槲皮素对EB病毒LMP1 H101R突变鼻咽癌的作用及机制

龙甜 肖潇 王颖 詹月萍 徐学文 高春芳

引用本文: 龙甜,肖潇,王颖,等. 槲皮素对EB病毒LMP1 H101R突变鼻咽癌的作用及机制[J]. 海军军医大学学报,2026,47(2):185-193. DOI: 10.16781/j.CN31-2187/R.20250034.
Citation: LONG T, XIAO X, WANG Y, et al. Effect and mechanism of quercetin on EBV-LMP1 H101R-mutated nasopharyngeal carcinoma[J]. Acad J Naval Med Univ, 2026, 47(2): 185-193. DOI: 10.16781/j.CN31-2187/R.20250034.

槲皮素对EB病毒LMP1 H101R突变鼻咽癌的作用及机制

doi: 10.16781/j.CN31-2187/R.20250034
基金项目: 

国家自然科学基金 82372321;

上海市“医苑新星”青年医学人才培养资助计划 Huwei Renshi [2022] No. 65;

上海申康医院发展中心项目 SHDC2023CRT015;

上海市公共卫生研究专项 2024GKM25.

详细信息
    作者简介:

    龙甜,硕士生. E-mail: 764846204@qq.com.

    通讯作者:

    高春芳,E-mail: gaocf1115@163.com.

Effect and mechanism of quercetin on EBV-LMP1 H101R-mutated nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Funds: 

National Natural Science Foundation of China 82372321;

Shanghai Youth Medical Talent Training Support Project for New Stars in Medical Circle Huwei Renshi [2022] No. 65;

Shanghai Hospital Development Center Program SHDC2023CRT015;

Shanghai Public Health Research Project 2024GKM25.

  • 摘要:  目的 探讨槲皮素对EB病毒(EBV)潜伏膜蛋白1(LMP1)H101R突变鼻咽癌的作用及机制。 方法 利用网络药理学方法分析槲皮素作用于EBV-LMP1 H101R突变相关鼻咽癌的潜在靶点,采用基因本体和京都基因与基因组百科全书分析潜在靶点富集通路; 采用分子对接验证槲皮素与潜在靶点的结合能力; 通过慢病毒转染构建突变细胞模型; 采用qPCR检测转染效率; 分别给予转染细胞0、20、40、60、80、100 μmol/L槲皮素干预24 h和48 h后,采用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖情况; 给予0、25、50、100 μmol/L槲皮素干预48 h后,采用Transwell实验和流式细胞术分别检测细胞迁移能力与凋亡水平; 给予0、100 μmol/L槲皮素干预48 h后,采用蛋白质印迹法检测细胞中微管相关蛋白轻链3(LC3)和p62蛋白表达水平; 进一步给予0、25、50、100 μmol/L槲皮素联合或不联合自噬抑制剂氯喹(2 μmol/L)干预48 h,采用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖情况。 结果 共筛选出10个潜在靶点,主要富集在自噬等通路,且与槲皮素具有良好结合能力; qPCR检测结果显示,与转染空载体的人鼻咽癌细胞HNE1相比,HNE1-野生型(WT)和HNE1-H101R细胞中LMP1 mRNA表达上调(均P<0.05); 与HNE1-WT相比,槲皮素对HNE1-H101R细胞增殖、迁移具有抑制作用,且增强细胞凋亡(均P<0.05); 蛋白质印迹法检测结果表明,无槲皮素干预时HNE1-WT和HNE1-H101R细胞中LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ及p62蛋白表达水平差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05),100 μmol/L槲皮素干预48 h后HNE1-H101R细胞中LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ升高、p62蛋白表达水平下调(均P<0.05); 用50、100 μmol/L槲皮素联合自噬抑制剂氯喹(2 μmol/L)干预HNE1-H101R后,槲皮素增殖的抑制效应被逆转(均P<0.05)。 结论 槲皮素可能通过促进HNE1-H101R细胞过度自噬诱导细胞死亡。

     

    Abstract:  Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of quercetin on Epstein Barr virus (EBV)-latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) H101R-mutated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods Network pharmacology was employed to identify potential targets of quercetin in EBV-LMP1-H101R-mutated NPC. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses were conducted to explore the enriched pathways of potential targets. Molecular docking was performed to evaluate the binding affinity between quercetin and potential targets. A mutant cell model was established via lentiviral transduction, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to detect transfection efficiency. The transfected cells were treated with 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μmol/L quercetin for 24 h and 48 h, followed by cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) assay to assess cell proliferation. After treatment with 0, 25, 50, and 100 μmol/L quercetin for 48 h, Transwell assay and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate cell migration and apoptosis, respectively. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) and p62 proteins after treatment with 0 and 100 μmol/L quercetin for 48 h. Furthermore, cells were treated with 0, 25, 50, and 100 μmol/L quercetin, with or without the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (2 μmol/L) for 48 h, and cell proliferation was again measured using the CCK-8 assay. Results Ten potential targets of quercetin were identified, mainly enriched in autophagy-related pathways, and they demonstrated strong binding affinity in molecular docking analysis. qPCR results demonstrated that, compared with the human NPC line HNE1 transfected with the empty vector, the expression of LMP1 mRNA was significantly upregulated in both the HNE1-wild type (WT) and H101R - HNE1 cell lines (both P < 0.05). Compared with HNE1-WT cells, quercetin significantly inhibited proliferation and migration and promoted apoptosis in HNE1-H101R cells (all P < 0.05). Western blotting analysis showed no significant differences in LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ ratios or p62 protein levels between HNE1-WT and HNE1-H101R cells in the absence of quercetin (both P > 0.05). However, treatment with 100 μmol/L quercetin for 48 h significantly increased the LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ ratio and decreased p62 levels in HNE1-H101R cells (both P < 0.05). After HNE1-H101R cells were treated with 50 or 100 μmol/L quercetin together with the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (2 μmol/L), the quercetin-induced inhibition of proliferation was reversed (both P < 0.05). Conclusion Quercetin may induce cell death in HNE1-H101R cells by promoting excessive autophagy.

     

  • 鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma,NPC)是一种发生在鼻咽黏膜上皮细胞的恶性肿瘤,好发于我国南方,其发病率和死亡率居高不下。据统计,在NPC流行地区约96%的病例是由EB病毒(Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)感染引起,并且EBV相关NPC免疫抑制因子上调,导致更容易发生免疫逃逸和NPC病情进展[1]。此外,NPC还与饮食、年龄等因素存在一定关系,其当前的治疗方案主要包括放射治疗、化学治疗和免疫疗法[2]

    EBV是一种双链DNA病毒,主要感染B细胞和口腔上皮细胞。潜伏膜蛋白1(latent membrane protein 1,LMP1)作为EBV主要致癌蛋白,表现出高度遗传异质性,尤其以高频突变为特征。研究报道LMP1突变体通过增强预恶性鼻咽上皮细胞的增殖、迁移并抑制细胞死亡,影响NPC发展[3]。本课题组基于二代测序技术对EBV感染的NPC患者与非肿瘤患者展开EBV-LMP1区特征序列研究,发现H101R在NPC患者中存在高频突变[4],表明该突变可能在EBV相关NPC的发生、发展中起到重要作用。

    槲皮素是一种黄酮类化合物,广泛存在于黄连、黄芪、白花蛇舌草等中草药中,具有良好的抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌、抗肿瘤、抗病毒活性[5]。槲皮素对NPC[6]和EBV[7]均存在抑制作用,但是关于EBV相关NPC特别是LMP1突变相关NPC的研究较少,本研究旨在通过网络药理学和体外实验研究槲皮素对携带EBV-LMP1 H101R突变NPC的作用和机制。

    人鼻咽癌细胞株HNE1购自上海富衡生物科技有限公司,人胚肾细胞系293T细胞系获自中国科学院上海分院细胞库。

    DMEM、RPMI 1640培养基、FBS、青霉素/链霉素购自美国Gibco公司; DMSO购自美国Sigma-Aldrich公司; 携带GFP的空载质粒(Vector)及LMP1野生型(wild type,WT)、H101R突变型质粒购自汉恒生物科技(上海)有限公司; 包装质粒pSPAX2、pMD2G及Lipofectamine 3000购自美国赛默飞世尔科技公司; 槲皮素(纯度为99.80%)和CCK-8试剂盒购自美国MCE公司; 结晶紫试剂购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司; 膜联蛋白Ⅴ-别藻蓝蛋白(annexin Ⅴ-allophycocyanin,Annexin Ⅴ-APC)/7-氨基放线菌素D(7-amino-actinomycin D,7-AAD)细胞凋亡检测试剂盒购自杭州联科生物技术有限公司; EZ-press RNA纯化试剂盒购自美国EZBioscience公司; PrimeScriptTM RT试剂盒和TB GreenTM Premix Ex TaqTM购自宝生物工程(大连)有限公司; ECL显色液购自苏州新赛美生物科技有限公司; 微管相关蛋白轻链3(microtubule-associated protein light chain 3,LC3)抗体、p62抗体购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司,GAPDH抗体和辣根过氧化物酶标记的山羊抗兔及山羊抗小鼠抗体(IgG)购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司。

    CO2培养箱、实时荧光定量PCR仪购自美国赛默飞世尔科技公司; 酶标仪购自美谷分子仪器(上海)有限公司; 流式细胞仪Lyric购自碧迪医疗器械(上海)有限公司; BZ-X800荧光显微镜购自基恩士(中国)有限公司; 倒置光学显微镜购自徕卡显微系统(上海)贸易有限公司。

    通过PubChem数据库(https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)获取槲皮素简化分子线性输入规范(simplified molecular input line entry system,SMILES)号及3D结构,在Swiss Target Prediction数据库(https://www.swisstargetprediction.ch/)中输入SMILES号,选择“Homo sapiens”,预测其作用靶点。

    分别在TTD(https://db.idrblab.net/ttd/)和GeneCards(https://www.genecards.org/)数据库中,以“nasopharyngeal carcinoma”“nasopharyngeal neoplasms”“nasopharyngeal cancer”“nasopharyngeal malignance”“nasopharyngeal tumor”“nasopharynx carcinoma”“nasopharynx neoplasms”“nasopharynx cancer”“nasopharynx malignance”“nasopharynx tumor”为检索词检索,将2个数据库结果合并后,去除重复,获得NPC相关靶点。

    在GeneCards数据库(https://www.genecards.org/)中,以“LMP1”为检索词检索,获得LMP1相关靶点。

    将1.4、1.5、1.6节中获得的靶点进行维恩图分析,得到交集靶点,即为槲皮素作用于EBV-LMP1相关NPC的潜在靶点。

    将1.7节中获得的潜在靶点导入生物信息学分析平台DAVID数据库(https://david.ncifcrf.gov/)进行KEGG和GO富集分析。GO功能富集分析中,分别获取生物过程、细胞组分和分子功能,选取前6个条目绘制柱状图。KEGG信号通路中选取前10个条目绘制气泡图。

    在PubChem和PDB数据库(https://www.rcsb.org/)中分别下载槲皮素和潜在靶点3D结构示意图,利用Pymol软件和AutoDock 1.5.7软件去除水分子和多余配体,并进行加氢处理,计算结合能,将对接结果通过Pymol软件进行可视化。

    HNE1细胞培养基为RPMI 1640培养基(含10% FBS和1% 青霉素/链霉素),293T细胞培养基为DMEM(含10% FBS和1% 青霉素/链霉素),培养条件均为37 ℃、5% CO2

    通过慢病毒转染技术,分别转染空载体(HNE1-NC)、野生型(HNE1-WT)和H101R突变型(HNE1-H101R)LMP1质粒的HNE1细胞。为构建转染细胞系,将转染质粒(Vector、WT、H101R)及包装质粒(pMD2G、pSPAX2)用Lipofectamine 3000共转染至293T细胞中,并于第2天和第3天收集病毒上清液。将3种病毒上清液分别装入50 mL离心管中,4 ℃下2 000×g离心10 min,去除细胞碎片,随后将澄清的病毒上清液装入超速离心管中,4 ℃下82 700×g离心120 min。将3种病毒沉淀分别重悬于1 mL基础培养基中,装入灭菌病毒管。接种2×105个HNE1细胞于12孔板中,3种病毒液各取100 μL感染HNE1细胞,1周后使用嘌呤霉素(1 μg/mL)筛选转染细胞。

    用EZ-press RNA纯化试剂盒从转染细胞中提取总RNA,并测量其浓度。使用PrimeScriptTM RT试剂盒将RNA反转录为cDNA,TB GreenTM Premix Ex TaqTM进行qPCR检测。以GAPDH为内参,检测细胞中LMP1 mRNA的相对表达量。其中,LMP1正向引物序列为5'-ACCCTCCTGCTCATCGCTCTC-3',反向引物序列为5'-AGTAAGCACCCGAAGATGAACAGC-3';GAPDH正向引物序列为5'-CCAGCAAGAGCA-CAAGAGGAAGAG-3',反向引物序列为5'-GGT-CTACATGGCAACTGTGAGGAG-3'。

    将HNE1-WT和HNE1-H101R细胞制备成单细胞悬液,以5×103个/孔的密度接种于96孔板,使用0、20、40、60、80、100 μmol/L的槲皮素干预24 h和48 h,以检测不同浓度和时间对细胞增殖的影响; 为探究槲皮素是否通过自噬影响HNE1-H101R细胞活力,使用0、25、50、100 μmol/L槲皮素联合或不联合2 μmol/L自噬抑制剂氯喹(chloroquine,CQ)处理HNE1-H101R细胞48 h。各组处理结束后,每孔分别加入10 μL CCK-8溶液,37 ℃孵育1 h,采用酶标仪在450 nm下测定光密度(D)值,计算细胞增殖率和IC50。细胞增殖率(%)=加药组D值/DMSO组D值×100%。

    参考文献[8],使用0、25、50、100 μmol/L槲皮素干预HNE1-WT和HNE1-H101R细胞48 h,将5×104个细胞加入200 μL无血清培养基中,下室加入600 μL含10% FBS的完全培养基,孵育24 h后用4%多聚甲醛固定,随后将迁移细胞用0. 1% 结晶紫溶液在室温下染色10 min,用棉签擦去上室细胞,在显微镜下对3个随机视野中的细胞进行计数。

    使用0、25、50、100 μmol/L槲皮素干预HNE1-WT和HNE1-H101R细胞48 h,每孔加入适量无EDTA胰酶消化细胞,同时收集培养上清,160×g离心5 min,收集的细胞用PBS洗涤2次,每管加入500 μL结合缓冲液重悬细胞,每管加入5 μL Annexin Ⅴ-APC和10 μL 7-AAD,室温避光孵育30 min,上机检测。

    分别用DMSO和高浓度(100 μmol/L)槲皮素干预HNE1-WT和HNE1-H101R细胞48 h,提取蛋白并用BCA法进行蛋白定量,加入适量上样缓冲液和双蒸水,95 ℃金属浴持续5 min,进行蛋白变性; 电泳条件为150 V、50 min,随后设置300 mA、90 min将蛋白转在PVDF膜; 用脱脂奶粉溶液封闭60 min后,分别加入LC3抗体(稀释比例为1∶1 000)、p62抗体(稀释比例为1∶1 000)、GAPDH抗体(稀释比例为1∶5 000),4 ℃孵育过夜,TBST清洗3次,每次5 min; 分别加入兔或鼠二抗(稀释比例为1∶5 000)室温孵育120 min,TBST清洗3次,每次5 min; 随后用ECL显色液进行显影。以GAPDH为内参,使用ImageJ 1.8.0.345软件分析目的蛋白相对表达量。

    采用GraphPad Prism 10软件进行数据分析。计量资料采用x±s表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,事后多重比较采用Sidak法。检验水准(α)为0.05。

    通过Swiss Target Prediction数据库获取槲皮素潜在靶点100个,通过TTD和GeneCards数据库获取NPC相关靶点2 984个,通过GeneCards数据库获取LMP1相关靶点639个,三者取交集得到槲皮素作用于EBV-LMP1相关NPC潜在靶点10个(图 1A),分别为端粒酶逆转录酶(telomerase reverse transcriptase,TERT)、Akt1、基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metallopeptidase,MMP)9、聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶1(poly ADP-ribose polymerase 1,PARP1)、胰岛素样生长因子1受体(insulin like growth factor 1 receptor,IGF1R)、脾酪氨酸激酶(spleen associated tyrosine kinase,SYK)、磷脂酰肌醇-4, 5-二磷酸3-激酶催化亚基γ(phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma,PIK3CG)、ATP结合盒亚家族B成员1(ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1,ABCB1)、死亡相关蛋白激酶1(death associated protein kinase 1,DAPK1)、MMP2。

    图  1  槲皮素作用于EBV-LMP1相关鼻咽癌潜在靶点的GO及KEGG富集分析
    A: Potential target number of quercetin in EBV-LMP1-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma; B: Bar chart of GO enrichment analysis of potential targets; C: Bubble chart of KEGG enrichment analysis of potential targets. EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; LMP1: Latent membrane protein 1; GO: Gene Ontology; KEEG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; cGAS: Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; STING: Stimulator of interferon genes; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; Akt: Protein kinase B.
    Fig.  1  GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of potential targets of quercetin in EBV-LMP1-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma
    下载: 全尺寸图片

    将上述10个潜在靶点导入DAVID数据库,进行GO和KEGG分析(图 1B1C)。GO富集分析结果显示,潜在靶点主要参与凋亡调控、免疫应答及激酶相关生物学过程,主要定位于细胞质和膜相关结构,分子功能以蛋白激酶活性及蛋白相互作用为主。KEGG富集分析结果显示,潜在靶点主要富集PI3K-Akt、自噬等信号通路。结合上述结果及自噬在凋亡调控中的重要作用,本文进一步聚焦自噬相关机制进行探讨。

    以槲皮素为配体、上述10个潜在靶点为受体进行分子对接模拟,计算结合能以明确两者结合能力。结果显示,槲皮素与SYK、TERT、MMP2、ABCB1、PIK3CG、Akt1、DAPK1、MMP9、IGF1R、PARP1蛋白的结合能分别为-6.8、-7.1、-7.2、-8.1、-8.5、-8.8、-9.2、-9.6、-9.6、-10.4 kcal/mol(1 kcal=4.184 kJ)。当结合能≤-5.0 kcal/mol时配体和受体间结合能力较好,故以上10种潜在靶点与槲皮素都具有良好的结合能力。见图 2

    图  2  槲皮素与潜在靶点的分子对接示意图
    1 kcal=4.184 kJ. SYK: Spleen associated tyrosine kinase; TERT: Telomerase reverse transcriptase; MMP2: Matrix metallopeptidase 2; ABCB1: ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1; PIK3CG: Phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma; Akt: Protein kinase B; DAPK1: Death associated protein kinase 1; MMP9: Matrix metallopeptidase 9; IGF1R: Insulin like growth factor 1 receptor; PARP1: Poly ADP-ribose polymerase 1.
    Fig.  2  Schematic diagram of molecular docking between quercetin and potential targets
    下载: 全尺寸图片

    通过倒置荧光显微镜观察,3种转染细胞株均可见绿色荧光(图 3)。qPCR检测结果显示,与HNE1-NC细胞(1.00±0.07)相比,HNE1-WT细胞(427.67±12.11)和HNE1-H101R细胞(1 123.38±34.11)中LMP1 mRNA表达上调(P<0.05)。

    图  3  HNE1-WT和HNE1-H101R细胞转染验证(200×)
    HNE1 is a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line. WT: Wild type; HNE1-H101R: The HNE1 cells transfected with Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 H101R mutation; NC: Normal control.
    Fig.  3  Transfection validation of HNE1-WT and HNE1-H101R cells (200×)
    下载: 全尺寸图片

    CCK-8检测结果显示,槲皮素呈时间和浓度依赖性地抑制HNE1-WT和HNE1-H101R细胞,且对HNE1-H101R细胞的抑制作用更为明显(P<0.05)。见图 4。干预48 h后,槲皮素对HNE1-H101R的IC50为(90.63±1.14)μmol/L,基于该结果,后续实验选择25 μmol/L作为低浓度组、50 μmol/L作为中浓度组、100 μmol/L作为高浓度组。

    图  4  槲皮素对HNE1-H101R细胞增殖的影响
    The cell proliferation rates in HNE1-WT and HNE1-H101R cells were detected using CCK-8 after intervening with different concentrations of quercetin for 24 h (A) or 48 h (B). *P<0.05 vs HNE1-WT cells with the same concentration intervention. n=3, x±s. HNE1 is a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line. HNE1-H101R: The HNE1 cells transfected with Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 H101R mutation; WT: Wild type; CCK-8: Cell counting kit 8.
    Fig.  4  Effect of quercetin on proliferation of HNE1-H101R cells
    下载: 全尺寸图片

    Transwell法检测结果表明,随槲皮素浓度升高,HNE1-WT和HNE1-H101R细胞迁移减少,且槲皮素对HNE1-H101R细胞迁移抑制作用更强(P<0.05)。见图 5

    图  5  槲皮素对HNE1-H101R细胞迁移的影响
    The migration of HNE1-WT and HNE1-H101R cells were detected using Transwell assay after 48 h of intervention with different concentrations of quercetin (100×). *P<0.05 vs HNE1-WT cells with the same concentration intervention. n=3, x±s. HNE1 is a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line. HNE1-H101R: The HNE1 cells transfected with Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 H101R mutation; WT: Wild type.
    Fig.  5  Effect of quercetin on migration of HNE1-H101R cells
    下载: 全尺寸图片

    流式细胞术检测结果表明,随槲皮素浓度升高,HNE1-WT和HNE1-H101R细胞凋亡增加,且槲皮素诱导HNE1-H101R细胞凋亡率更高(P<0.05)。见图 6

    图  6  槲皮素对HNE1-H101R细胞凋亡的影响
    Apoptosis in HNE1-WT and HNE1-H101R cells were detected using flow cytometry after 48 h of intervention with different concentrations of quercetin. *P<0.05 vs HNE1-WT cells with the same concentration intervention. n=3, x±s. HNE1 is a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line. HNE1-H101R: The HNE1 cells transfected with Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 H101R mutation; 7-AAD: 7-amino-actinomycin D; WT: Wild type; APC: Allophycocyanin.
    Fig.  6  Effect of quercetin on apoptosis of HNE1-H101R cells
    下载: 全尺寸图片

    蛋白质印迹法检测结果显示,无槲皮素干预时HNE1-WT和HNE1-H101R细胞间LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ及p62蛋白相对表达水平差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05); 100 μmol/L槲皮素干预48 h后,相比于HNE1-WT细胞,HNE1-H101R细胞中LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ升高、p62蛋白表达水平下调(均P<0.05)。见图 7

    图  7  槲皮素对HNE1-H101R细胞自噬相关蛋白表达的影响
    The expression of LC3 and p62 proteins were detected using Western blotting. *P<0.05 vs HNE1-WT cells with the same concentration intervention. n=3, x±s. HNE1 is a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line. HNE1-H101R: The HNE1 cells transfected with Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 H101R mutation; WT: Wild type; LC3: Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
    Fig.  7  Effect of quercetin on autophagy-related protein expression in HNE1-H101R cells
    下载: 全尺寸图片

    CCK-8检测结果显示,在50、100 μmol/L槲皮素与2 μmol/L CQ联合干预后,槲皮素对HNE1-H101R细胞的增殖抑制效应被逆转(均P<0.05)。见图 8

    图  8  槲皮素联合CQ对HNE1-H101R细胞增殖的影响
    Cell proliferation rate of HNE1-H101R cells was detected by CCK-8 after 48 h of quercetin intervention with or without autophagy inhibitor CQ. *P<0.05 vs quercetin intervention alone. n=3, x±s. HNE1 is a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line. CQ: Chloroquine; HNE1-H101R: The HNE1 cells transfected with Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 H101R mutation; CCK-8: Cell counting kit 8.
    Fig.  8  Effect of quercetin combined with CQ on proliferation of HNE1-H101R cells
    下载: 全尺寸图片

    本研究通过网络药理学方法预测槲皮素作用于EBV-LMP1 H101R突变相关NPC的潜在靶点,在获取的10个靶点中DAPK1、Akt1和IGF1R在自噬通路富集。鉴于LMP1区域存在高频突变,课题组前期依靠高通量测序技术在EBV相关NPC患者中发现LMP1第101位氨基酸突变(H→R),提示该突变可能存在较高致癌性[4]。本研究通过慢病毒转染构建HNE1-WT和HNE1-H101R细胞,随后使用不同浓度的槲皮素进行干预,以探究槲皮素对两者增殖、迁移、凋亡的影响,同时利用蛋白质印迹法检测初步探寻作用机制。值得注意的是,槲皮素的水溶性极低,实验中需使用DMSO作为溶剂,根据美国MCE公司推荐方案,槲皮素储存浓度通常不超过100 mmol/L,为确保DMSO终浓度低于0.1%,工作液浓度上限需控制在100 μmol/L以内,以防止溶剂毒性干扰细胞活性检测结果。此外,基于槲皮素对HNE1细胞的作用浓度为100 μmol/L[8],本研究设定100 μmol/L为最大浓度,并根据需要确定浓度梯度。

    本研究发现,相比于HNE1-WT细胞,槲皮素对HNE1-H101R细胞的增殖和迁移具有抑制作用,且增强细胞凋亡(均P<0.05)。蛋白质印迹法检测结果也进一步揭示,在无槲皮素干预时HNE1-WT和HNE1-H101R细胞中LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ及p62蛋白相对表达水平差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05); 高浓度槲皮素干预48 h后,相比于HNE1-WT细胞,HNE1-H101R细胞中LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ升高、p62蛋白表达水平下调(均P<0.05)。该结果表明HNE1-H101R细胞受到槲皮素干预后自噬被激活,随之LC3Ⅰ向LC3Ⅱ转化,即LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ比值升高; p62作为泛素结合蛋白,其泛素化与LC3Ⅱ蛋白形成复合物并一同在溶酶体内被降解,故p62蛋白表达水平降低,而HNE1-WT细胞中p62蛋白累积可能意味着自噬流被阻断[9]

    自噬在细胞应激状态下通常被认为是一种保护性机制,其适度活化能够通过降解异常细胞器和错误折叠蛋白维持细胞稳态。然而,当自噬过度激活或持续活化突破生理调控阈值时,便触发程序性自我降解,导致细胞不可逆损伤甚至死亡,即自噬性死亡[10]。本研究发现,联合自噬抑制剂CQ处理HNE1-H101R细胞后,槲皮素对HNE1-H101R细胞增殖的抑制被逆转(P<0.05),这提示自噬可能在槲皮素对高危突变型HNE1-H101R细胞的靶向抑制过程中发挥了重要作用,从而导致了HNE1-H101R细胞死亡。

    NPC作为我国南方地区具有高发生率和死亡率的恶性肿瘤,与EBV感染密不可分。研究发现,EBV不仅可以促进NPC细胞增殖,还能增强其抗铁死亡能力和耐药性[11],其编码的miRNA在诱导NPC细胞上皮-间质转化和转移中也发挥着重要作用[12]。同时,EBV自身具有高异质性,特别是LMP1及其他相关基因可出现促进EBV裂解和免疫逃逸的突变[13],从而使EBV相关NPC突变株对常规治疗药物产生耐药性。目前针对EBV相关NPC患者耐药后的治疗方案多为化学治疗联合抗病毒药物,两者产生了强大协同效应,但对正常细胞也有巨大的细胞毒性[14]。面对EBV相关NPC的高危性和难治性,迫切需要寻找新型低毒、高效的药物,以遏制长期感染和药物治疗过程中产生的致癌性免疫逃逸突变体。

    中医药作为祖国医学的文明宝库,近年来已从中挖掘出一系列具有抗病毒、抗肿瘤功效的中药活性成分。

    槲皮素作为广泛存在于中草药中的活性成分,主要来源于活血化瘀药(如丹参、赤芍)、清热解毒药(如菊花、蒲公英)和补益药(如枸杞、人参)中,结合癌病前期气滞血瘀、热毒内生和后期气血亏虚的病因病机,槲皮素在中医抗癌治疗中具有潜力[15]。现代药理学研究进一步揭示,槲皮素可通过诱导铁死亡[16]、细胞凋亡[17]、坏死性凋亡[18]、细胞焦亡[19]和自噬性死亡[20]等方式抑制癌细胞增殖。作为抗病毒分子,槲皮素除了对EBV存在清除作用[7],对人乳头状瘤病毒[21]和新型冠状病毒变异株[22]也存在抑制作用。目前槲皮素在抗EBV-LMP1 H101R突变NPC中的应用效果尚无明确报道,本研究初步证明槲皮素可以特异靶向EBV高危突变型病毒准种,可能为中药活性成分特异靶向EBV-LMP1 H101R突变NPC治疗的研究提供了新思路。

  • 图  1   槲皮素作用于EBV-LMP1相关鼻咽癌潜在靶点的GO及KEGG富集分析

    A: Potential target number of quercetin in EBV-LMP1-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma; B: Bar chart of GO enrichment analysis of potential targets; C: Bubble chart of KEGG enrichment analysis of potential targets. EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; LMP1: Latent membrane protein 1; GO: Gene Ontology; KEEG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; cGAS: Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; STING: Stimulator of interferon genes; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; Akt: Protein kinase B.

    Fig.  1   GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of potential targets of quercetin in EBV-LMP1-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma

    下载: 全尺寸图片

    图  2   槲皮素与潜在靶点的分子对接示意图

    1 kcal=4.184 kJ. SYK: Spleen associated tyrosine kinase; TERT: Telomerase reverse transcriptase; MMP2: Matrix metallopeptidase 2; ABCB1: ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1; PIK3CG: Phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma; Akt: Protein kinase B; DAPK1: Death associated protein kinase 1; MMP9: Matrix metallopeptidase 9; IGF1R: Insulin like growth factor 1 receptor; PARP1: Poly ADP-ribose polymerase 1.

    Fig.  2   Schematic diagram of molecular docking between quercetin and potential targets

    下载: 全尺寸图片

    图  3   HNE1-WT和HNE1-H101R细胞转染验证(200×)

    HNE1 is a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line. WT: Wild type; HNE1-H101R: The HNE1 cells transfected with Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 H101R mutation; NC: Normal control.

    Fig.  3   Transfection validation of HNE1-WT and HNE1-H101R cells (200×)

    下载: 全尺寸图片

    图  4   槲皮素对HNE1-H101R细胞增殖的影响

    The cell proliferation rates in HNE1-WT and HNE1-H101R cells were detected using CCK-8 after intervening with different concentrations of quercetin for 24 h (A) or 48 h (B). *P<0.05 vs HNE1-WT cells with the same concentration intervention. n=3, x±s. HNE1 is a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line. HNE1-H101R: The HNE1 cells transfected with Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 H101R mutation; WT: Wild type; CCK-8: Cell counting kit 8.

    Fig.  4   Effect of quercetin on proliferation of HNE1-H101R cells

    下载: 全尺寸图片

    图  5   槲皮素对HNE1-H101R细胞迁移的影响

    The migration of HNE1-WT and HNE1-H101R cells were detected using Transwell assay after 48 h of intervention with different concentrations of quercetin (100×). *P<0.05 vs HNE1-WT cells with the same concentration intervention. n=3, x±s. HNE1 is a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line. HNE1-H101R: The HNE1 cells transfected with Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 H101R mutation; WT: Wild type.

    Fig.  5   Effect of quercetin on migration of HNE1-H101R cells

    下载: 全尺寸图片

    图  6   槲皮素对HNE1-H101R细胞凋亡的影响

    Apoptosis in HNE1-WT and HNE1-H101R cells were detected using flow cytometry after 48 h of intervention with different concentrations of quercetin. *P<0.05 vs HNE1-WT cells with the same concentration intervention. n=3, x±s. HNE1 is a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line. HNE1-H101R: The HNE1 cells transfected with Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 H101R mutation; 7-AAD: 7-amino-actinomycin D; WT: Wild type; APC: Allophycocyanin.

    Fig.  6   Effect of quercetin on apoptosis of HNE1-H101R cells

    下载: 全尺寸图片

    图  7   槲皮素对HNE1-H101R细胞自噬相关蛋白表达的影响

    The expression of LC3 and p62 proteins were detected using Western blotting. *P<0.05 vs HNE1-WT cells with the same concentration intervention. n=3, x±s. HNE1 is a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line. HNE1-H101R: The HNE1 cells transfected with Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 H101R mutation; WT: Wild type; LC3: Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

    Fig.  7   Effect of quercetin on autophagy-related protein expression in HNE1-H101R cells

    下载: 全尺寸图片

    图  8   槲皮素联合CQ对HNE1-H101R细胞增殖的影响

    Cell proliferation rate of HNE1-H101R cells was detected by CCK-8 after 48 h of quercetin intervention with or without autophagy inhibitor CQ. *P<0.05 vs quercetin intervention alone. n=3, x±s. HNE1 is a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line. CQ: Chloroquine; HNE1-H101R: The HNE1 cells transfected with Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 H101R mutation; CCK-8: Cell counting kit 8.

    Fig.  8   Effect of quercetin combined with CQ on proliferation of HNE1-H101R cells

    下载: 全尺寸图片
  • [1] SU Z Y, SIAK P Y, LWIN Y Y, et al. Epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: current insights and future outlook[J]. Cancer Metastasis Rev, 2024, 43(3): 919-939. DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10176-9.
    [2] LI W, DUAN X, CHEN X, et al. Immunotherapeutic approaches in EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma[J]. Front Immunol, 2023, 13: 1079515. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1079515.
    [3] LO A K F, HUANG D P, LO K W, et al. Phenotypic alterations induced by the Hong Kong-prevalent Epstein-Barr virus-encoded LMP1 variant (2117-LMP1) in nasopharyngeal epithelial cells[J]. Int J Cancer, 2004, 109(6): 919-925. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20051.
    [4] 艾文超. 基于二代测序的肿瘤相关HPV16和EBV序列特征及其临床关联研究[D]. 上海: 中国人民解放军海军军医大学, 2022.
    [5] 彭小锋, 李秀壮, 唐蓉萍, 等. 槲皮素的生物活性及应用研究进展[J]. 山东化工, 2024, 53(8): 136-139. DOI: 10.19319/j.cnki.issn.1008-021x.2024.08.040.
    [6] LI T, LI Y. Quercetin acts as a novel anti-cancer drug to suppress cancer aggressiveness and cisplatin-resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) through regulating the Yes-associated protein/Hippo signaling pathway[J]. Immunobiology, 2023, 228(2): 152324. DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152324.
    [7] LEE M, SON M, RYU E, et al. Quercetin-induced apoptosis prevents EBV infection[J]. Oncotarget, 2015, 6(14): 12603-12624. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3687.
    [8] CUI X B, YU Z Y, WANG W, et al. Co-inhibition of HSP70/HSP90 synergistically sensitizes nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells to thermotherapy[J]. Integr Cancer Ther, 2012, 11(1): 61-67. DOI: 10.1177/1534735411399900.
    [9] GLICK D, BARTH S, MACLEOD K F. Autophagy: cellular and molecular mechanisms[J]. J Pathol, 2010, 221(1): 3-12. DOI: 10.1002/path.2697.
    [10] LIU S, YAO S, YANG H, et al. Autophagy: regulator of cell death[J]. Cell Death Dis, 2023, 14(10): 648. DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06154-8.
    [11] YUAN L, LI S, CHEN Q, et al. EBV infection-induced GPX4 promotes chemoresistance and tumor progression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma[J]. Cell Death Differ, 2022, 29(8): 1513-1527. DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-00939-8.
    [12] LIN C, ZONG J, LIN W, et al. EBV-miR-BART8-3p induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promotes metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells through activating NF-κB and Erk1/2 pathways[J]. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 2018, 37(1): 283. DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0953-6.
    [13] KANDA T, YAJIMA M, IKUTA K. Epstein-Barr virus strain variation and cancer[J]. Cancer Sci, 2019, 110(4): 1132-1139. DOI: 10.1111/cas.13954.
    [14] BAUER M, JASINSKI-BERGNER S, MANDELBOIM O, et al. Epstein-Barr virus-associated malignancies and immune escape: the role of the tumor microenvironment and tumor cell evasion strategies[J]. Cancers (Basel), 2021, 13(20): 5189. DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205189.
    [15] 叶明华, 林秋芳. 杜建教授基于"标本虚实" 理论分期辨治癌病经验[J]. 亚太传统医药, 2024, 20(10): 172-175. DOI: 10.11954/ytctyy.202410040.
    [16] DING L, DANG S, SUN M, et al. Quercetin induces ferroptosis in gastric cancer cells by targeting SLC1A5 and regulating the p-Camk2/p-DRP1 and NRF2/GPX4 axes[J]. Free Radic Biol Med, 2024, 213: 150-163. DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.01.002.
    [17] ZHOU B, YANG Y, PANG X, et al. Quercetin inhibits DNA damage responses to induce apoptosis via SIRT5/PI3K/AKT pathway in non-small cell lung cancer[J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2023, 165: 115071. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115071.
    [18] LOMPHITHAK T, JAIKLA P, SAE-FUNG A, et al. Natural flavonoids quercetin and kaempferol targeting G2/M cell cycle-related genes and synergize with Smac mimetic LCL-161 to induce necroptosis in cholangiocarcinoma cells[J]. Nutrients, 2023, 15(14): 3090. DOI: 10.3390/nu15143090.
    [19] FENG S H, ZHAO B, ZHAN X, et al. Quercetin-induced pyroptosis in colon cancer through NEK7-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome-GSDMD signaling pathway activation[J]. Am J Cancer Res, 2024, 14(3): 934-958. DOI: 10.62347/MKAN3550.
    [20] XIAO J, ZHANG B, YIN S, et al. Quercetin induces autophagy-associated death in HL-60 cells through CaMKKβ/AMPK/mTOR signal pathway[J]. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai), 2022, 54(9): 1244-1256. DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022117.
    [21] 李福敏, 张蔚, 张孝斌, 等. 槲皮素对HeLa细胞中HPV18 E7、P16 mRNA表达的影响[J]. 武汉大学学报(医学版), 2008, 29(2): 181-185. DOI: 10.14188/j.1671-8852.2008.02.003.
    [22] 刘荣, 张潇, 靳晓杰, 等. 植物源性天然产物抗新型冠状病毒研究进展[J]. 中成药, 2024, 46(8): 2663-2670. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1528.2024.08.028.
WeChat 点击查看大图
图(8)
出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2025-01-16
  • 接受日期:  2025-03-24

目录

    /

    返回文章
    返回