Causal relationship between immune cells and urological malignancies: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study
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摘要:
目的 采用孟德尔随机化(MR)和反向MR探讨731种免疫细胞表型与前列腺癌、膀胱癌和肾癌之间的潜在因果关系。 方法 从全基因组关联研究数据库提取免疫细胞、前列腺癌、膀胱癌和肾癌的汇总统计数据,采用两样本MR分析评估731种免疫细胞表型与前列腺癌、膀胱癌和肾癌之间的因果关系。主要分析采用逆方差加权(IVW)法,并采用错误发现率(FDR)法对IVW法的P值进行多重校正;利用敏感性分析评估主要结果的稳健性。最后,通过反向MR分析以探索反向因果关系。 结果 IVW法表明46种免疫细胞表型与前列腺癌相关(23个保护性特征和23个危险性特征),34种免疫细胞表型与肾癌相关(17个保护性特征和17个危险性特征),38种免疫细胞表型与膀胱癌相关(18个保护性特征和20个危险性特征)。通过FDR法多重校正后,4种免疫细胞表型[IgD+CD24+ B细胞水平、CD24+CD27+淋巴细胞水平、人类白细胞抗原(HLA)DR+ T细胞绝对细胞计数水平和CD16-CD56+自然杀伤细胞水平]与前列腺癌风险有关,4种免疫细胞表型(IgD+CD38-淋巴细胞水平、CD127-CD8bright T细胞绝对细胞计数水平、CD11c+髓样树突状细胞水平和HLA DR+ B细胞水平)与肾癌风险有关(均FDR<0.3)。反向MR分析在前列腺癌和肾癌与上述免疫细胞之间未发现阳性结果。 结论 免疫细胞与前列腺癌和肾癌之间有潜在因果关系。这可能为探索泌尿系统恶性肿瘤的早期筛查策略和生物学机制提供新的方向,对开发更有效的免疫疗法至关重要。 Abstract:Objective To explore the potential causal associations between 731 immune-cell phenotypes and urological malignancies (prostate cancer, bladder cancer, and kidney cancer) using Mendelian randomization (MR) and reverse MR. Methods Summary statistics for immune cells, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, and kidney cancer were collected from the Genome-Wide Association Study database. A two-sample MR analysis was performed to assess the causal relationships between 731 immune-cell phenotypes and prostate cancer, bladder cancer, and kidney cancer. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was used for the primary analysis, and the corresponding P values were subjected to multiple-testing corrections using the false discovery rate (FDR). Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the robustness of the main findings. Finally, reverse MR analysis was performed to explore potential reverse causality. Results The IVW method identified 46 immune-cell phenotypes associated with prostate cancer (23 protective and 23 risk), 34 with kidney cancer (17 protective and 17 risk), and 38 with bladder cancer (18 protective and 20 risk). After multiple-testing correction using the FDR, 4 immune-cell phenotypes (immunoglobulin [Ig]D+CD24+ B cell level, CD24+CD27+ lymphocyte level, human leukocyte antigen [HLA] DR+ T cell absolute count level, and CD16-CD56+ natural killer cell level) showed significant associations with prostate cancer risk, and 4 immune-cell phenotypes (IgD+CD38- lymphocyte level, CD127- CD8bright T cell absolute count level, CD11c+ myeloid dendritic cell level, and HLA DR+ B cell level) showed significant associations with kidney cancer risk (all FDR < 0.3). The reverse MR analysis found no positive results between prostate cancer or renal cell carcinoma and the aforementioned immune cells. Conclusion There are potential causal relationships between immune cells and both prostate cancer and kidney cancer, which may provide new directions for exploring early screening strategies and biological mechanisms for urological malignancies, and is also crucial for developing more effective immunotherapies. -
泌尿系统肿瘤的发病率和死亡率逐年攀升,已成为世界范围内常见的恶性肿瘤[1]。根据2019年全球疾病负担研究,前列腺癌、膀胱癌和肾癌的年龄标化发病率分别为17.4/10万、6.5/10万和4.6/10万,年龄标化死亡率分别为6.3/10万、2.9/10万和2.1/10万[2]。泌尿系统恶性肿瘤的发病机制复杂,其多样化的诊断和治疗方法对临床医生提出了挑战[3]。随着肿瘤免疫治疗的进步,人们越来越关注肿瘤的免疫状态及机体的免疫反应[4]。树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)、自然杀伤细胞(natural killer cell,NK)、B细胞和T细胞已作为细胞介质广泛应用于泌尿系统恶性肿瘤患者的临床治疗,以免疫检查点抑制剂和过继性细胞疗法为代表的免疫治疗在泌尿系统肿瘤中取得了显著进展[5-8]。
多项观察性研究提示,特定免疫细胞如调节性T细胞(regulatory T cell,Treg)和巨噬细胞的浸润水平与泌尿系统恶性肿瘤患者的预后显著相关,Andersen等[9]发现Treg和巨噬细胞是前列腺癌患者复发的不良预测因子,Fu等[10]发现下调Treg可以抑制肾癌的发生。然而,此类观察性研究结果受到混杂因素和反向因果关系的干扰,存在“因果推断缺口”(gap in causal inference)。如Andersen等[9]的研究无法确定是Treg增多导致了肿瘤进展还是肿瘤进展过程中创造的抑制性微环境招募或诱导了Treg。而随机对照试验虽能验证因果关系,但在研究暴露因素时常面临伦理和实操限制。
孟德尔随机化(Mendelian randomization,MR)研究以种系遗传变异为工具变量,通过推断暴露-结局的因果效应,为填补“因果推断缺口”提供了强大的方法学工具[11]。为探索泌尿系统恶性肿瘤和免疫细胞之间的因果关系,本研究采用双向MR方法分析免疫细胞的遗传学证据是否与泌尿系统恶性肿瘤相关。
1 资料和方法
1.1 研究设计
从全基因组关联研究(Genome-Wide Association Study,GWAS)数据库提取免疫细胞、前列腺癌、膀胱癌和肾癌的汇总统计数据,采用双向MR分析探究731个免疫细胞表型(7组)与泌尿系统恶性肿瘤的因果关联。为了将结果的潜在偏倚降到最低,MR分析遵循以下3个关键假设:(1)工具变量和暴露因素之间必须有显著的关联; (2)暴露因素和结局之间的混杂因素与工具变量无关; (3)工具变量仅通过暴露因素影响结局。研究设计流程见图 1。
图 1 研究设计流程图A: Schematic diagram of core assumptions for Ⅳ analysis; B: MR study workflow. Ⅳ: Instrumental variable; GWAS: Genome Wide Association Study; MR: Mendelian randomization; LD: Linkage disequilibrium; cDC: Conventional dendritic cell; TBNK: Tumor-and blood-derived natural killer cell; Treg: Regulatory T cell; KCa: Kidney cancer; BCa: Bladder cancer; PCa: Prostate cancer.Fig. 1 Study design diagram1.2 数据来源
采用GWAS Catalog数据库中的免疫性状GWAS汇总统计数据(登录号GCST90001391~GCST90002121),共纳入731种免疫细胞表型,包括表面抗原水平的中位荧光强度(n=389)、相对细胞计数(n=192)、绝对细胞计数(n=118)和形态学参数(n=32)。原始GWAS纳入了3 757例无重叠欧洲个体的免疫细胞表型。校正混杂协变量后,采用高密度芯片完成约2 200万单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)位点的基因分型,并基于撒丁岛参考面板开展SNP与免疫细胞表型关联分析[12]。前列腺癌协会研究基因组中恶性肿瘤相关改变组(Prostate Cancer Association Group to Investigate Cancer Associated Alterations in the Genome,PRACTICAL; http://practical.icr.ac.uk)联盟提供了欧洲裔人群前列腺癌汇总统计数据,包含79 148例前列腺癌患者和61 106例无前列腺癌对照[13],数据下载自IEU OpenGWAS项目(https://gwas.mrcieu.ac.uk/)。FinnGen研究R9版(https://www.finngen.fi)是一个涉及欧洲裔参与者的研究项目,提供了2 053例膀胱癌患者和287 137例无肿瘤对照(数据下载自https://storage.googleapis.com/finngen-public-data-r9/summary_stats/finngen_R9_C3_BLADDER_EXALLC.gz)以及2 223例肾癌患者和287 137例无肿瘤对照(数据下载自https://storage.googleapis.com/finngen-public-data-r9/summary_stats/finngen_R9_C3_KIDNEY_NOTRENALPELVIS_EXALLC.gz)的汇总统计数据[14]。
1.3 工具变量选择
在正向MR分析中,对于各免疫性状,参考近期研究设定显著性水平P<1×10-5,使用R 4.3.1软件TwoSampleMR 0.5.7包筛选与泌尿系统恶性肿瘤相关的SNP作为工具变量[15-16]。为确保工具变量的独立性,基于千人基因组计划欧洲人群(1000 Genomes EUR)数据,按照r2<0.001、聚集距离为10 000 kb的阈值排除具有连锁不平衡效应的SNP; 采用F>10筛除弱工具变量。最后,通过PhenoScanner平台(http://www.phenoscanner.medschl.cam.ac.uk/)对入选的SNP分别进行筛选,筛选并排除与泌尿系统恶性肿瘤危险因素显著关联的SNP,以控制潜在混杂偏倚。
在反向MR分析中,使用泌尿系统恶性肿瘤作为暴露因素,正向MR阳性结果的免疫细胞作为结局,探索它们之间的因果关系。以显著性水平P<5×10-8筛选出与前列腺癌相关的工具变量,以P<1×10-6筛选出与肾癌相关的工具变量。反向MR分析的工具变量筛选流程严格遵循正向MR的方法学框架。
1.4 MR分析方法与统计学处理
使用R 4.3.1软件TwoSampleMR 0.5.7包进行所有MR分析,分析方法主要采用固定/随机效应逆方差加权(inverse-variance weighted,IVW)法、MR-Egger回归法、加权中位数法(weighted median)、简单中位数法(simple median)和加权众数法(weighted mode)。IVW是最精确的效应估计值,本研究所有MR分析中都使用IVW法作为主要分析方法,采用错误发现率(false discovery rate,FDR)法对IVW方法的P值进行多重校正。使用Cochran’s Q检验分析所选SNP的异质性,如果异质性显著(P<0.05)则选择随机效应IVW法,否则使用固定效应IVW法。通过MR-Egger截距检验识别水平多效性,当截距项P<0.05时判定存在显著多效性,同时采用MR多向残差和离群值(MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier,MR-PRESSO)全局检验对异质性进行全面检验以识别SNP中的潜在离群值,并在剔除潜在离群值后得到校正后的关联结果。通过留一法敏感性分析检验单个SNP对多效性估计的潜在影响。采用五重验证标准筛选阳性结果,确保研究结论的可靠性与稳健性:(1)IVW法P<0.05;(2)经FDR校正后IVW法P<0.3;(3)5种MR分析方法的OR趋势一致; (4)MR-Egger截距检验P>0.05;(5)MR-PRESSO全局检验P>0.05。通过pheatmap包绘制火山图,突出显著信号的全局分布。最后,通过反向MR分析以研究前列腺癌、膀胱癌、肾癌与正向MR筛选出的免疫细胞之间是否存在反向因果关系。
2 结果
2.1 731种免疫细胞表型与前列腺癌、膀胱癌、肾癌发生风险的关系
经过严格的质量控制后,选出与731种免疫细胞相关的18 621个SNP作为工具变量用于MR分析(结果见补充表 1)。基于严格的筛选标准,确定了4种免疫细胞与前列腺癌风险相关,4种免疫细胞与肾癌风险相关(图 2)。MR-Egger截距检验和MR-PRESSO全局检验均排除了水平多效性的可能性(表 1)。森林图、散点图、留一法图和漏斗图也表明结果稳定可靠(补充图 1~8)。
图 2 免疫细胞与泌尿系统恶性肿瘤风险之间因果关系的显著MR结果MR: Mendelian randomization; N.SNP: The number of SNP used as Ⅳ; IVW: Inverse-variance weighted; FDR: False discovery rate; Ig: Immunoglobulin; HLA DR: Human leukocyte antigen-DR isotype; AC: Absolute count; NK: Natural killer cell; DC: Dendritic cell; Ⅳ: Instrumental variable; SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism; OR: Odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.Fig. 2 Significant MR results of causal effects between immune cells and urological malignancy risk表 1 免疫细胞与泌尿系统恶性肿瘤风险因果关系的水平多效性检验结果Table 1 Horizontal pleiotropy test results of causal effects between immune cells and urological malignancy riskCancer type (outcome) Immune cell (exposure) MR-Egger intercept test P value MR-PRESSO global test P value Prostate cancer IgD+CD24+ B cell 0.363 0.102 Prostate cancer CD24+CD27+ lymphocyte 0.851 0.859 Prostate cancer HLA DR+ T cell AC 0.940 0.674 Prostate cancer CD16-CD56+ NK 0.556 0.087 Kidney cancer IgD+CD38- lymphocyte 0.689 0.702 Kidney cancer CD127-CD8bright T cell AC 0.214 0.432 Kidney cancer CD11c+ myeloid DC 0.858 0.337 Kidney cancer HLA DR+ B cell 0.363 0.810 MR: Mendelian randomization; MR-PRESSO: MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier; Ig: Immunoglobulin; HLA DR: Human leukocyte antigen-DR isotype; AC: Absolute count; NK: Natural killer cell; DC: Dendritic cell. 2.2 前列腺癌相关免疫细胞特性
对731种免疫细胞与前列腺癌数据进行MR分析(结果见补充表 2、表 3),IVW法发现46种免疫细胞与前列腺癌风险相关,包括23个保护性免疫细胞表型和23个危险性表型(详见补充表 4)。进一步采用FDR法对IVW法的P值进行多重校正,发现4种免疫细胞表型与前列腺癌风险有统计学关联(图 3),包括3个保护性特征和1个危险性特征:IgD+CD24+B细胞水平、CD24+CD27+淋巴细胞水平和人类白细胞抗原(human leukocyte antigen,HLA)DR+ T细胞绝对细胞计数水平对预防前列腺癌具有保护作用,而CD16-CD56+ NK水平与前列腺癌风险呈正相关(均FDR<0.3,图 2)。MR-Egger截距检验和MR-PRESSO全局检验均未观察到显著的多效性(均P>0.05,表 1),表明结果可靠。
2.3 肾癌相关免疫细胞特性
对731种免疫细胞与肾癌数据进行MR分析(结果见补充表 5、表 6),IVW法发现34种免疫细胞与肾癌风险相关,包括17个保护性特征和17个危险性特征(详见补充表 7)。通过FDR法对IVW法的P值进行多重校正,发现4种免疫细胞表型与肾癌风险有统计学关联(图 4),包括2个保护性特征和2个危险性特征:IgD+CD38-淋巴细胞水平和CD127-CD8bright T细胞绝对细胞计数水平与肾癌的风险呈正相关,而CD11c+髓样DC水平和HLA DR+ B细胞水平对预防肾癌发生有保护作用(均FDR<0.3,图 2)。MR-Egger截距检验和MR-PRESSO全局检验结果表明无显著多效性(均P>0.05,表 1),结果可靠。
2.4 膀胱癌相关免疫细胞特性
首先对731种免疫细胞与膀胱癌数据进行MR分析(结果见补充表 8、表 9),IVW方法发现38种免疫细胞与膀胱癌风险相关,包括18个保护性特征和20个危险性特征(详见补充表 10)。用FDR法对IVW方法的P值进行多重校正,结果未发现免疫细胞表型与膀胱癌风险有统计学关联(图 5)。
2.5 反向MR分析结果
为了探讨泌尿系统恶性肿瘤对免疫细胞特性的反向因果关系,进行了反向MR分析。结果显示,肾癌和前列腺癌与上述免疫细胞之间未见统计学关联(详见补充表 11)。
3 讨论
本研究旨在通过双样本MR方法深入剖析免疫细胞在前列腺癌、膀胱癌、肾癌中的作用,并用多种方法验证结论的可靠性。结果显示,在前列腺癌中,IgD+CD24+ B细胞水平、CD24+CD27+淋巴细胞水平和HLA DR+ T细胞绝对细胞计数水平是保护因素,CD16-CD56+ NK是危险因素; 在肾癌中,IgD+CD38-淋巴细胞水平和CD127-CD8bright T细胞绝对细胞计数水平是危险因素,CD11c+髓样DC和HLA DR+ B细胞水平是保护因素。值得注意的是,多数关联在通过FDR法校正后差异显著,但其估计值与生物学机制一致,因此将其视为提示性发现,为后续机制研究提供假设方向。
本研究中,没发现任何免疫细胞与膀胱癌有统计学关联,这部分解释了为什么膀胱癌免疫治疗成功率较低[17-18]。笔者推测,膀胱癌中未发现显著的免疫细胞-肿瘤因果关系,可能与其高度异质的肿瘤微环境和多重免疫逃逸机制有关。膀胱癌肿瘤微环境中常存在大量免疫抑制细胞(如M2型巨噬细胞、髓源性抑制细胞)及高表达免疫检查点分子[如程序性死亡配体1(programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)],导致T细胞耗竭和功能抑制[19]。此外,膀胱癌组织具有显著的时空异质性,不同分子分型(如luminal型与basal型)的免疫浸润模式存在较大差异,可能导致MR分析中信号被稀释[20-21]。此外,膀胱癌的遗传背景复杂,突变负荷高,可能通过新抗原释放和抗原呈递障碍等机制干扰免疫细胞的识别与攻击[17, 22],从而在遗传工具变量分析中难以捕捉到稳定、一致的因果效应。因此,尽管免疫细胞在膀胱癌发生、发展中具有重要作用,其因果信号可能在MR分析中被复杂的微环境调控机制所掩盖。
经典理论中CD24与IgD分别是B细胞发育阶段和成熟阶段的标志[23]。近年研究发现,IgD还与B细胞分化为记忆B细胞或浆细胞、发挥抗肿瘤免疫作用有关[24-25]; CD24在B细胞中还可以促进B细胞对乳酸的利用,并使其向高代谢表型转变[26]。在前列腺癌肿瘤微环境中,随着Warburg反应的不断进行,乳酸堆积、pH值减小[27],这为IgD+CD24+ B细胞的抗肿瘤作用提供了环境。本研究结果显示,IgD+CD24+ B细胞是预防前列腺癌的保护因素。CD27作为记忆B细胞活化的标志[28-29],在恶性肿瘤微环境中发挥抗肿瘤作用,这或许是本研究中CD24+CD27+淋巴细胞是前列腺癌保护因素的部分原因。此外,CD27还在T细胞和NK表面表达。CD27可以与配体CD70结合,传递共刺激信号(如激活NF-κB通路),增强T细胞抗原受体信号,促进初始T细胞活化和增殖[30]; CD27也与T细胞维持免疫记忆有关[31],增强了其抗肿瘤作用。本研究结果同样表明CD24+CD27+淋巴细胞与前列腺癌风险呈负相关。
HLA DR为主要组织相容性复合体Ⅱ类分子,主要在抗原呈递细胞(如DC、B细胞)中表达,承担着向CD4+ T细胞呈递外源性抗原的功能[32]。HLA DR在静息T细胞中不表达,但在T细胞被抗原或细胞因子(如干扰素γ、IL-2)激活后显著上调[33],且HLA DR+CD8+ T细胞为高度活化的效应T细胞,使其细胞毒性功能和抗肿瘤潜力显著增强[33-34]。本研究发现,HLA DR+ T细胞同样也是前列腺癌的保护因素。根据CD56表面密度(bright、dim),血液中存在2种CD16- NK亚群(CD16-CD56bright NK和CD16-CD56dim NK)[35-36],此类细胞在外周血NK中占比较低,约为10%,主要通过分泌细胞因子参与免疫调节和炎症反应[37-38]。本研究发现,CD16-CD56+ NK是前列腺癌的危险因素。其潜在机制在于,该细胞群体在细胞因子(IL-2、IL-12和IL-15)刺激下快速增殖并转化为CD16-CD56dim NK,从而获得促肿瘤能力[39]。
在肾癌中,部分免疫细胞表面标志物与前列腺癌中免疫细胞有相似之处。依据前文所述,IgD是B细胞受体的组成部分,IgD高表达常见于初始B细胞和某些未发生生发中心反应的B细胞亚群。CD38作为浆细胞或记忆B细胞等免疫细胞活化或终末分化标志物,其阴性表达提示这类细胞处于相对静止状态,尚未经历抗原刺激或分化[40]。所以,IgD+CD38-同时出现说明该类细胞基本处于静止状态,并且IgD+CD38-淋巴细胞的作用目前尚不完全明确。在本研究结果中,IgD+CD38-淋巴细胞是肾癌的危险因素,这一现象可能源于肿瘤免疫微环境中的IL-10、TGF-β等将其维持在未分化状态,进而通过免疫抑制促进肾癌进展[41-43]。
CD127-CD8bright T细胞绝对细胞计数为CD8高表达、CD127不表达的T细胞的绝对计数。与常规CD8+ T细胞发挥抗肿瘤作用相反的是,现有的来自临床患者的组织学标本提示,CD8+ T细胞的肿瘤浸润程度与PD-L1表达水平呈正相关[44-45],而PD-L1表达调控肾癌免疫治疗的疗效[45],即CD8+ T细胞数量越多,肾癌表达PD-L1越多,越能介导免疫抑制,从而导致肾癌进展。本研究结果显示,CD127-CD8bright T细胞绝对细胞计数是肾癌的危险因素,与上述在临床患者标本上观察到的结果[44-45]部分一致。PD-L1的表达水平和CD8+ T细胞的肿瘤浸润程度呈正相关的原因在于:肾癌因希佩尔-林道综合征基因突变导致缺氧诱导因子信号通路激活,促进血管生成和肿瘤相关抗原(如碳酸酐酶Ⅸ)释放,吸引更多CD8+ T细胞[46-47]; 而PD-L1高表达的肿瘤可能分泌C-X-C基序趋化因子配体9、10等趋化因子,后者通过C-X-C基序趋化因子受体3招募CD8+ T细胞至肿瘤部位[48]; 同时,CD8+ T细胞浸润会释放干扰素γ等促炎因子,激活JAK-STAT信号通路,诱导肿瘤细胞或免疫细胞(如巨噬细胞、DC)的PD-L1表达上调,促进肾癌进展[49-50]。与上述结果相符,本研究中CD127-CD8bright T细胞绝对细胞计数也是肾癌的危险因素。
CD11c是表征髓样DC成熟状态及功能的关键特征性标志物,CD11c+髓样DC可以高效捕获、加工并呈递肿瘤相关抗原,激活初始T细胞分化为效应T细胞(如CD8+细胞毒性T淋巴细胞),直接杀伤肿瘤细胞[51-52]; 它还可以竞争性消耗肿瘤微环境中的IL-2或分泌趋化因子,限制辅助性T细胞的增殖和免疫抑制活性[53]; 同时,其可能通过释放TNF-α等因子抑制髓源性抑制细胞的积累,减轻免疫抑制[54-55]。本研究同样表明,CD11c+髓样DC是防止肾癌发展的保护因素。HLA DR是主要组织相容性复合体Ⅱ类分子的关键组分,其表达标志着B细胞具备抗原呈递功能。HLA DR+ B细胞可通过内吞、加工并呈递肿瘤相关抗原至CD4+ T细胞,驱动抗肿瘤效应[56]。本研究也表明,HLA DR+B细胞是预防肾癌进展的保护因素。总而言之,静息状态的淋巴细胞和CD8+细胞或许是肾癌的危险因素,这提示需要进一步细化细胞分类并深入研究其机制。
本研究有一定的局限性:首先,来自GWAS的数据并没有包含世界上的所有人种,这会导致选择偏倚,不同的人种背景可能会有不同的免疫背景和恶性肿瘤特征; 此外,GWAS数据也没有考虑到患者的个体免疫状态,不同的免疫状态决定了基础免疫水平,这可能会稀释总体的差异结果。但是,GWAS数据和MR分析从数据量和统计学上尽可能弥补了这些缺点,以确保能获得可靠的分析结果。总而言之,本研究结果围绕抗原呈递、免疫抑制及激活,识别出前列腺癌和肾癌中的关键免疫细胞组分。这一发现为后续靶向药物开发和分子机制探寻指明了新方向,为泌尿系统恶性肿瘤的早期发现、诊断和治疗提供了科学基础。
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图 1 研究设计流程图
A: Schematic diagram of core assumptions for Ⅳ analysis; B: MR study workflow. Ⅳ: Instrumental variable; GWAS: Genome Wide Association Study; MR: Mendelian randomization; LD: Linkage disequilibrium; cDC: Conventional dendritic cell; TBNK: Tumor-and blood-derived natural killer cell; Treg: Regulatory T cell; KCa: Kidney cancer; BCa: Bladder cancer; PCa: Prostate cancer.
Fig. 1 Study design diagram
图 2 免疫细胞与泌尿系统恶性肿瘤风险之间因果关系的显著MR结果
MR: Mendelian randomization; N.SNP: The number of SNP used as Ⅳ; IVW: Inverse-variance weighted; FDR: False discovery rate; Ig: Immunoglobulin; HLA DR: Human leukocyte antigen-DR isotype; AC: Absolute count; NK: Natural killer cell; DC: Dendritic cell; Ⅳ: Instrumental variable; SNP: Single nucleotide polymorphism; OR: Odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.
Fig. 2 Significant MR results of causal effects between immune cells and urological malignancy risk
表 1 免疫细胞与泌尿系统恶性肿瘤风险因果关系的水平多效性检验结果
Table 1 Horizontal pleiotropy test results of causal effects between immune cells and urological malignancy risk
Cancer type (outcome) Immune cell (exposure) MR-Egger intercept test P value MR-PRESSO global test P value Prostate cancer IgD+CD24+ B cell 0.363 0.102 Prostate cancer CD24+CD27+ lymphocyte 0.851 0.859 Prostate cancer HLA DR+ T cell AC 0.940 0.674 Prostate cancer CD16-CD56+ NK 0.556 0.087 Kidney cancer IgD+CD38- lymphocyte 0.689 0.702 Kidney cancer CD127-CD8bright T cell AC 0.214 0.432 Kidney cancer CD11c+ myeloid DC 0.858 0.337 Kidney cancer HLA DR+ B cell 0.363 0.810 MR: Mendelian randomization; MR-PRESSO: MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier; Ig: Immunoglobulin; HLA DR: Human leukocyte antigen-DR isotype; AC: Absolute count; NK: Natural killer cell; DC: Dendritic cell. -
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