Changes in subsets of vascular smooth muscle cells under calcification
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摘要:
目的 探讨血管平滑肌细胞在钙化过程中的细胞分型以及变化,寻求治疗心血管钙化的靶点。 方法 动物实验:将C57BL/6J小鼠随机分成对照组(CTL组,采用普通饮食喂养4周)和钙化组(CM组,采用高脂肪高嘌呤饮食喂养4周,腹腔注射10 mg/kg维生素D、连续注射2周),每组3只。采用单细胞测序法研究小鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞基因表达。细胞实验:将原代大鼠平滑肌细胞分为CTL组(用含10% FBS和1%青霉素的DMEM培养)和CM组(用含10 mmol/L的甘油磷酸钠和3 mmol/L CaCl2的DMEM培养),通过qPCR检测和蛋白质印迹法评估平滑肌细胞基因表达。 结果 在平滑肌细胞由收缩样表型向成骨样表型转变时,通过单细胞测序鉴定出13个新细胞分型。对2组小鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞的差异表达基因分析显示,G蛋白信号调节因子2(GPSM2)+平滑肌细胞表达程度变化最大,拟时序分析显示钙化过程中GPSM2+平滑肌细胞簇向鞘氨醇1磷酸酯受体3(S1PR3)+平滑肌细胞簇转化。京都基因与基因组百科全书分析显示,S1PR3+平滑肌细胞簇钙化过程中MAPK信号通路激活。蛋白质印迹法检测结果进一步证明钙化环境刺激ERK1/2磷酸化增加。 结论 在钙化条件下,血管平滑肌细胞由GPSM2+平滑肌细胞簇向S1PR3+平滑肌细胞簇转化,提示S1PR3+平滑肌细胞簇可作为治疗心血管钙化的靶点。 -
关键词:
- 平滑肌细胞 /
- 血管钙化 /
- 单细胞转录组测序 /
- 拟时序分析 /
- G蛋白信号调节因子2 /
- 鞘氨醇1磷酸酯受体3
Abstract:Objective To investigate the differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) during calcification, and to seek the target for the treatment of cardiovascular calcification. Methods Animal experiment: C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to control group (CTL group, fed with normal diet for 4 weeks) or calcification group (CM group, fed with high-fat and high-purine diet for 4 weeks, intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg vitamin D for 2 weeks), with 3 mice in each group. Single-cell transcriptome sequencing was used to evaluate the gene expression of mouse aortic smooth muscle cells. Cell experiment: the primary rat smooth muscle cells were assigned to CTL group (cultured in DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin) or CM group (cultured in DMEM containing 10 mmol/L sodium glycerophosphate and 3 mmol/L CaCl2). The gene expression of smooth muscle cells was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Results When smooth muscle cells changed from contractile phenotype to osteoblast phenotype, 13 new cell subtypes were identified by single-cell transcriptome sequencing. Differential gene analysis of smooth muscle cells between the 2 groups showed that the expression of G protein signaling modulator 2 (GPSM2)+ smooth muscle cells changed the most. Pseudotime trajectory analysis showed that during the calcification process, GPSM2+smooth muscle cell clusters may transform into sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 (S1PR3)+ cell clusters, suggesting the change characteristics of smooth muscle cells in calcification environment. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis of S1PR3+ smooth muscle cell clusters showed that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was activated during calcification. Western blotting analysis further demonstrated that calcification environment stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation. Conclusion Under calcification condition, vascular smooth muscle cells transform from the GPSM2+ smooth muscle cell cluster to the S1PR3+ smooth muscle cell cluster, suggesting that the S1PR3+ smooth muscle cell cluster may serve as a target for the treatment of cardiovascular calcification. -
血管钙化是一种普遍的血管病理表型,表现为钙磷在血管壁上的沉积[1]。钙化多出现在肾脏疾病、糖尿病、动脉粥样硬化等疾病中,而血管钙化与心血管不良事件相关[2]。冠状动脉钙化合并瓣膜钙化的患者预后更差,加重了患者家庭和社会医疗负担[3-4]。钙化的病理生理过程涉及较多类型细胞,如巨噬细胞、平滑肌细胞、成纤维细胞等,平滑肌细胞的表型转变在钙化过程中起主要作用。在钙化过程中,平滑肌细胞由收缩样表型向成骨样表型转变,钙化相关转录因子Runt相关转录因子2(Runt related transcription factor 2,RUNX2)、骨形态发生蛋白2(bone morphogenetic protein 2,BMP2)等表达上调[5-6]。钙化的过程机制复杂,研究认为平滑肌细胞释放的基质囊泡和外泌体、内质网应激反应、炎症通路的激活等均与钙化有密切联系[7]。血管中膜钙化涉及较多通路的变化,其中较为经典的ERK1/2、p38、Akt通路的激活促进钙化加重[6]。单细胞测序研究表明,在钙化过程中平滑肌细胞表型转换涉及中间形态干细胞、内皮细胞、单核细胞,提示对于钙化过程中平滑肌细胞转变的研究可以为治疗提供新的靶点和思路[8]。目前,对于钙化的研究技术涉及空间组学、转录组学以及代谢组学[1]等,仍未发现特异性较高的治疗靶点,针对血管钙化的发病机制以及相关治疗靶点的研究仍是心血管研究的热点。本研究基于单细胞测序结果以及生物信息学分析,研究平滑肌细胞在表型转变过程中其细胞子集发生的转化以及信号通路转变,旨在为血管钙化的治疗提供新靶点。
1 材料和方法
1.1 动物实验
1.1.1 动物模型制备
取8周龄C57BL/6J小鼠[上海吉辉实验动物饲养有限公司,生产许可证号:SCXK(沪)2022-0009],随机分为对照组(CTL组)和钙化组(CM组),每组3只。CTL组小鼠采用普通饮食喂养4周。CM组小鼠腹腔注射10 mg/kg维生素D,连续2周,同时给予高脂肪高嘌呤饮食4周。造模4周后将小鼠以水合氯醛(货号JK-E362,上海晶抗生物工程有限公司)腹腔注射麻醉,固定后用眼科剪从腹正中线剪开小鼠皮肤,生理盐水心尖注射以冲洗残余血液,取小鼠心脏,使用显微镊钝性分离主动脉,置于生理盐水内浸泡,钝性分离血管外结缔组织,保存于单细胞样本储存液(货号130-100-008,德国美天旎生物技术有限公司)中。
1.1.2 单细胞测序
将小鼠主动脉组织在无菌条件下用预冷含0.04%牛血清白蛋白的RPMI 1640培养基洗涤2次,用手术剪将组织剪成约0.5 mm3大小的小块,放入新鲜配制的胶原酶溶液(货号17101015,美国Gibco公司)中,在37 ℃的恒温培养箱中酶解30~60 min,每5~10 min翻转和混合1次。消化后的细胞悬浮液通过40 μm细胞筛(美国BD公司)过滤1~2次,4 ℃下300×g离心5 min。用足量的培养基重悬沉淀物,加入等体积的红细胞裂解试剂(货号130-094-183,德国美天旎生物技术有限公司),并在4 ℃下静置10 min,300×g离心5 min后,丢弃上清液。通过Luna细胞计数器计算细胞密度和存活率。使用10x Genomics的Cell Ranger 8.0.1软件处理FASTQ文件并将其与GRCm39小鼠参考基因组对齐,并为每个条形码总结唯一分子标识符(unique molecular identifier)计数。利用FindAllMarkers识别每个簇的标志基因。基于超几何分布,使用R 4.0.3软件对差异表达基因进行基因本体(Gene Ontology,GO)和京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG)富集分析。通过典型标志基因的标准化表达对每个簇进行评分。使用FindMarkers功能鉴定差异表达基因。设定P<0.05和|log2(FC)|>1.2为差异表达的筛选阈值(FC为差异倍数,fold change)。
1.2 细胞实验
1.2.1 原代细胞提取
本研究中使用的血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cell,VSMC)来自5周龄雄性SD大鼠[上海吉辉实验动物饲养有限公司,生产许可证号:SCXK(沪)2022-0009]的主动脉。取SD大鼠2~3只(体重180~200 g),用水合氯醛(货号JK-E362,上海晶抗生物工程有限公司)腹腔注射麻醉,75%乙醇浸泡消毒3 min后,暴露胸腔,紧靠脊柱右前方,从主动脉弓至膈面处剪下胸主动脉,放入含1×青霉素-链霉素(货号15070063,美国Gibco公司)的Hank’s平衡盐溶液细胞培养皿中,迅速转入细胞培养室的超净工作台。在含1×青霉素-链霉素的Hank’s平衡盐溶液细胞培养皿中剪去血管外的小分支,再依次转移入含有10×、5×、2×、1×青霉素-链霉素的Hank’s平衡盐溶液细胞培养皿中,梯度杀菌后用眼科直剪剪开血管腔,内膜面向上,以眼科弯镊或手术刀片轻轻擦拭内膜层,以去除内皮细胞。最后转移入另一含1×青霉素-链霉素的Hank’s平衡盐溶液细胞培养皿中,用眼科剪将血管段剪成5~6块组织块,每2 d更换1次培养基。2周左右组织块周围长出的细胞相互汇合,逐渐铺满整个瓶底时进行首次传代。VSMC在含有10% FBS(货号10099,美国Gibco公司)和1%青霉素(货号15070063,美国Gibco公司)的DMEM中培养。3~8代VSMC用于后续实验。
1.2.2 细胞培养
将VSMC分为2组:对照组(CTL组,在DMEM中加入10% FBS和1%青霉素)和钙化组(CM组,在DMEM中加入10 mmol/L甘油磷酸钠和3 mmol/L的CaCl2诱导钙化)。
1.2.3 qPCR检测
使用TRIzol(日本TaKaRa公司)从细胞中提取总RNA。使用Prime ScriptTM RT试剂盒(日本TaKaRa公司)合成cDNA。按照试剂盒说明书用SYBR Green(日本TaKaRa公司)进行qPCR检测。反应条件如下:95 ℃ 15 min; 95 ℃ 45 s; 55 ℃ 35 s; 72 ℃ 45 s,30个循环; 72 ℃ 5 min。qPCR检测采用Applied BiosystemsTM QuantStudioTM6 & 7 Pro Instruments系统(美国赛默飞世尔科技公司)。基因表达水平使用GAPDH标准化,靶基因的引物序列(5'-3')如下:GAPDH正向引物CATCAAGAAGGT-GGTGAAGCAC,反向引物AAGTCACAGGAGACAACCTGGTC; G蛋白信号调节因子2(G protein signaling modulator 2,Gpsm2)正向引物GTCGGAGATGAGGGATTCT-TTG,反向引物TGTCCGGTTCTCCTGTAAGT; 鞘氨醇1磷酸酯受体3(sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3,S1pr3)正向引物CGCCAGTCTTGG-GGAATGATA,反向引物AGAGAGCCAAGTTG-CCGATG。
1.2.4 蛋白质印迹法
通过以100∶1∶1的比例混合RIPA裂解缓冲液(货号PC102,上海雅酶生物医药科技有限公司)、蛋白酶抑制剂混合物(货号P1045,上海碧云天生物技术有限公司)和磷酸酶抑制剂混合物(货号P1045,上海碧云天生物技术有限公司)来制备蛋白质样品。将150 μL制备的裂解缓冲液加入到12孔板中。收集细胞至离心管,冰上裂解20 min,在4 ℃下12 000×g离心20 min。然后将上清液与裂解缓冲液混合,在99 ℃的金属浴中孵育10 min。样品用10% SDS-PAGE(货号PG110,上海雅酶生物医药科技有限公司)分离,然后转移到PVDF膜上。在室温下用5%牛奶封闭1 h后,用三乙醇胺缓冲盐溶液洗涤膜,然后在4 ℃下与包括p-p38、p38、p-ERK1/2、ERK1/2、RUNX2抗体在内的一抗(武汉爱博泰克生物科技有限公司,稀释比为1∶1 000)孵育过夜。用三乙醇胺缓冲盐溶液洗涤3次,每次5~10 min后,将膜与HRP标记的山羊抗兔二抗(货号A0208,上海碧云天生物技术有限公司,稀释比为1∶1 000)一起孵育1 h。使用ECL成像系统检测蛋白质信号。将相对蛋白表达水平以α-tubulin进行归一化处理,并使用ImageJ 6.0软件进行定量。
1.3 统计学处理
使用SPSS 25.0软件和GraphPad Prism 8.0软件对数据进行分析。所有数据均使用Kolmogorov-Smirnov方法进行正态性检验,符合正态分布的计量资料以x±s表示。使用非配对双尾Student t检验进行组间差异分析。检验水准(α)为0.05。
2 结果
2.1 钙化条件下小鼠平滑肌细胞聚类为13型细胞簇
对小鼠主动脉细胞做单细胞测序,CTL组小鼠主动脉采集了16 517个细胞,平均每个细胞收集2 527个基因,CM组小鼠主动脉采集了7 203个细胞,平均每个细胞收集2 766个基因。
根据细胞特异性标志基因对所有细胞进行细胞分型分析,结果显示主动脉内平滑肌细胞占比3%,标志基因为Xirp1、Map3kcl、Cdh6; 巨噬细胞占比47%,标志基因为Fcgr1、Tmem37; 成纤维细胞占比26%,标志基因为Ms4a4d、Srpx(图 1A)。
图 1 钙化条件下平滑肌细胞内聚类分析结果显示13型细胞簇A: Cluster analysis; B: Distribution of smooth muscle cells in the CTL group and CM group; C: Differential gene heatmap of smooth muscle cell expression under calcification; D: Unsupervised clustering identified 13 different groups in smooth muscle cells; E: Distribution of 13 subtypes of smooth muscle cells in the CTL group and CM group. UMAP: Uniform manifold approximation and projection; NK: Natural killer; CM: Calcified group; CTL: Control group; FC: Fold change.Fig. 1 Cluster analysis within smooth muscle cells under calcification conditions shows 13 cell clusters提取平滑肌细胞,相比于CTL组,CM组小鼠主动脉差异表达基因共有2 276个,其中平滑肌细胞收缩样表型标志性基因Acta2等基因下调,合成样表型标志性基因Cd44、Ccn3等基因同步上调(图 1B、1C)。
对差异表达基因作无监督聚类分析,结果显示主动脉平滑肌细胞包含13型细胞簇(图 1D、1E)。其中细胞簇1的标志基因为Gpsm2、Dsp、Slc22a1等(GPSM2+平滑肌细胞),细胞簇2标志基因为Skap1、Slc9a9、Tox等,细胞簇3的标志基因为Col8a1、Mmp2、Cd34、Ltbp2等,细胞簇4的标志基因为Lilrb、Pirb等,细胞簇5的标志基因为Pln、Nrip2、S1pr3等(S1PR3+平滑肌细胞),细胞簇6的标志基因为Themis、Gm4258等,细胞簇7的标志基因为Vtn、Colec11等,细胞簇8的标志基因为Cacna2d3、Bmp3等,细胞簇9的标志基因为Gpr37l1、Gfra3等,细胞簇10的标志基因为Erbb4、Rgs7等,细胞簇11的标志基因为Lypd2、Krt15等,细胞簇12的标志基因为Tnnt2、Acta2等,细胞簇13的标志基因为Cldn19、Drp2等。
2.2 钙化条件下GPSM2+平滑肌细胞簇表达下调
对平滑肌细胞13个细胞簇进行分析,结果显示相较于CTL组,CM组细胞内GPSM2+平滑肌细胞簇比例发生变化(图 2A、2B)。对GPSM2+平滑肌细胞簇差异表达基因进行分析,GO分析表明差异表达基因主要富集于细胞外基质、细胞迁移、老化等生物学过程及相关通路,KEGG分析表明富集的基因涉及MAPK通路、平滑肌细胞收缩、氧化磷酸化等通路(图 2C、2D)。以上研究结果表明,GPSM2+平滑肌细胞簇可能作为参加平滑肌细胞钙化的主要细胞群。
图 2 GPSM2+平滑肌细胞簇在钙化过程中显著下调A, B: Unsupervised clustering identified 13 groups in smooth muscle cells. Compared with the CTL group, GPSM2+ smooth muscle cells (cluster 1) in the CM group were down-regulated significantly. n=3, x±s. C, D: GO (C) and KEGG (D) analyses of differentially expressed genes in GPSM2+ smooth muscle cells. GPSM2: G protein signaling modulator 2; CM: Calcified group; CTL: Control group; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; CellP.: Cellular processes; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; cGMP-PKG: Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-protein kinase G; EnvIP.: Environmental information processing; HumanD.: Human diseases; AGE: Advanced glycation end products; RAGE: Receptor for advanced glycation end products; IL: Interleukin; OrgaS.: Organismal systems; GO: Gene Ontology; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes.Fig. 2 GPSM2+ smooth muscle cell cluster is significantly down-regulated during calcifications2.3 拟时序分析显示GPSM2+平滑肌细胞簇向S1PR3+细胞簇转化
对平滑肌细胞的13个细胞簇类型进行拟时序分析,按从CTL组平滑肌细胞集群到CM组平滑肌细胞集群的轨迹进行排序。结果显示,在钙化过程中,GPSM2+平滑肌细胞簇向S1PR3+平滑肌细胞簇转化(图 3)。在钙化诱导后用qPCR检测大鼠VSMC中GPSM2 mRNA表达水平,结果高钙高磷诱导的VSMC内GPSM2 mRNA水平下调(CTL组1.00±0.28,CM组0.59±0.20,P<0.01),S1PR3+ mRNA水平上调(CTL组1.00±0.39,CM组2.60±0.66,P<0.01)。上述结果证明在钙化条件诱导下GPSM2+平滑肌细胞簇表达减少,或向S1PR3+平滑肌细胞簇转化。
图 3 拟时序分析显示GPSM2+平滑肌细胞簇向S1PR3+细胞簇转化A: Pseudotime trajectory analysis showed the trend of changes in smooth muscle cells under calcification procedure; B: The changing trends of 13 different clusters of smooth muscle cells during calcification procedure; C: GPSM2+smooth muscle cell cluster switched to S1PR3+ smooth muscle cell cluster under calcification. GPSM2: G protein signaling modulator 2; S1PR3: Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3.Fig. 3 Pseudotime trajectory shows the transformation of GPSM2+ smooth muscle cell cluster to S1PR3+ cell cluster对S1PR3+平滑肌细胞簇进行KEGG分析,结果显示MAPK通路、低氧诱导因子1通路、环鸟苷酸-蛋白激酶G信号通路上调,TGF-β信号通路、B细胞受体信号通路等下调(图 4A、4B)。蛋白质印迹法检测结果进一步验证了大鼠VSMC中MAPK通路在钙化刺激下上调,ERK1/2磷酸化水平(CTL组1.00±0.25,CM组2.15±0.53,P<0.05)、p38磷酸化水平(CTL组1.00±0.11,CM组1.39±0.08,P<0.05)及RUNX2表达水平(CTL组1.00±0.09,CM组1.39±0.12,P<0.05)均升高(图 4C)。
图 4 钙化条件下S1PR3+平滑肌细胞簇功能变化A, B: KEGG analysis of up-regulated (A) and down-regulated (B) differential genes in S1PR3+ smooth muscle cell cluster during the calcification circumstances; C: Western blotting results showed that MAPK signaling pathway was up-regulated in rat VSMCs during the calcification circumstances. S1PR3: Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3; CellP.: Cellular processes; HIF-1: Hypoxia inducible factor-1; cGMP-PKG: Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-protein kinase G; Rap1: Ras-associated protein 1; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; EnvIP.: Environmental information processing; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; HumanD.: Human diseases; OrgaS.: Organismal systems; TGF: Transforming growth factor; HTLV-Ⅰ: Human T-cell lymphotropic virus typeⅠ; CTL: Control group; CM: Calcified group; p-ERK1/2: Phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; ERK1/2: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; RUNX2: Runt related transcription factor 2; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes.Fig. 4 Functional changes of S1PR3+ smooth muscle cell cluster under calcification conditions3 讨论
血管钙化是心血管疾病恶性事件的独立预测因子,其往往提示疾病预后较差。目前临床对于血管钙化的治疗方法较为局限,且缺少特异性[9],探究血管钙化的发病机制以及特异性治疗靶点尤为重要。血管钙化的产生因素较为复杂,涉及高钙高磷等外界刺激因素、线粒体氧化应激、自噬或有丝分裂功能障碍、钙化促进因子与钙化抑制因子表达失衡等原因[10-11]。在钙化过程中,平滑肌细胞的表型转化起主导作用,平滑肌细胞在钙化过程中由收缩样表型向以增殖和迁移为特征的成骨样表型转化[12],此过程伴随着SM22α、α-SMA表达下调和RUNX2、BMP2等转录因子表达上调[13-14]。单细胞测序研究认为平滑肌细胞经历中间形态转变,进而有向肌纤维肌细胞、巨噬细胞以及间充质干细胞转化的潜力[8, 12, 15]。有研究通过谱系追踪技术与单细胞测序技术相结合,确定了Ltbp1和Crtac1作为平滑肌细胞在动脉粥样硬化过程中的关键代表性基因[12],硫氧还蛋白相互作用蛋白可以调节动脉粥样硬化过程中平滑肌细胞表型转变[16],在平滑肌细胞内降低Smad3的表达,抑制特定平滑肌细胞表型转化细胞的出现,进而抑制血管钙化[17],但对于转化过程中平滑肌细胞具体分型以及细胞簇差异表达及标志基因仍需要进一步探索。
与钙化病变一致的是,炎症相关标志物、冠心病标志物Cd44、Ccn3等基因均上调[18]; 平滑肌细胞收缩样表型标志基因Acta2下调[19]。本研究发现,在平滑肌细胞受到钙化相关刺激时,伪时序分析结果显示GPSM2+平滑肌细胞簇或转分化为S1PR3+平滑肌细胞簇。
平滑肌细胞在钙化过程中涉及多条通路,如WNT-β-catenin通路相关的信号转导参与慢性肾脏病相关的血管钙化进程[5, 20]; 外界环境的刺激导致NF-κB信号通路的激活,可引起下游钙化相关转录因子的表达增加[21-22]; 通过激活ERK/RUNX2信号通路会导致胚胎干细胞成骨分化[23],选择性抑制ERK1/2的磷酸化有助于减少平滑肌细胞代谢紊乱、炎症发生以及成骨分化[24-25]。本研究通过对GPSM2+平滑肌细胞簇分化前后的差异表达基因进行GO分析和KEGG分析,发现差异表达基因富集于细胞外基质、细胞迁移、老化等生物学过程和相关通路; 对13个细胞簇进行拟时序分析结果提示,GPSM2+平滑肌细胞簇或向S1PR3+平滑肌细胞簇转化。有研究表明在心肌梗死疾病模型中阻断S1P信号通路可改善心肌梗死后心脏重构和功能障碍,且S1pr3基因过表达会导致冠状动脉粥样硬化小鼠心肌纤维化[26-27]。此外,对S1PR3+平滑肌细胞簇进行KEGG分析,结果显示MAPK等通路上调,蛋白质印迹法检测结果进一步证实在钙化条件下p-ERK1/2和p-p38表达增加。本研究结果表明MAPK信号通路参与的平滑肌细胞表型转化在血管钙化中起重要作用,S1PR3+平滑肌细胞簇或可成为心血管钙化治疗的新靶点。
本研究首次提出钙化过程中平滑肌细胞内出现细胞簇的差异表达以及功能变化,为钙化的具体靶向治疗研究奠定了基础。本研究在单细胞测序实验内样本量方面仍有不足,体内研究采用小鼠钙化模型,体外研究采用大鼠原代平滑肌细胞模型,后续研究将加入大鼠钙化模型进行深入研究。
综上所述,本研究重点提出平滑肌细胞在钙化条件刺激下由Gpsm2作为标志性基因的细胞簇转化为以S1pr3为标志性基因的细胞簇; 在钙化过程中S1PR3+平滑肌细胞簇内ERK1/2通路被激活,加速钙化进展; 通过靶向S1PR3+平滑肌细胞簇的调控和干预,可为治疗心血管钙化提供新方向。
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图 1 钙化条件下平滑肌细胞内聚类分析结果显示13型细胞簇
A: Cluster analysis; B: Distribution of smooth muscle cells in the CTL group and CM group; C: Differential gene heatmap of smooth muscle cell expression under calcification; D: Unsupervised clustering identified 13 different groups in smooth muscle cells; E: Distribution of 13 subtypes of smooth muscle cells in the CTL group and CM group. UMAP: Uniform manifold approximation and projection; NK: Natural killer; CM: Calcified group; CTL: Control group; FC: Fold change.
Fig. 1 Cluster analysis within smooth muscle cells under calcification conditions shows 13 cell clusters
图 2 GPSM2+平滑肌细胞簇在钙化过程中显著下调
A, B: Unsupervised clustering identified 13 groups in smooth muscle cells. Compared with the CTL group, GPSM2+ smooth muscle cells (cluster 1) in the CM group were down-regulated significantly. n=3, x±s. C, D: GO (C) and KEGG (D) analyses of differentially expressed genes in GPSM2+ smooth muscle cells. GPSM2: G protein signaling modulator 2; CM: Calcified group; CTL: Control group; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; CellP.: Cellular processes; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; cGMP-PKG: Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-protein kinase G; EnvIP.: Environmental information processing; HumanD.: Human diseases; AGE: Advanced glycation end products; RAGE: Receptor for advanced glycation end products; IL: Interleukin; OrgaS.: Organismal systems; GO: Gene Ontology; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes.
Fig. 2 GPSM2+ smooth muscle cell cluster is significantly down-regulated during calcifications
图 3 拟时序分析显示GPSM2+平滑肌细胞簇向S1PR3+细胞簇转化
A: Pseudotime trajectory analysis showed the trend of changes in smooth muscle cells under calcification procedure; B: The changing trends of 13 different clusters of smooth muscle cells during calcification procedure; C: GPSM2+smooth muscle cell cluster switched to S1PR3+ smooth muscle cell cluster under calcification. GPSM2: G protein signaling modulator 2; S1PR3: Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3.
Fig. 3 Pseudotime trajectory shows the transformation of GPSM2+ smooth muscle cell cluster to S1PR3+ cell cluster
图 4 钙化条件下S1PR3+平滑肌细胞簇功能变化
A, B: KEGG analysis of up-regulated (A) and down-regulated (B) differential genes in S1PR3+ smooth muscle cell cluster during the calcification circumstances; C: Western blotting results showed that MAPK signaling pathway was up-regulated in rat VSMCs during the calcification circumstances. S1PR3: Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3; CellP.: Cellular processes; HIF-1: Hypoxia inducible factor-1; cGMP-PKG: Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-protein kinase G; Rap1: Ras-associated protein 1; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; EnvIP.: Environmental information processing; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; HumanD.: Human diseases; OrgaS.: Organismal systems; TGF: Transforming growth factor; HTLV-Ⅰ: Human T-cell lymphotropic virus typeⅠ; CTL: Control group; CM: Calcified group; p-ERK1/2: Phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; ERK1/2: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; RUNX2: Runt related transcription factor 2; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes.
Fig. 4 Functional changes of S1PR3+ smooth muscle cell cluster under calcification conditions
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