Association between adverse childhood experiences and depressive symptoms among young adults in a district of Guangzhou
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摘要:
目的 探讨童年不良经历与成年后抑郁症状之间的关联,评估性别、年龄等人口学及社会经济特征是否对这些关系产生调节作用。 方法 以广州市某区17~35岁青年人为研究对象,于2023年8月1日至9月30日开展调查。采用中文版简式童年期虐待问卷(CTQ-SF)调查童年不良经历情况,采用中文版10项流行病学研究中心抑郁量表(CES-D-10)评估抑郁症状情况。通过分层分析评估人口学及社会经济特征在童年不良经历与成年后抑郁症状之间的潜在调节作用。 结果 纳入的2 292名青年人中至少有1次童年不良经历的占26.66%,18.19%表现出抑郁症状。有0、1、2、≥3次童年不良经历的青年人中表现出抑郁症状的分别占12.91%、21.73%、36.66%、76.74%。有童年不良经历的青年人患抑郁症状的风险是无童年不良经历青年人的3.29倍(OR=3.29,95%CI 2.63~4.10)。童年不良经历与抑郁症状之间的关联不受性别、年龄、居住地等人口学及社会经济特征的显著调节。 结论 童年不良经历与成年后抑郁症状相关,童年不良经历次数越多,成年后患抑郁症状的风险越大;性别、年龄、居住地等人口学及社会经济特征对童年不良经历与成年后抑郁症状之间的关联无显著调节作用。 Abstract:Objective To explore the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and depressive symptoms in adulthood, and to evaluate whether demographic and socioeconomic characteristics such as gender and age have a moderating effect on these relationships. Methods A survey was conducted among young people aged 17-35 in a district of Guangzhou between Aug. 1 and Sep. 30, 2023. The Chinese version of the short-form childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ-SF) was used to measure ACE. The 10-item Chinese version of the center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES-D-10) was used to assess depressive symptoms. Stratified analysis was employed to evaluate the potential moderating effect of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics on the relationship between ACE and depressive symptoms in adulthood. Results Among the 2 292 young people included, 26.66% had at least 1 ACE, and 18.19% showed depressive symptoms. The proportions of young people with depressive symptoms among those with 0, 1, 2, and ≥3 ACE were 12.91%, 21.73%, 36.66%, and 76.74%, respectively. Young people with ACE had a 3.29-fold (odds ratio=3.29, 95% confidence interval 2.63-4.10) higher risk of developing depressive symptoms than those without ACE. The association between ACE and depressive symptoms was not significantly moderated by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics such as gender, age, and residence. Conclusion ACE is associated with depressive symptoms in adulthood. The more ACE a person has, the higher the risk of developing depressive symptoms in adulthood. Moreover, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics such as gender, age, and residence have no significant moderating effect on the association between ACE and depressive symptoms in adulthood. -
童年不良经历(adverse childhood experiences,ACE)是指在童年时期(16岁之前)发生的一系列可能带来压力的经历[1],这些经历已被广泛认为是对个体身心健康产生影响的因素[2-4]。许多关于老年人的研究证据表明,ACE可以增加包括认知功能障碍、血脂异常、慢性肺病、哮喘、肝病、消化系统疾病、肾脏疾病、关节炎、精神障碍、痴呆症和与记忆相关疾病的风险[1, 5-7]。另外,多项专注于青少年的研究发现,ACE对抑郁症、焦虑症、自杀行为、睡眠困难等方面具有更大的风险,并对学业表现产生负面影响[8-11]。许多研究已证实了ACE对个体的长期影响[4, 12-13],涵盖了从青少年到老年的不同年龄段[14]。即使在晚年,个体也可能因ACE而面临不良健康结果[15-16]。一种可能的解释是,ACE与行为问题之间存在关联[17-18],有ACE的儿童可能在与应对、规划、学习、自我调节和管理相关大脑区域的发展上受到损害[1, 19],更容易在成年后出现行为问题,如吸烟、酗酒和睡眠障碍,这些都是已知的身体和心理健康风险因素[11, 20]。另一种可能的解释是,长期的压力可能导致下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴的慢性激活,从而增加全身心负荷,并干扰包括神经内分泌、免疫、代谢、自主神经系统和心血管系统等在内的多个身体系统的调节[21-22]。
ACE与抑郁症状间的关联已有多项研究证实。一项基于英国生物库(UK Biobank)2006-2022年数据(126 064名参与者)的研究发现,ACE评分与抑郁症状呈剂量依赖关系[21]。有研究发现,经历逆境后形成的回避型人格特质会阻碍人际关系发展,从而增加抑郁情绪的易感性[23]。在中国,21.2%的人报告至少有1次ACE[24],33.3%的年轻人存在抑郁症状[25];与无ACE者相比,有≥4次ACE者罹患抑郁症的风险高2.65倍[26]。目前针对青年人群的相关研究主要集中于欧洲[27-28],在中国的研究还较少。一项横断面研究调查了2所中国高校的大学生,发现ACE与自杀意念存在累积效应,即有ACE的次数越多,自杀意念发生率越高[29]。目前关于ACE的具体子类别及其对抑郁症状的各自影响的探索还很少。本研究旨在调查ACE暴露对17~35岁个体抑郁症状的影响,考察ACE及其5个子类别的暴露与成年后抑郁症状之间的关联,并进行了分层分析,以评估人口学和社会经济特征对这些关联的潜在调节作用。
1 对象和方法
1.1 研究设计与参与者
本研究为横断面调查研究,于2023年8月1日至9月30日在广东省广州市某区进行。选择该地区作为研究地点,是因其拥有较多的年轻人群和大学生群体,能支持本研究的参与者招募。调查问卷分发到某区的1所大学和3个人口较为集中的周边社区,调查由经过培训的访员进行,并得到南方医科大学工作人员的协助。受访者均填写匿名的自填问卷,访员全程指导问卷填写。所有参与者签署了书面知情同意书。纳入标准:(1)年龄在17~35岁的青年人;(2)愿意参与本研究。本研究经海军军医大学伦理委员会批准。
1.2 ACE及其子类别的定义
采用中文版简式童年期虐待问卷(childhood trauma questionnaire-short form,CTQ-SF)[30]回顾性测量参与者暴露于ACE的程度。中文版CTQ-SF已被证明在中国人群中具有良好的心理测量属性和文化等效性,在中国青年人群体中表现出了良好的信度和效度[31]。中文版CTQ-SF共28个条目,其中3个条目(10、16、22)为有效性检查条目,另25个条目用于创伤测量,分为躯体忽视(条目1、2、4、6、26)、躯体虐待(条目9、11、12、15、17)、情感忽视(条目5、7、13、19、28)、情感虐待(条目3、8、14、18、25)、性虐待(条目20、21、23、24、27)等5个子类别。每个条目按Likert 5点评分法计1分(从未)~5分(一直)。每个子类别的得分范围为5~25分。躯体忽视、躯体虐待、情感忽视、情感虐待、性虐待各类别暴露的得分阈值分别为≥10、≥10、≥15、≥13和≥8分。ACE总得分为子类别暴露的数量,得分范围为0~5分,并根据得分分为0、1、2和≥3分4类。ACE总得分≥1分,则定义为有ACE暴露。
1.3 抑郁症状
采用中文版10项流行病学研究中心抑郁量表(center for epidemiological studies depression scale,10-item version;CES-D-10)评估参与者的抑郁症状[32]。CES-D-10在评估中国人群中具有良好的信度和效度[33-34]。CES-D-10各条目得分采用Likert 4点评分法计为0分(不到1 d)~3分(5~7 d)。其中,有2个条目采用反向评分(1个涉及对未来的积极期望,1个反映身体活力)。CES-D-10的总分范围为0~30分,将得分≥10分视为表现出抑郁症状[35]。
1.4 协变量
本研究参照既往研究[36-37],对类似抑郁症状研究中的潜在影响因素进行了控制,具体涵盖人口学特征、社会经济因素和个人生活方式等变量。人口学特征包括年龄、性别、民族、工作状态以及是否为独生子女。年龄分为17~21岁、22~25岁和26~35岁3个类别。性别(男性/女性)、民族(汉族/其他)、工作状态(学生或非工作者/工作者)和独生子女(否/是)均为二分类。社会经济因素包括居住地和自报的收入状况。居住地分为农村和城市2类。收入状况参考当地收入水平和自我报告的家庭总收入情况分为3个类别:贫穷(<10万)、一般(10万~20万)和富裕(>20万)。个人生活方式包括饮酒、吸烟和睡眠满意度,饮酒和吸烟根据参与者对“您目前是否吸烟?”和“您目前是否饮酒?”问题的回答分为是或否,睡眠满意度根据参与者对“您目前是否对自己的睡眠时间感到满意?”问题的回答分为一般、满意或不满意。
1.5 统计学处理
采用描述性统计方法来分析人口学特征、社会经济因素、个人生活方式、ACE暴露及其子类别暴露水平的基本信息。用χ2检验分析ACE暴露或抑郁症状的分布特征。建立logistic回归模型1~5,以评估ACE及其子类别与个体抑郁症状之间的关联,模型1为未经调整的模型,模型2调整了年龄和性别,模型3调整了年龄、性别、民族、工作状态和是否为独生子女,模型4调整了年龄、性别、民族、工作状态、是否为独生子女、居住地和收入状况,模型5调整了年龄、性别、民族、工作状态、是否为独生子女、居住地、收入状况、饮酒情况、吸烟情况和睡眠满意度。所有回归模型报告了OR及其95%CI。通过分层分析识别潜在的调节变量,包括年龄组(17~21岁、22~25岁和26~35岁)、性别(女性或男性)、居住地(城市或农村)、是否为独生子女(是或否)以及收入状况(贫穷、一般或富裕)。所有统计分析均使用Stata 17.0版软件完成。采用双侧检验,检验水准(α)为0.05。
2 结果
2.1 基本资料
共邀请2 670人参与调查,排除387份无效问卷,回收有效问卷2 292份。2 292名青年人的平均年龄为(23.81±4.01)岁,其中男性占79.19%,93.28%为汉族,56.98%居住在城市。有ACE和无ACE的青年人在收入水平、睡眠时间满意度和工作状态方面的差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05),表明有ACE的青年人更可能收入较低、对睡眠时间不满意,并且为学生或非工作者。见表 1。
表 1 纳入研究对象的基本信息Table 1 Basic information of the subjects included in the studyn (%) Variable Total N=2 292 Non-ACE exposure N=1 681 ACE exposure N=611 χ2 value P value Gender 0.063 0.802 Male 1 815 (79.19) 1 329 (79.06) 486 (79.54) Female 477 (20.81) 352 (20.94) 125 (20.46) Age/year 2.713 0.258 17-21 778 (33.94) 555 (33.02) 223 (36.50) 22-25 853 (37.22) 639 (38.01) 214 (35.02) 26-35 661 (28.84) 487 (28.97) 174 (28.48) Ethnic group 0.871 0.351 Han 2 138 (93.28) 1 573 (93.58) 565 (92.47) Others 154 (6.72) 108 (6.42) 46 (7.53) Residence 3.697 0.055 Rural 986 (43.02) 703 (41.82) 283 (46.32) Urban 1 306 (56.98) 978 (58.18) 328 (53.68) Only child 0.938 0.333 No 1 528 (66.67) 1 111 (66.09) 417 (68.25) Yes 764 (33.33) 570 (33.91) 194 (31.75) Income status 8.304 0.016 General 1 875 (81.81) 1 390 (82.69) 485 (79.38) Poor 301 (13.13) 201 (11.96) 100 (16.37) Rich 116 (5.06) 90 (5.35) 26 (4.26) Drinking 3.096 0.078 No 1 422 (62.04) 1 061 (63.12) 361 (59.08) Yes 870 (37.96) 620 (36.88) 250 (40.92) Smoking 1.803 0.179 No 1 495 (65.23) 1 110 (66.03) 385 (63.01) Yes 797 (34.77) 571 (33.97) 226 (36.99) Sleep satisfaction 49.724 <0.001 General 980 (42.76) 695 (41.34) 285 (46.64) Satisfied 1 052 (45.90) 833 (49.55) 219 (35.84) Unsatisfied 260 (11.34) 153 (9.10) 107 (17.51) Work status 6.443 0.011 Student/unemployed 870 (37.96) 612 (36.41) 258 (42.23) Employed 1 422 (62.04) 1 069 (63.59) 353 (57.77) ACE: Adverse childhood experiences. 2.2 ACE及其子类别暴露与抑郁症状的关联
2 292名青年人中,有抑郁症状的占18.19%(417人),有ACE的占26.66%(611人)。有ACE的611人中有抑郁症状的占32.73%(200人),无ACE的1 681人中有抑郁症状的占12.91%(217人)。随着ACE暴露次数的增加,表现出抑郁症状的人也随之增加,有1、2、≥3次ACE的青年人中有抑郁症状的分别占21.73%(83/382)、36.66%(51/143)、76.74%(66/86)。
在5个ACE子类别中,躯体忽视暴露最为常见,占21.25%(487/2 292)。情感忽视暴露排第2位,占11.87%(272/2 292)。躯体虐待、情感虐待和性虐待暴露的比例分别为3.45%(79/2 292)、2.92%(67/2 292)和4.06%(93/2 292)。在ACE及其5个子类别暴露的青年人中,抑郁症状和非抑郁症状的占比差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.001,表 2)。这表明,ACE或其子类别暴露的青年人相比无ACE或其子类别暴露的青年人患抑郁症状的风险更高。ACE的5个子类别中,有情感虐待暴露者的抑郁症状占比最高(77.61%,52/67);有躯体虐待暴露者抑郁症状占比为73.42%(58/79),排在第2位;有躯体忽视、情感忽视和性虐待暴露者的抑郁症状占比分别为31.42%(153/487)、48.53%(132/272)和52.69%(49/93)。
表 2 ACE及其子类别暴露与青年人抑郁症状的关联Table 2 Association between exposure of ACE and their subcategories and depressive symptoms in young peoplen (%) ACE subcategory Total N=2 292 Non-depressive symptom N=1 875 Depressive symptom N=417 χ2 value P value Number of ACE 262.159 <0.001 0 1 681 (73.34) 1 464 (78.08) 217 (52.04) 1 382 (16.67) 299 (15.95) 83 (19.90) 2 143 (6.24) 92 (4.91) 51 (12.23) ≥ 3 86 (3.75) 20 (1.07) 66 (15.83) ACE exposure 118.326 <0.001 No 1 681 (73.34) 1 464 (78.08) 217 (52.04) Yes 611 (26.66) 411 (21.92) 200 (47.96) Physical neglect 72.648 <0.001 No 1 805 (78.75) 1 541 (82.19) 264 (63.31) Yes 487 (21.25) 334 (17.81) 153 (36.69) Physical abuse 167.652 <0.001 No 2 213 (96.55) 1 854 (98.88) 359 (86.09) Yes 79 (3.45) 21 (1.12) 58 (13.91) Emotional neglect 190.824 <0.001 No 2 020 (88.13) 1 735 (92.53) 285 (68.35) Yes 272 (11.87) 140 (7.47) 132 (31.65) Emotional abuse 163.983 <0.001 No 2 225 (97.08) 1 860 (99.20) 365 (87.53) Yes 67 (2.92) 15 (0.80) 52 (12.47) Sexual abuse 77.493 <0.001 No 2 199 (95.94) 1 831 (97.65) 368 (88.25) Yes 93 (4.06) 44 (2.35) 49 (11.75) ACE: Adverse childhood experiences. 2.3 ACE及其子类别对抑郁症状影响的多变量分析
多因素logistic回归分析结果(表 3)显示,与无ACE暴露者相比,有ACE暴露者患抑郁症状的风险是其3.29倍(OR=3.29,95%CI 2.63~4.10)。模型2、模型3、模型4和模型5中调整了一系列协变量后,ACE暴露与抑郁症状之间的关联基本保持不变,OR值分别为3.77(95%CI 2.97~4.80)、3.73(95%CI 2.91~4.80)、3.66(95%CI 2.85~4.71)和3.12(95%CI 2.39~4.06)。此外,经历更多次ACE者更有可能出现抑郁症状。对于有1次ACE暴露者,在模型1~5中OR的范围为1.87~2.46;对于有2次ACE暴露者,OR的范围为3.52~4.03;对于有≥3次ACE暴露者,OR的范围为10.19~22.26。
表 3 ACE及其子类别对抑郁症状影响的多因素logistic回归分析Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the effects of ACE and their subcategories on depressive symptomsOR (95%CI) ACE subcategory Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Number of ACE (vs 0) 1 1.87 (1.41, 2.48)** 2.26 (1.67, 3.06)** 2.46 (1.80, 3.37)** 2.40 (1.75, 3.29)** 2.03 (1.46, 2.84)** 2 3.74 (2.58, 5.42)** 4.03 (2.70, 6.01)** 3.78 (2.50, 5.71)** 3.80 (2.51, 5.76)** 3.52 (2.29, 5.42)** ≥ 3 22.26 (13.23, 37.46)** 20.73 (11.97, 35.89)** 13.67 (7.78, 24.03)** 13.22 (7.50, 23.30)** 10.19 (5.68, 18.27)** ACE exposure (yes vs no) 3.29 (2.63, 4.10)** 3.77 (2.97, 4.80)** 3.73 (2.91, 4.80)** 3.66 (2.85, 4.71)** 3.12 (2.39, 4.06)** Physical neglect (yes vs no) 2.67 (2.12, 3.37)** 3.42 (2.65, 4.42)** 3.48 (2.66, 4.55)** 3.40 (2.60, 4.45)** 2.96 (2.23, 3.94)** Physical abuse (yes vs no) 14.26 (8.55, 23.80)** 13.43 (7.82, 23.07)** 8.51 (4.88, 14.83)** 8.30 (4.75, 14.50)** 7.21 (4.01, 12.98)** Emotional neglect (yes vs no) 5.74 (4.39, 7.51)** 5.57 (4.18, 7.44)** 4.72 (3.50, 6.37)** 4.70 (3.48, 6.35)** 4.02 (2.93, 5.51)** Emotional abuse (yes vs no) 17.65 (9.83, 31.68)** 17.67 (9.84, 31.72)** 15.26 (8.25, 28.25)** 10.34 (5.50, 19.43)** 9.94 (5.27, 18.73)** Sexual abuse (yes vs no) 5.54 (3.63, 8.45)** 5.05 (3.20, 7.95)** 3.86 (2.41, 6.18)** 3.79 (2.35, 6.09)** 3.54 (2.15, 5.85)** Model 1 was unadjusted; Model 2 was adjusted for age and gender; Model 3 was adjusted for age, gender, ethnic group, work status and only child; Model 4 was adjusted for age, gender, ethnic group, work status, only child, residence and income status; Model 5 was adjusted for age, gender, ethnic group, work status, only child, residence, income status, drinking, smoking and sleep satisfaction. **P<0.01. ACE: Adverse childhood experiences; OR: Odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval. 模型1~5中显示了所有5个ACE子类别对抑郁症状的影响均有统计学意义(P<0.001),表明暴露于这些子类别中的任何1个都与抑郁症状的风险增加相关。在模型1~5中,躯体忽视暴露的OR范围为2.67~3.48,躯体虐待、情感忽视、情感虐待和性虐待暴露的OR范围分别为7.21~14.26、4.02~5.74、9.94~17.67、3.54~5.54,表明导致抑郁症状的最危险子类别是情感虐待暴露,其次是躯体虐待、情感忽视、性虐待和躯体忽视暴露。
2.4 亚组分析
图 1展示了按ACE暴露次数分层的抑郁症状比例。总体而言,无论ACE暴露水平如何,随着年龄的增长抑郁症状的比例逐渐降低。图 1中每个亚组被视为1个单独的模型,进行了完全调整。ACE暴露次数与抑郁症状之间的关系在所有亚组中均可观察到并呈一致趋势。与无ACE者相比,有ACE者更容易发展出抑郁症状;随着ACE暴露次数的增加发生抑郁症状风险升高,几乎所有亚组(除26~35岁组的个体外)都具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。特别值得注意的是,对于有≥3次ACE暴露的个体,其抑郁症状的发生风险显著增加,各亚组调整后的OR范围为4.44~19.36,11个亚组中9个亚组的OR>7。这些结果表明暴露于较高水平ACE的青年人更有可能经历较差的心理健康结果。
由图 2、图 3可见,对年龄为26~35岁组及工作状态为工作者的青年人,在调整了年龄、性别、民族、工作状态、是否为独生子女、居住地、收入状况、饮酒、吸烟和睡眠满意度等协变量后未发现躯体忽视、躯体虐待和性虐待暴露与抑郁症状的关联(均P>0.05),但情感忽视、情感虐待暴露与抑郁症状有关联(均P<0.01)。在探究ACE各子类别与抑郁症状的关联时发现,不同性别亚组引发抑郁症状风险最高的均为情感虐待(男:OR=10.22;女:OR=5.78);从年龄亚组看,17~21岁组引发抑郁症状风险最高的是躯体虐待(OR=6.12),22~25岁组、26~35岁组的均是情感虐待(OR=15.43、14.07);从居住地看,无论居住在农村还是城市引发抑郁症状风险最高的也均为情感虐待(OR=14.18、6.86);非独生子女在情感虐待中的OR最高(OR=13.54),而独生子女则在躯体虐待中显示出最高的OR(OR=6.18);学生或非工作者群体在躯体虐待中的OR最高(OR=9.07),而工作者群体在情感虐待中的OR最高(OR=7.18)。
图 2 不同亚组中ACE暴露(A)及躯体忽视暴露(B)、躯体虐待暴露(C)对抑郁症状影响的多因素logistic回归分析Fig. 2 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the effects of ACE exposure (A), physical neglect exposure (B), and physical abuse exposure (C) on depressive symptoms across different subgroupsAll models were adjusted for age, gender, ethnic group, work status, only child, residence, income status, alcohol consumption, smoking and sleep satisfaction. ACE: Adverse childhood experiences; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.
图 3 不同亚组中情感忽视暴露(A)、情感虐待暴露(B)、性虐待暴露(C)对抑郁症状影响的多因素logistic回归分析Fig. 3 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the effects of emotional neglect exposure (A), emotional abuse exposure (B), and sexual abuse exposure (C) on depressive symptoms across different subgroupsAll models were adjusted for age, gender, ethnic group, work status, only child, residence, income status, alcohol consumption, smoking and sleep satisfaction. ACE: Adverse childhood experiences; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.3 讨论
3.1 ACE的暴露情况
本研究发现,参与本次调查的青年人中,26.66%的人报告曾有ACE,这一比例低于美国(81.3%)[38]、英国(83.9%)[39]、加拿大(75.1%)[40]和多米尼加共和国(80.6%)[41]等国家的青少年群体,而与中国(30%~40%)[42]、韩国(23.5%)[43]的青少年群体较为接近,表明中国青年人在儿童时期可能得到了较好的保护。这可能有2个原因:首先,中国人受传统文化的影响非常重视孩子的照料与福祉[44],包括陪伴孩子上下学、鼓励他们追求教育、确保他们的健康得到照顾以及尊重他们的愿望,这些做法有助于保护孩子免受潜在危险、增强他们的自信心[45];其次,ACE通常被视为许多中国成人的私人且有污名化的记忆,导致他们避免讨论或记录这些经历,本研究中中国青年人报告的ACE暴露比例可能低于实际的暴露率。
此外,本研究还发现,躯体忽视是中国青年人中最常见的ACE暴露类型,其发生率几乎是情感忽视的2倍(21.25% vs 11.87%)。由于中国文化重视孝道和家庭和谐,家庭问题的文化污名化导致情感虐待特别是情感忽视的现象可能被低估。经济增长和社会变革(如迁移和城市化)可能会破坏家庭环境,如父母为了在城市就业而忽视孩子。此外,中国目前不完善的儿童保护体系和资源限制也可能导致情感忽视问题未得到充分报告。这凸显了父母在行为上需要更加关注相关问题,以确保孩子的福祉,并避免不健康的育儿方式,从而创造一个充满关爱的家庭环境。
3.2 ACE及其5个子类别暴露与抑郁症状之间的关联
研究表明,中国青年人在ACE暴露与抑郁症状之间的关联上面临与其他年龄组相似的风险[46-47]。本研究还观察到随着ACE暴露次数的增加,经历抑郁症状的可能性也在增加。调整了一系列协变量后,经历≥3次ACE暴露的个体发生抑郁症状的风险是没有ACE暴露个体的10.19倍。这凸显了解决ACE暴露问题、预防和管理抑郁症状的重要性。值得注意的是,本研究还发现不同类别的ACE暴露与抑郁症状的风险水平之间存在差异。暴露于情感虐待的青年人具有最高的风险(OR=9.94),其次是躯体虐待(OR=7.21),这表明情感虐待和躯体虐待对个体的影响比忽视更为严重。由于情感和躯体虐待直接并即时地攻击个体的自我概念和情感健康,这种虐待可能引发深层次的不足感和内疚感,而后者是抑郁症的核心体验。相比之下,尽管忽视同样具有破坏性,但它可能不会立即引发相同的情绪反应,甚至可以随着时间的推移得以排解消除。伴随着年龄的增加,ACE暴露对抑郁症状的影响逐渐减弱。对于26~35岁组的个体,在调整了协变量后未发现抑郁症状与躯体忽视、躯体虐待和性虐待暴露关联(均P>0.05)。然而,这些因素对22~25岁组的个体有显著影响(均P<0.05)。这一现象可以归因于多种因素,如26~35岁组的个体可能已经培养出有效的长期应对策略,能够缓解ACE的影响。
值得一提的是,本研究发现性虐待作为应激源引发抑郁症状的比例为52.69%(49/93),在ACE的5个子类别中位列第三,高于躯体忽视(31.42%)和情感忽视(48.53%),但低于情感虐待(77.61%)和躯体虐待(73.42%)。这一发现印证了性虐待对心理健康的严重威胁,其通过多重心理与生理机制加剧个体抑郁风险。一方面,性虐待作为极端创伤事件可能导致个体产生强烈的羞耻感、自我否定与信任崩塌,长期处于高度警觉与自我隔离状态,从而促发持续性负性情绪;另一方面,创伤后应激反应可能干扰神经内分泌系统(如下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴功能失调),进而影响5-羟色胺、多巴胺等神经递质的正常调节,为抑郁症状的产生提供了生理基础。与情感虐待和躯体虐待相比,性虐待的隐蔽性与社会污名化特征可能使其对抑郁症状的影响路径更为复杂。情感虐待常伴随长期的情感操控与自我认知扭曲,而躯体虐待则通过直接的生理疼痛强化心理创伤,两者更易引发持续的情绪失调。性虐待受害者因社会对性议题的禁忌与偏见,可能面临更强烈的心理防御机制(如压抑、否认),导致创伤记忆难以得到有效处理,进而延长抑郁症状的持续时间。此外,本研究中性虐待样本量相对较小(n=93),可能存在选择性偏倚,导致结果不能完全反映其真实影响。文化因素、个体在脆弱性方面的差异以及潜在的报告偏差也可能影响这些结果。综合来看,本研究结果表明ACE与成年期心理健康之间存在着一种复杂的关系,并非所有类型的儿童虐待对成年期抑郁症状产生同等持久的影响,虐待的性质、严重程度和持续时间以及个体的应对和适应能力在揭示长期心理后果方面起着至关重要的作用。
在本研究中,ACE暴露与青年人抑郁症状之间存在显著关联,此外还观察到了ACE次数与抑郁症状发生风险之间的剂量-反应关系。本研究结果表明暴露于5个ACE子类别中的任何一种都会增加中国青年人发生抑郁症状的风险。本研究进行的分层分析也得出了与主要发现类似的模式,结果表明性别、年龄、居住地、是否为独生子女和工作状态并未改变ACE与抑郁症状之间的关联。这些结果凸显了实施针对ACE的预防措施的重要性,并强调了制定全面公共卫生策略的必要性,以降低与不良心理健康结果相关的潜在风险。首先,家长应优先考虑子女的照料和福祉[48-49],确保一个安全和有益的环境,最大限度地减少ACE的风险,包括躯体、情感虐待和忽视。其次,研究表明在青少年时期发生的有利童年经历可能会减轻ACE对青年人健康的负面影响,并独立地有助于改善健康[50]。因此,有必要提高公众对青年人,特别是那些遭受过≥3次ACE的青年人(尤其是遭受情感和/或身体虐待的个体)的关注和支持[16, 39],通过提供必要的支持和资源帮助这些个体发展有效的应对机制,防止抑郁症状的发生,促进他们的整体心理健康。最后,政府应增加对青年人健康相关项目的资助,以鼓励社会积极参与青年人心理健康维护工作,尤其是在预防和应对抑郁症状方面。这有助于提高中国青年人的整体健康水平。
本研究存在以下局限性:本研究属于横断面调查研究,无法确定ACE经历与抑郁症状的因果联系;对于身体虐待和性虐待这一严重影响个体的应激源的调查还不够深入,没有进行深层次的调查。总而言之,本研究结果强调了制定有效政策和分配足够资源来解决ACE问题并加强中国青年人心理健康支持的重要性,通过优先考虑上述干预措施可以积极促进这一特定群体的福祉和心理健康。
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图 2 不同亚组中ACE暴露(A)及躯体忽视暴露(B)、躯体虐待暴露(C)对抑郁症状影响的多因素logistic回归分析
Fig. 2 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the effects of ACE exposure (A), physical neglect exposure (B), and physical abuse exposure (C) on depressive symptoms across different subgroups
All models were adjusted for age, gender, ethnic group, work status, only child, residence, income status, alcohol consumption, smoking and sleep satisfaction. ACE: Adverse childhood experiences; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.
图 3 不同亚组中情感忽视暴露(A)、情感虐待暴露(B)、性虐待暴露(C)对抑郁症状影响的多因素logistic回归分析
Fig. 3 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the effects of emotional neglect exposure (A), emotional abuse exposure (B), and sexual abuse exposure (C) on depressive symptoms across different subgroups
All models were adjusted for age, gender, ethnic group, work status, only child, residence, income status, alcohol consumption, smoking and sleep satisfaction. ACE: Adverse childhood experiences; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.
表 1 纳入研究对象的基本信息
Table 1 Basic information of the subjects included in the study
n (%) Variable Total N=2 292 Non-ACE exposure N=1 681 ACE exposure N=611 χ2 value P value Gender 0.063 0.802 Male 1 815 (79.19) 1 329 (79.06) 486 (79.54) Female 477 (20.81) 352 (20.94) 125 (20.46) Age/year 2.713 0.258 17-21 778 (33.94) 555 (33.02) 223 (36.50) 22-25 853 (37.22) 639 (38.01) 214 (35.02) 26-35 661 (28.84) 487 (28.97) 174 (28.48) Ethnic group 0.871 0.351 Han 2 138 (93.28) 1 573 (93.58) 565 (92.47) Others 154 (6.72) 108 (6.42) 46 (7.53) Residence 3.697 0.055 Rural 986 (43.02) 703 (41.82) 283 (46.32) Urban 1 306 (56.98) 978 (58.18) 328 (53.68) Only child 0.938 0.333 No 1 528 (66.67) 1 111 (66.09) 417 (68.25) Yes 764 (33.33) 570 (33.91) 194 (31.75) Income status 8.304 0.016 General 1 875 (81.81) 1 390 (82.69) 485 (79.38) Poor 301 (13.13) 201 (11.96) 100 (16.37) Rich 116 (5.06) 90 (5.35) 26 (4.26) Drinking 3.096 0.078 No 1 422 (62.04) 1 061 (63.12) 361 (59.08) Yes 870 (37.96) 620 (36.88) 250 (40.92) Smoking 1.803 0.179 No 1 495 (65.23) 1 110 (66.03) 385 (63.01) Yes 797 (34.77) 571 (33.97) 226 (36.99) Sleep satisfaction 49.724 <0.001 General 980 (42.76) 695 (41.34) 285 (46.64) Satisfied 1 052 (45.90) 833 (49.55) 219 (35.84) Unsatisfied 260 (11.34) 153 (9.10) 107 (17.51) Work status 6.443 0.011 Student/unemployed 870 (37.96) 612 (36.41) 258 (42.23) Employed 1 422 (62.04) 1 069 (63.59) 353 (57.77) ACE: Adverse childhood experiences. 表 2 ACE及其子类别暴露与青年人抑郁症状的关联
Table 2 Association between exposure of ACE and their subcategories and depressive symptoms in young people
n (%) ACE subcategory Total N=2 292 Non-depressive symptom N=1 875 Depressive symptom N=417 χ2 value P value Number of ACE 262.159 <0.001 0 1 681 (73.34) 1 464 (78.08) 217 (52.04) 1 382 (16.67) 299 (15.95) 83 (19.90) 2 143 (6.24) 92 (4.91) 51 (12.23) ≥ 3 86 (3.75) 20 (1.07) 66 (15.83) ACE exposure 118.326 <0.001 No 1 681 (73.34) 1 464 (78.08) 217 (52.04) Yes 611 (26.66) 411 (21.92) 200 (47.96) Physical neglect 72.648 <0.001 No 1 805 (78.75) 1 541 (82.19) 264 (63.31) Yes 487 (21.25) 334 (17.81) 153 (36.69) Physical abuse 167.652 <0.001 No 2 213 (96.55) 1 854 (98.88) 359 (86.09) Yes 79 (3.45) 21 (1.12) 58 (13.91) Emotional neglect 190.824 <0.001 No 2 020 (88.13) 1 735 (92.53) 285 (68.35) Yes 272 (11.87) 140 (7.47) 132 (31.65) Emotional abuse 163.983 <0.001 No 2 225 (97.08) 1 860 (99.20) 365 (87.53) Yes 67 (2.92) 15 (0.80) 52 (12.47) Sexual abuse 77.493 <0.001 No 2 199 (95.94) 1 831 (97.65) 368 (88.25) Yes 93 (4.06) 44 (2.35) 49 (11.75) ACE: Adverse childhood experiences. 表 3 ACE及其子类别对抑郁症状影响的多因素logistic回归分析
Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the effects of ACE and their subcategories on depressive symptoms
OR (95%CI) ACE subcategory Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Number of ACE (vs 0) 1 1.87 (1.41, 2.48)** 2.26 (1.67, 3.06)** 2.46 (1.80, 3.37)** 2.40 (1.75, 3.29)** 2.03 (1.46, 2.84)** 2 3.74 (2.58, 5.42)** 4.03 (2.70, 6.01)** 3.78 (2.50, 5.71)** 3.80 (2.51, 5.76)** 3.52 (2.29, 5.42)** ≥ 3 22.26 (13.23, 37.46)** 20.73 (11.97, 35.89)** 13.67 (7.78, 24.03)** 13.22 (7.50, 23.30)** 10.19 (5.68, 18.27)** ACE exposure (yes vs no) 3.29 (2.63, 4.10)** 3.77 (2.97, 4.80)** 3.73 (2.91, 4.80)** 3.66 (2.85, 4.71)** 3.12 (2.39, 4.06)** Physical neglect (yes vs no) 2.67 (2.12, 3.37)** 3.42 (2.65, 4.42)** 3.48 (2.66, 4.55)** 3.40 (2.60, 4.45)** 2.96 (2.23, 3.94)** Physical abuse (yes vs no) 14.26 (8.55, 23.80)** 13.43 (7.82, 23.07)** 8.51 (4.88, 14.83)** 8.30 (4.75, 14.50)** 7.21 (4.01, 12.98)** Emotional neglect (yes vs no) 5.74 (4.39, 7.51)** 5.57 (4.18, 7.44)** 4.72 (3.50, 6.37)** 4.70 (3.48, 6.35)** 4.02 (2.93, 5.51)** Emotional abuse (yes vs no) 17.65 (9.83, 31.68)** 17.67 (9.84, 31.72)** 15.26 (8.25, 28.25)** 10.34 (5.50, 19.43)** 9.94 (5.27, 18.73)** Sexual abuse (yes vs no) 5.54 (3.63, 8.45)** 5.05 (3.20, 7.95)** 3.86 (2.41, 6.18)** 3.79 (2.35, 6.09)** 3.54 (2.15, 5.85)** Model 1 was unadjusted; Model 2 was adjusted for age and gender; Model 3 was adjusted for age, gender, ethnic group, work status and only child; Model 4 was adjusted for age, gender, ethnic group, work status, only child, residence and income status; Model 5 was adjusted for age, gender, ethnic group, work status, only child, residence, income status, drinking, smoking and sleep satisfaction. **P<0.01. ACE: Adverse childhood experiences; OR: Odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval. -
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