活至少12个月女性仍未怀孕,被定义为不孕症,男性则称为不育症[1]。据WHO统计,在全球范围内约17.5%的成年人(约1/6人口)受到不孕不育症的影响,且有快速增长趋势[2-3]。WHO预测,不孕不育症将成为21世纪继肿瘤和心脑血管疾病之后的第三大疾病[4]。当前,男性不育症的治疗方法包括药物治疗、手术和辅助生殖技术。随着胚胎技术逐渐成熟,体外受精-胚胎移植(in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer,IVF-ET)技术成为治疗不孕不育症的主要方式[5]。IVF-ET技术是指将成熟的卵子和精子在体外授精形成受精卵,受精卵在体外培养至胚胎阶段,然后植入女性子宫内,俗称“试管婴儿”[6]。多项研究显示,由于IVF-ET助孕治疗周期长、有创操作频繁及结果不确定等,患者在治疗过程中存在诸多负面心理问题,其中以焦虑、抑郁情绪最为突出[7-8]。然而,目前关于不孕不育症的研究多集中于女性患者,男性患者的心理健康问题常被忽视。虽然已有研究表明,负性情绪(如焦虑、抑郁)与男性生殖健康之间存在显著关联,但具体的影响机制及如何通过心理干预改善男性不育症患者的生育能力仍需进一步探讨[9]。此外,夫妻关系质量与情感交流(如情感性触摸)的频率等因素也被认为对男性不育症患者的心理健康和生育能力具有重要影响[10]。然而,现有文献中关于这些心理和社会因素如何相互作用并影响男性不育症患者生育质量的研究相对较少。本研究通过横断面调查的方法,全面评估男性不育症患者的心理状态、夫妻关系及生育能力,探讨负性情绪、夫妻关系及情感性触摸对男性不育症患者精液质量的影响。
1 对象和方法
1.1 研究对象
本研究采用便利抽样法,选取2024年3月至12月于海军军医大学第一附属医院接受治疗的男性不育症患者作为研究对象。纳入标准:(1)确诊为男性不育症并接受IVF-ET治疗;(2)认知功能正常,能够独立完成量表填写;(3)自愿参与本研究,并承诺提供真实有效的问卷信息。排除标准:(1)近3个月内经历重大生活变故(如亲人去世);(2)存在严重抑郁、焦虑等心理障碍;(3)患有精神障碍或其他严重躯体疾病;(4)正在参与其他类似研究。本研究获得海军军医大学第一附属医院生殖医学伦理委员会审批(2023-5-006)。
1.2 调查工具
(1)一般资料调查表:研究者自行设计,调查内容主要包括年龄、受教育程度、婚龄、身高、体重、接受不育治疗的时长、每日运动时长、吸烟和饮酒情况。(2)抑郁-焦虑-压力量表简体中文版(depression anxiety stress scale-21,DASS-21)[11]:用于评价个体最近1周负性情绪的感受程度。该量表包含21个条目,采用Likert 4点计分法,每个条目按“不符合”“有时符合”“常常符合”“总是符合”分别计0~3分。抑郁、焦虑、压力因子得分为各因子条目得分的和乘以2,各因子得分范围为0~42分,得分越高表示抑郁、焦虑或压力程度越重。焦虑得分>7分、抑郁得分>9分或压力得分>14分,则提示存在心理危机。(3)夫妻关系问卷:采用陈世民等[12]编制的夫妻关系问卷(marital relationship questionnaire,MRQ)进行夫妻关系评估。MRQ共14个条目,包含夫妻情感、夫妻认知和夫妻沟通3个维度。每个条目均采用5级评分,从“非常不符合”到“非常符合”依次计1~5分。根据量表设定,总分越高表明夫妻关系越好。(4)情感性触摸量表:Light等[13]为探寻配偶间过去1个月中进行情感性触摸的频率而研制。该量表共5个条目,每个条目有4个选项,按行为发生频率计1(从不或几乎从不)~4(每天5次或更多次)分”,总分范围为5~20分,分数越高表示过去1个月内伴侣间发生的情感性触摸频率越高。
1.3 调查方法
首先确定调查问卷,然后对问卷调查的方法、注意事项及团队成员分工进行系统培训与深入交流。每次调查活动由2名研究人员协同执行,运用统一的指导语对调查目的、方法及注意事项进行说明,随后在获得患者同意后进行问卷发放。患者需独立完成问卷填写,对于问卷中存在的不明确条目,由研究人员提供专业解读。问卷填写完毕后,立即收回。
1.4 精液质量评估
不育症患者的精液质量指标包括精子活动率、前向运动率和精子浓度。数据来源于不育症患者胚胎移植前精液动态分析报告。精子活动率的正常参考值≥40%,前向运动率的正常参考值≥32%,精子浓度的正常参考值≥15×106/mL[14]。
1.5 统计学处理
采用SPSS 27.0软件进行统计学分析。采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验对计量资料进行正态性检验。服从正态分布的计量资料以x±s表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;不服从正态分布的计量资料以M(Q1,Q3)表示,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料以例数和百分数表示,组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法。相关性分析采用Pearson相关分析或Spearman相关分析。采用分层回归分析精液质量和负性情绪的影响因素。检验水准(α)为0.05。
2 结果
2.1 一般资料
共计发放调查问卷160份,排除6份信息填报不全或存在明显错误的无效问卷,共收回有效问卷154份,回收率达96.25%。154例不育症患者的年龄为26~47岁,婚龄为1~20年,平均每日运动时长为0~120 min,BMI为18.52~39.51 kg/m2,其中大专和本科及以上学历的患者有145人(94.2%)、吸烟者52人(33.8%)、饮酒者79人(51.3%)、接受不育治疗>2年者34人(22.1%)。见表 1。
表 1 研究对象的一般信息Table 1 Demographic information of participantsN=154, n (%) Characteristic Case Characteristic Case Age/year Smoking status ≥ 33 87 (56.5) Never 102 (66.2) <33 67 (43.5) Occasional 19 (12.3) Marital duration/year Light 14 (9.1) ≥ 5 84 (54.5) Regular 19 (12.3) <5 70 (45.5) Alcohol consumption Daily exercise/min Never 75 (48.7) ≥ 60 86 (55.8) Occasional 70 (45.5) <60 68 (44.2) Light 9 (5.8) Body mass index/(kg·m-2) Regular 0 <18.5 0 Duration of infertility treatment/year 18.5-23.9 80 (51.9) <1 56 (36.4) ≥ 24.0 74 (48.1) 1-2 64 (41.6) Education level 3-5 22 (14.3) Junior high or below 1 (0.6) >5 12 (7.8) High school or secondary 8 (5.2) University or college 130 (84.4) Postgraduate or above 15 (9.7) 2.2 负性情绪、精液质量、夫妻关系及情感性触摸状况
在负性情绪方面,154例不育症患者中有抑郁、焦虑、压力情绪者分别有18人(11.7%)、24人(15.6%)、17人(11.0%)。精液分析结果显示,精子活动率偏低者47人(30.5%),前向运动率偏低者52人(33.8%),精子浓度偏低者19人(12.3%)。见表 2。另外,夫妻关系中夫妻情感得分为(23.38±2.28)分,夫妻认知得分为(22.64±2.52)分,夫妻沟通得分为(14.03±4.42)分;情感性触摸得分为(15.62±4.62)分。
表 2 不育症患者的负性情绪和精液质量状况Table 2 Negative emotions and semen quality of infertility patientsN=154, n (%) Variable Case Variable Case Depression score Stress score 0-9 (minimal) 136 (88.3) 0-14 (low) 137 (89.0) 10-13 (mild) 10 (6.5) 15-18 (moderate) 9 (5.8) 14-20 (moderate) 7 (4.5) 19-25 (high) 7 (4.5) 21-27 (severe) 1 (0.6) 26-33 (very high) 1 (0.6) ≥ 28 (extremely severe) 0 ≥ 34 (extremely high) 0 Anxiety score Progressive motility/% 0-7 (minimal) 130 (84.4) ≥ 32 (normal) 102 (66.2) 8-9 (mild) 7 (4.5) <32 (abnormal) 52 (33.8) 10-14 (moderate) 16 (10.4) Sperm concentration/(mL-1, ×106) 15-19 (severe) 1 (0.6) ≥ 15 (normal) 135 (87.7) ≥ 20 (extremely severe) 0 <15 (abnormal) 19 (12.3) Sperm motility/% ≥ 40 (normal) 107 (69.5) <40 (abnormal) 47 (30.5) The reference values for semen parameters were based on the WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen (6th edition). 2.3 不同特征不育症患者的负性情绪、精液质量及情感性触摸状况比较
年龄≥33岁组不育症患者的抑郁、焦虑和压力情绪得分及精子浓度均高于年龄<33岁组,而情感性触摸得分低于年龄<33岁组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。在运动时长方面,平均每日运动时长≥60 min组不育症患者的抑郁和压力得分均低于平均每日运动时长<60 min组(均P<0.05)。另外,吸烟的不育症患者的抑郁、压力得分低于不吸烟者(均P<0.05)。见表 3。婚龄、受教育程度、BMI、是否饮酒及不育症治疗时长对不育症患者的负性情绪、精液质量及情感性触摸均无显著影响,数据未列出。
表 3 不同特征不育症患者的负性情绪、情感性触摸得分及精液质量比较Table 3 Comparison of negative emotions, affective touch scores, and semen quality among infertility patients with different characteristicsM (Q1, Q3) Variable Age <33 year, n=67 ≥ 33 year, n=87 Z value P value Depression score 0 (0, 4) 2 (0, 6) -2.193 0.028 Anxiety score 2 (0, 4) 2 (2, 6) -2.427 0.015 Stress score 4 (0, 8) 8 (2, 14) -2.706 0.007 Sperm motility/% 51.0 (35.0, 66.0) 50.0 (34.0, 60.0) -0.492 0.623 Progressive motility/% 41.0 (26.0, 58.0) 41.0 (24.0, 52.0) -0.64 0.522 Sperm concentration/(mL-1, ×106) 49.3 (23.7, 107.8) 83.5 (35.4, 127.7) -2.185 0.029 Affective touch score 19 (15, 20) 16 (10, 20) -2.268 0.023 Variable Daily exercise <60 min, n=68 ≥ 60 min, n=86 Z value P value Depression score 2 (0, 6) 0 (0, 3) -2.610 0.009 Anxiety score 2 (2, 6) 2 (0, 4) -1.937 0.053 Stress score 8 (4, 14) 4 (0, 10) -2.528 0.011 Sperm motility/% 49.5 (34.5, 58.8) 54.0 (34.5, 65.5) -1.418 0.156 Progressive motility/% 40.0 (23.3, 51.0) 42.5 (26.0, 56.5) -1.429 0.153 Sperm concentration/(mL-1, ×106) 71.9 (25.6, 119.5) 75.3 (29.1, 117.5) -0.111 0.912 Affective touch score 16 (13, 19) 18 (10, 20) -1.003 0.316 Variable Smoking No, n=102 Yes, n=52 Z value P value Depression score 2 (0, 6) 0 (0, 2) -2.440 0.015 Anxiety score 2 (0, 6) 2 (0, 2) -1.760 0.078 Stress score 6 (0, 14) 4 (0, 8) -2.005 0.045 Sperm motility/% 50.0 (33.8, 61.0) 54.5 (35.3, 62.8) -0.980 0.327 Progressive motility/% 41.0 (23.8, 52.3) 43.5 (28.0, 56.5) -0.929 0.353 Sperm concentration/(mL-1, ×106) 70.6 (23.9, 116.4) 81.4 (37.0, 129.0) -1.467 0.142 Affective touch score 18 (12, 20) 16 (10, 20) -1.525 0.127 2.4 负性情绪、夫妻关系、精液质量及情感性触摸频率之间的相关性分析
Spearman相关分析结果显示,抑郁与焦虑、压力之间,焦虑与压力之间均呈正相关(均P<0.01)。精子活动率与前向运动率、精子浓度之间,前向运动率与精子浓度之间均呈正相关(均P<0.01)。抑郁、焦虑和压力情绪与精子活动率之间均呈负相关(均P<0.05),意味着随着抑郁、焦虑或压力程度的加剧,精子活动率呈下降趋势。抑郁与精子前向运动率亦呈负相关(P<0.01),即抑郁情绪越严重,精子的前向运动率越低。夫妻情感质量与夫妻认知水平呈正相关(P<0.01)。此外,夫妻情感及夫妻认知水平与抑郁、焦虑及压力水平均呈负相关(均P<0.01),即夫妻情感和夫妻认知水平越高,个体的抑郁、焦虑及压力水平越低。情感性触摸频率与夫妻情感、夫妻认知水平均呈正相关(均P<0.01),表明情感性触摸频率越高,夫妻情感和夫妻认知水平越高。然而,精子浓度与情感性触摸频率呈负相关(P<0.05),即情感性触摸频率越高,精子浓度越低。见表 4。
表 4 负性情绪、夫妻关系、精液质量及情感性触摸的相关性分析Table 4 Correlation analysis between negative emotions, marital relationship, semen quality, and affective touchr Variable Depression Anxiety Stress MA MCog MComm SM PM SC AT Depression 1 Anxiety 0.728** 1 Stress 0.735** 0.816** 1 MA -0.342** -0.311** -0.362** 1 MCog -0.400** -0.373** -0.376** 0.701** 1 MComm -0.006 0.008 -0.048 -0.093 -0.149 1 SM -0.250** -0.160* -0.173* 0.069 0.058 0.036 1 PM -0.229** -0.133 -0.147 0.089 0.069 0.011 0.983** 1 SC -0.040 -0.012 0.022 -0.005 -0.079 0.131 0.457** 0.425** 1 AT -0.063 -0.121 -0.134 0.259** 0.294** -0.111 -0.111 -0.087 -0.199* 1 *P<0.05, **P<0.01. MA: Marital affection; MCog: Marital cognition; MComm: Marital communication; SM: Sperm motility; PM: Progressive motility; SC: Sperm concentration; AT: Affective touch. 2.5 精液质量与负性情绪的影响因素分析
以年龄、日均运动时长、吸烟情况、夫妻关系质量及情感性触摸频率为自变量,分别以精液质量指标(精子活动率、前向运动率、精子浓度)及负性情绪(抑郁、焦虑、压力得分)为因变量,进行分层回归分析。对精液质量的影响:焦虑情绪与精子活动率呈负相关(t=-1.993,P=0.048),提示焦虑水平较高的患者精子活动率倾向于更低。情感性触摸频率与精子浓度呈负相关(t=-2.271,P=0.025),提示情感性触摸频率越高精子浓度越低。社会人口学特征、夫妻关系等其他变量对精液质量各项指标均无显著影响。对负性情绪的影响:夫妻认知水平与3种负性情绪均呈负相关(抑郁:t=-2.875,P=0.005;焦虑:t=-4.186,P<0.001;压力:t=-4.099,P<0.001),表明夫妻认知水平越高,不育症患者报告的抑郁、焦虑及压力感得分越低。吸烟量与焦虑(t=2.166,P=0.032)及压力(t=2.010,P=0.046)水平呈正相关,即吸烟量越大,不育症患者的焦虑与压力得分越高。婚姻持续时长与焦虑情绪呈正相关(t=2.531,P=0.012),提示婚姻持续时间长的不育症患者可能报告更高的焦虑水平。
3 讨论
男性不育症是日益严重的公共健康问题,影响10%~15%的夫妇,约一半不孕不育与男性因素有关[15-16],包括生理、遗传、环境和心理因素等[17]。它不仅影响个人生殖能力,还给家庭带来情感心理负担,影响社会生育率和人口结构[18]。近年来,精神心理因素对男性生殖能力的影响受临床工作者重视[19]。本研究采用横断面调查设计,探讨不育症患者心理健康及生殖能力的多重影响因素,尤其是负性情绪、夫妻关系及情感性触摸的影响。
与女性不孕患者相似,不育男性也可能有抑郁、焦虑、压力等负性情绪体验[20]。多项研究指出,不孕不育引发的心理压力和痛苦体验存在性别差异,不孕女性更多表达社会支持匮乏感,不育男性则强调被忽视及遭受污名化体验[21-22]。此外,男性不育患者面对心理压力常采取回避策略,少寻求外部帮助,易陷入心理痛苦[23]。在影响因素上,年龄对患者心理状态影响大。本研究结果表明,年龄越大的患者抑郁、焦虑和压力水平越高,这可能与不育率随年龄攀升、辅助生殖妊娠成功率随年龄降低有关[24]。另外,年龄≥33岁不育症患者的精子浓度高于<33岁者,表明精子浓度随年龄变化并非简单线性下降。≥33岁男性可能处于生殖高峰期且注重健康管理,改善了精子质量;而年轻男性常因青春期后身心状态不稳定、生活方式不健康及频繁性活动,导致精子浓度较低[25]。这提示在评估男性生育能力时,应突破“年龄增长必然致使精子质量下滑”的线性思维,重视特定年龄的生殖高峰期及生活方式的调节作用。
本研究差异性分析显示,吸烟的不育症患者抑郁、压力得分低于不吸烟者,但控制多种因素后进行回归分析观察到,吸烟量与更高焦虑、压力水平呈正相关。这提示吸烟与情绪关系受多重混杂因素干扰,差异性分析中吸烟者负性情绪得分低可能是“混淆偏差”导致,本研究中吸烟的男性不育症患者可能有与较低情绪困扰相关的社会学或行为学特征,如尼古丁可短期调节情绪、吸烟能提供休息契机和心理缓冲等[26-27]。回归分析控制了潜在混杂变量,结果能更清晰揭示吸烟对情绪的负性调节效应,表明在相同条件个体中吸烟多者情绪负担更重。既往也有研究支持长期吸烟加重焦虑和压力反应的观点[28],尼古丁依赖会形成新压力源。这提示医护人员不应因吸烟者表面“情绪尚可”忽视其心理支持需求,应同步进行心理干预和戒烟指导。
本研究发现男性不育症患者的负性情绪与精液质量呈负相关,这凸显了心理健康评估和干预在其临床管理中的重要性。不育症虽未造成生理病态,但极大损害患者心理健康与社会适应能力,且患者心理状态会产生反作用。临床研究显示,焦虑和抑郁与妊娠率降低相关,寻求治疗的夫妻若有明显压力、焦虑及抑郁症状,往往预示胚胎移植结局不佳[7]。生理上,负性情绪会通过心理-神经-免疫-内分泌轴影响免疫和内分泌平衡,导致精液质量降低;心理上,其会影响患者治疗依从性,加重不良心理反应,不利于后续治疗[29]。因此,要积极关注不育症患者心理需求并进行有效干预。
夫妻关系质量对男性不育症患者心理健康至关重要。本研究结果表明,夫妻情感和认知水平与患者负性情绪呈负相关,证明良好的夫妻关系可缓解负性情绪、提供情感支持,提升患者心理健康水平。不育夫妻双方相互影响,男性不育患者情绪困扰与家庭关系相关[30]。不育压力易致伴侣沟通障碍,引发愤怒、孤独等情绪,导致性生活问题,损害夫妻关系,增加婚姻破裂风险[31]。用积极伴侣效应策略干预夫妻心理的研究结果显示,夫妻情感好可降低个体焦虑和抑郁水平,改善生育结果[32]。
情感性触摸在夫妻关系中的作用值得关注。研究表明,情感性触摸频率与夫妻情感质量和认知水平均呈正相关,而与精子浓度呈负相关。这提示情感性触摸是增强夫妻情感、促进交流的重要方式,其能给个体生理和心理带来积极影响。该效应可能主要通过触摸时释放的催产素间接实现,催产素可增强社交能力、改善情绪、降低压力、提升决策和学习记忆能力[33]。不过,情感性触摸频率与精子浓度呈负相关,触摸频率高可能反映性交频率高,而取样前禁欲时间不足可能导致浓度降低,这也与“年龄增长精子浓度升高”相符合,夫妻间情感性触摸频次往往会随着年龄增长而降低。Xi等[34]发现,射精频率增加会使精液量、精子浓度和总精子数下降,但精子DNA碎片化指数降低,精子活力提高,精子运动能力不受明显影响。这提示临床治疗时应将射精频率与射精禁欲期共同纳入男性生育能力评估,并为低射精频率男性制定个体化干预策略,以优化生殖健康管理。
针对不孕不育症患者的心理干预研究表明,解决焦虑、抑郁等心理问题后患者心理压力减轻,自尊心与婚姻满意度提升,有助于其稳定度过治疗周期,增加胚胎着床与妊娠成功率[35-36]。有meta分析显示,有效心理干预可提高妊娠率约25%[37]。本研究提示,运动是个体情绪调节的有效手段。Jiang等[38]研究表明,肩部屈伸和手臂开合运动提升积极情绪和唤醒度效果优于肘部屈伸运动,且受试者更偏好振动和听觉反馈,视觉反馈易被忽略或干扰。还有研究结合身体运动等形成多模态、身心互动的心理治疗策略,促进身心整合,增强个体情绪识别与调控能力[39]。另外,本研究结果显示,夫妻关系及情感性触摸对患者心理健康和生育能力有重要影响。促进夫妻关系可成为未来提升男性不育症患者心理健康和生育能力的重要干预策略,而情感性触摸频率的增加或许能改善夫妻关系。有研究指出,在性生活质量方面存在问题的男性比例显著高于女性[40],这提示临床应当关注不育男性所面临的与不育相关的性生活和夫妻关系问题,并开展相应的干预研究。还有研究显示夫妻协作水平与抑郁、焦虑和压力呈负相关,其对焦虑和压力的影响主要通过提升不孕期间幸福感间接实现,对抑郁则有直接和间接影响[41],这表明辅助生殖情境下夫妻协同合作对心理健康的影响机制有差异。后续研究应探讨情感性触摸影响生育能力的生理机制,深入分析心理因素、夫妻关系和生理指标间的复杂相互作用,为男性不育症患者临床干预提供更全面的依据。
本研究局限性主要是样本量相对不足和研究设计短期性。本研究系统分析了男性不育症患者心理健康与精液质量关系,涵盖多指标和影响因素,但样本量有限可能影响结果普遍性。此外,缺乏长期跟踪调查,无法评估心理与生理指标关系随时间的变化,最后自我报告数据可能有偏倚,影响结果准确性。因此,未来研究应扩大样本量,采用纵向研究设计,深入探讨心理因素对男性不育症的长期影响及机制。
综上所述,本研究揭示了负性情绪、夫妻关系以及情感性支持在男性不育症患者精液质量改善中的作用,这为理解心理因素在不育症中的影响提供了全新认知。本研究的发现凸显了心理与医学综合治疗在男性不育症管理中的重要性,临床实践中应关注男性不育症患者的心理健康,特别是通过改善夫妻关系和提供情感支持,以增强生育能力。未来研究应进一步探究积极伴侣效应等有效干预措施,以助力患者改善心理状态并提高生育能力。
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表 1 研究对象的一般信息
Table 1 Demographic information of participants
N=154, n (%) Characteristic Case Characteristic Case Age/year Smoking status ≥ 33 87 (56.5) Never 102 (66.2) <33 67 (43.5) Occasional 19 (12.3) Marital duration/year Light 14 (9.1) ≥ 5 84 (54.5) Regular 19 (12.3) <5 70 (45.5) Alcohol consumption Daily exercise/min Never 75 (48.7) ≥ 60 86 (55.8) Occasional 70 (45.5) <60 68 (44.2) Light 9 (5.8) Body mass index/(kg·m-2) Regular 0 <18.5 0 Duration of infertility treatment/year 18.5-23.9 80 (51.9) <1 56 (36.4) ≥ 24.0 74 (48.1) 1-2 64 (41.6) Education level 3-5 22 (14.3) Junior high or below 1 (0.6) >5 12 (7.8) High school or secondary 8 (5.2) University or college 130 (84.4) Postgraduate or above 15 (9.7) 表 2 不育症患者的负性情绪和精液质量状况
Table 2 Negative emotions and semen quality of infertility patients
N=154, n (%) Variable Case Variable Case Depression score Stress score 0-9 (minimal) 136 (88.3) 0-14 (low) 137 (89.0) 10-13 (mild) 10 (6.5) 15-18 (moderate) 9 (5.8) 14-20 (moderate) 7 (4.5) 19-25 (high) 7 (4.5) 21-27 (severe) 1 (0.6) 26-33 (very high) 1 (0.6) ≥ 28 (extremely severe) 0 ≥ 34 (extremely high) 0 Anxiety score Progressive motility/% 0-7 (minimal) 130 (84.4) ≥ 32 (normal) 102 (66.2) 8-9 (mild) 7 (4.5) <32 (abnormal) 52 (33.8) 10-14 (moderate) 16 (10.4) Sperm concentration/(mL-1, ×106) 15-19 (severe) 1 (0.6) ≥ 15 (normal) 135 (87.7) ≥ 20 (extremely severe) 0 <15 (abnormal) 19 (12.3) Sperm motility/% ≥ 40 (normal) 107 (69.5) <40 (abnormal) 47 (30.5) The reference values for semen parameters were based on the WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen (6th edition). 表 3 不同特征不育症患者的负性情绪、情感性触摸得分及精液质量比较
Table 3 Comparison of negative emotions, affective touch scores, and semen quality among infertility patients with different characteristics
M (Q1, Q3) Variable Age <33 year, n=67 ≥ 33 year, n=87 Z value P value Depression score 0 (0, 4) 2 (0, 6) -2.193 0.028 Anxiety score 2 (0, 4) 2 (2, 6) -2.427 0.015 Stress score 4 (0, 8) 8 (2, 14) -2.706 0.007 Sperm motility/% 51.0 (35.0, 66.0) 50.0 (34.0, 60.0) -0.492 0.623 Progressive motility/% 41.0 (26.0, 58.0) 41.0 (24.0, 52.0) -0.64 0.522 Sperm concentration/(mL-1, ×106) 49.3 (23.7, 107.8) 83.5 (35.4, 127.7) -2.185 0.029 Affective touch score 19 (15, 20) 16 (10, 20) -2.268 0.023 Variable Daily exercise <60 min, n=68 ≥ 60 min, n=86 Z value P value Depression score 2 (0, 6) 0 (0, 3) -2.610 0.009 Anxiety score 2 (2, 6) 2 (0, 4) -1.937 0.053 Stress score 8 (4, 14) 4 (0, 10) -2.528 0.011 Sperm motility/% 49.5 (34.5, 58.8) 54.0 (34.5, 65.5) -1.418 0.156 Progressive motility/% 40.0 (23.3, 51.0) 42.5 (26.0, 56.5) -1.429 0.153 Sperm concentration/(mL-1, ×106) 71.9 (25.6, 119.5) 75.3 (29.1, 117.5) -0.111 0.912 Affective touch score 16 (13, 19) 18 (10, 20) -1.003 0.316 Variable Smoking No, n=102 Yes, n=52 Z value P value Depression score 2 (0, 6) 0 (0, 2) -2.440 0.015 Anxiety score 2 (0, 6) 2 (0, 2) -1.760 0.078 Stress score 6 (0, 14) 4 (0, 8) -2.005 0.045 Sperm motility/% 50.0 (33.8, 61.0) 54.5 (35.3, 62.8) -0.980 0.327 Progressive motility/% 41.0 (23.8, 52.3) 43.5 (28.0, 56.5) -0.929 0.353 Sperm concentration/(mL-1, ×106) 70.6 (23.9, 116.4) 81.4 (37.0, 129.0) -1.467 0.142 Affective touch score 18 (12, 20) 16 (10, 20) -1.525 0.127 表 4 负性情绪、夫妻关系、精液质量及情感性触摸的相关性分析
Table 4 Correlation analysis between negative emotions, marital relationship, semen quality, and affective touch
r Variable Depression Anxiety Stress MA MCog MComm SM PM SC AT Depression 1 Anxiety 0.728** 1 Stress 0.735** 0.816** 1 MA -0.342** -0.311** -0.362** 1 MCog -0.400** -0.373** -0.376** 0.701** 1 MComm -0.006 0.008 -0.048 -0.093 -0.149 1 SM -0.250** -0.160* -0.173* 0.069 0.058 0.036 1 PM -0.229** -0.133 -0.147 0.089 0.069 0.011 0.983** 1 SC -0.040 -0.012 0.022 -0.005 -0.079 0.131 0.457** 0.425** 1 AT -0.063 -0.121 -0.134 0.259** 0.294** -0.111 -0.111 -0.087 -0.199* 1 *P<0.05, **P<0.01. MA: Marital affection; MCog: Marital cognition; MComm: Marital communication; SM: Sperm motility; PM: Progressive motility; SC: Sperm concentration; AT: Affective touch. -
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