Neoadjuvant therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: recent advances
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摘要: 肝细胞癌(HCC)是全球癌症相关死亡原因排第4位的疾病,预后差。大多数HCC患者首诊时已属中晚期而不适合手术切除,即使处于早期的HCC患者接受了手术切除,术后5年内也极易复发。在当今靶免治疗时代,新辅助治疗越来越受到重视和推荐。针对合并术后高危复发因素的HCC患者,新辅助治疗通过术前局部或系统治疗,旨在降低肿瘤负荷、消灭微小病灶、增加手术切缘和降低术后复发风险,但如不能正确选择新辅助治疗方案,则会延误手术时机,导致病情进展甚至失去手术机会。本文就HCC的新辅助治疗相关研究进展进行综述。Abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the world, and its prognosis is poor. Most HCC patients are diagnosed at an advance stage and are not candidates for surgery. Even if the early-stage tumor is resected, HCC patients tend to relapse within 5 years. In the era of targeted therapy and immunotherapy, neoadjuvant therapy has gained increasing attention and recommendation. For HCC patients with high recurrence risk, neoadjuvant therapy refers to preoperative local or systemic therapy, which can reduce tumor burden, remove tiny lesions, widen surgical margin, and reduce the recurrence risk. However, if the neoadjuvant therapy is not optimal, the timing of surgery will be delayed, resulting in disease progression or even loss of the chance for surgery. This article reviews the research progress of neoadjuvant therapy for HCC.
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肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)作为全球第四大癌症相关死亡原因,严重危害人类生命健康[1]。尽管手术切除仍然是HCC的根治性治疗手段[2-4],但大多数HCC患者就诊时便处于中晚期,失去手术治疗机会,即使存在手术切除的可能,术后高复发风险同样使HCC患者的预后不容乐观[5-6]。针对初始评估具有手术指征且合并高危复发因素的HCC患者,新辅助治疗作为一种在对患者进行主要治疗(通常是外科手术)之前给予的局部或系统治疗方案,能够针对其局部隐匿病灶或远处微转移病灶予以早期治疗,以达到扩大手术切缘、降低术后复发和转移风险的目的[7]。近年来随着靶向治疗和免疫治疗等系统治疗的兴起,新辅助治疗成为HCC相关治疗的研究热点。
根据干预措施不同,HCC新辅助治疗可分为新辅助局部治疗、新辅助系统治疗及新辅助联合治疗等多种方式。本文就上述多种HCC新辅助治疗方式的研究进展进行综述,旨在为其临床应用提供参考。
1 HCC的新辅助局部治疗
HCC的新辅助局部治疗方法主要包括经肝动脉化疗栓塞(transarterial chemoembolization,TACE)、经肝动脉灌注化疗(hepatic arterial infusion of chemotherapy,HAIC)和放疗等方式。TACE通过灌注少量化疗药物和栓塞血管,在诱导肿瘤坏死的同时,还能够防治手术切除过程中肿瘤细胞的扩散[8-9]。TACE作为重要的HCC综合治疗措施,在新辅助治疗领域同样有着举足轻重的作用[10-11]。一项前瞻性随机对照临床研究发现,术前新辅助TACE能够延长超出米兰标准的巴塞罗那分期A/B期HCC患者的生存期,而不增加严重的不良事件频率[12]。然而,Zhou等[13]在一项临床随机对照研究中发现,新辅助TACE并不能改善直径>5 cm的可切除HCC患者的术后结局,甚至使部分患者(5/52,9.6%)因肝外转移或肝功能衰竭而未能接受手术治疗。在一些回顾性研究中,TACE作为新辅助治疗是否能够给HCC患者带来生存获益结论也不一致[14-15],尚有待更多的数据支持。导致上述差异的原因可能是不同研究分析过程中存在多种可能的混杂因素。值得注意的是,TACE除了对肿瘤进行直接杀伤作用外,同时也能够改善肿瘤组织微环境及循环免疫系统,这为TACE联合免疫治疗作为新辅助治疗提供了可能[16]。
与TACE相比,HAIC并不栓塞肿瘤供血血管,而是通过导管持续灌注化疗药物从而达到杀伤肿瘤的效果[17]。对于早期HCC,一项随机对照试验结果显示,HAIC作为新辅助治疗方式能够预防射频消融治疗后的肝内复发,但是对总体无复发生存却无明显改善效果[18]。对于HCC合并门静脉癌栓患者,Hu等[19]通过回顾性研究发现,HAIC作为新辅助治疗能够显著改善总体生存及降低疾病复发时间。一项随机对照试验对比了HAIC作为HCC患者新辅助治疗方案和术后辅助治疗方案的区别,发现HAIC作为新辅助治疗方案比术后辅助治疗方案能够降低肝内复发率、提高无病生存时间,但新辅助HAIC治疗组的36例患者中有8例因新辅助治疗过程中肿瘤进展及化疗毒性等问题而退出治疗[20]。这表明HAIC虽然提供了高浓度化疗药物,但伴随而来的化疗不良反应也显著增多。上述研究结果提示,对于早期HCC,HAIC可能无法有效改善其总体无复发生存率,建议考虑其他治疗手段作为新辅助治疗方案;HAIC作为新辅助治疗方式,可能更适合肿瘤负荷较大、伴有门静脉癌栓、肝内复发风险高的HCC患者。
放疗通过高能量射线的辐照使肿瘤局部形成损伤、坏死和凋亡,是目前控制HCC较为有效的局部治疗方法[21]。本课题组在一项多中心随机对照试验中发现,对于HCC合并门静脉癌栓的患者,新辅助放疗能显著降低死亡率和复发率,这可能与新辅助放疗使门静脉癌栓缩小和恢复门静脉血流有关[22]。而一项网状meta分析结果也显示在HCC合并门静脉癌栓患者中,术前新辅助放疗能给患者提供生存获益(HR=0.5)[23]。Luo等[24]回顾性分析了134例接受新辅助放疗的HCC患者数据,也得出相似的结论。尽管目前的一些与新辅助放疗相关的研究都展现出令人兴奋的结果,但在具体操作过程中尚存在一些争议,如放射剂量、次数及放射方式,如何缩短新辅助放疗到手术的治疗时间窗,如何在造成肿瘤细胞死亡的同时降低周围受累肝实质的损伤等。解决这些问题是新辅助放疗能否广泛应用于临床的关键。
2 HCC的新辅助系统治疗
HCC的新辅助系统治疗主要包括新辅助全身化疗、新辅助靶向治疗和新辅助免疫治疗等。HCC全身化疗多选用顺铂、奥沙利铂或吉西他滨联合5-氟尿嘧啶的方案进行静脉化疗[25]。Stone等[26]在研究中发现,新辅助全身化疗有利于提高HCC患者在接受肝移植后的生存率,但由于这是一项仅纳入了20例HCC患者的小样本初步研究,因此还需更多的研究数据来进一步验证。目前全身化疗用于HCC切除术前新辅助治疗的相关研究较少,术前新辅助化疗仍以HAIC为主,其主要原因可能是HAIC的多数化疗药物已经在肝脏代谢,化疗后全身的不良反应明显减轻;其次HAIC相比全身化疗,肿瘤局部化疗药物浓度更高,肿瘤杀伤作用更强[27]。
靶向药物主要通过作用于肿瘤细胞生长相关靶点来控制肿瘤的生长和增殖。2007年,血管内皮生长因子受体(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor,VEGFR)酪氨酸激酶抑制剂索拉非尼获批成为中晚期HCC一线治疗药物[28]。自此,多种VEGFR抑制剂陆续获批,如仑伐替尼、瑞戈非尼和卡博替尼等,但这些靶向药物的客观缓解率也仅有10%~19%,甚至更低[29-32]。虽然一项多中心Ⅱ期临床试验结果证实了靶向药物作为新辅助治疗的安全性[33],以及在一些病例中报道了单一靶向新辅助治疗能够显著缩小肿瘤体积[34-35],但由于单一靶向药物治疗HCC的客观缓解率较低及相关不良反应较多,限制了其在新辅助领域的广泛应用。
随着免疫治疗在实体肿瘤治疗中的成功,许多研究者对免疫治疗在新辅助治疗中的应用潜力产生了极大的兴趣。Kaseb等[36-37]在一项Ⅱ期临床试验中发现,纳武利尤单抗单药或纳武利尤单抗联合伊匹木单抗双药新辅助免疫治疗使25%可切除HCC患者达到病理完全缓解,同时在这些患者的肿瘤组织中发现浸润的CD8+ T淋巴细胞显著增加。Simoes等[38]研究证实在接受新辅助纳武利尤单抗治疗患者的肿瘤组织中,肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte,TIL)显著增加,这些增加的TIL可能与新辅助免疫治疗的疗效密切相关。Ho等[39]研究也证实,活化的自然杀伤细胞及细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的浸润程度与新辅助免疫治疗疗效密切相关。这些研究提示新辅助免疫治疗能够激活机体更持久的免疫记忆以及术后的全身免疫监视,从而实现HCC的“降期”以及术后复发的预防。
3 HCC的新辅助联合治疗
单一的术前新辅助治疗方式杀伤HCC肿瘤细胞的能力有限,因此探索新辅助联合治疗方案成为HCC新辅助治疗的焦点。在免疫治疗应用于HCC治疗前,HCC新辅助联合治疗方式主要是局部治疗和靶向治疗的联合,但由于抗血管生成酪氨酸激酶抑制剂类药物对HCC的反应率较低,这种联合方式并未产生理想的疗效。Lencioni等[40]在一项随机对照Ⅱ期临床试验中对比了单纯TACE和索拉非尼联合TACE两种新辅助治疗方案的效果,发现索拉非尼联合TACE的新辅助治疗方案并未给HCC患者带来显著的生存获益。仑伐替尼的反应率虽然略高于索拉非尼,但当与TACE联合作为新辅助治疗方案时,也仅带来了一定的生存获益[41]。
IMbrave150研究结果显示,在不可切除HCC中,阿替利珠单抗联合贝伐珠单抗方案在中位生存时间、无进展生存时间、客观缓解率(30%)以及耐受性方面均优于索拉非尼[42]。自此,许多研究者对靶向治疗联合免疫治疗在新辅助治疗领域的疗效评估产生了极大的兴趣。近年来大量的Ⅰ、Ⅱ期临床试验证实了靶向联合免疫新辅助治疗在HCC中的效果,其病理缓解率从5%到40%不等[43-45],因此最佳的靶向联合免疫新辅助治疗方案仍未确定,需要进行更多的临床研究加以探讨。
许多研究结果显示局部治疗能够与免疫抑制剂产生协同作用,形成抗肿瘤免疫微环境,为局部治疗联合免疫治疗在新辅助治疗领域的应用奠定了基础[46-47]。Zhu等[48]在一项研究中发现,TACE联合程序性死亡蛋白1(programmed death 1,PD-1)抑制剂作为新辅助治疗能够使中期HCC患者获益。除此以外,关于TACE联合PD-1抑制剂作为新辅助治疗方案的报道多为一些个案[49-50],因此该新辅助方案的疗效仍待更多系统性研究确认。除了TACE外,局部放疗也可以诱导肿瘤微环境发生改变,增加免疫制剂的疗效。一项临床前期试验评估了巴塞罗那分期C期HCC患者接受姑息性放疗联合免疫治疗的安全性,结果显示患者中位无进展生存期为140 d,并没有出现严重的不良反应[51]。近期,新辅助免疫治疗加立体定向放疗在其他几种类型的实体瘤中显示出有希望的结果,而在HCC治疗领域尚无足够的临床证据,一些令人期待的临床试验正在进行中[52]。因此,放疗联合免疫也可能是一种安全有效的HCC新辅助治疗方式。
4 小结与展望
针对具有手术指征且合并高危复发因素的HCC患者,新辅助治疗在提高手术根治率方面表现出潜在优势,推进新辅助治疗在HCC领域发展可能是改变HCC高死亡率现状的重要策略。然而,不恰当的新辅助治疗方案可能使得部分患者无法获益,甚至增加了肿瘤进展风险和手术操作难度。例如,部分患者对免疫治疗方案并无反应,而在长期无效的系统治疗下其病情会延误并且恶化,甚至会失去根治性手术的机会[13];全身治疗长期应用靶向药物会导致上消化道出血等不良反应,增大术中出血概率和延长术后伤口愈合时间;局部治疗多次应用TACE可能导致肝脏组织水肿、粘连,增大手术操作难度。因此,在针对不同患者选择新辅助治疗方案时需特别考虑以下问题:(1)明确目标人群和获益人群。新辅助治疗的目的在于针对具有高危复发因素的患者,尽量消灭其潜在或微小肿瘤病灶,从而增加手术切缘、降低术后复发率。应严格筛查肿瘤复发的高危因素,评估术后转移风险。对于初始评估可行手术切除且伴高危复发因素的HCC患者,可在多学科诊疗团队指导下经个体化新辅助治疗后择期手术。此外,尚需要大量临床研究来探索相关新辅助治疗方案的敏感标志物,用来确定最大获益人群。(2)明确有效的新辅助治疗方案。系统治疗虽然可以激活机体的免疫监测,但往往起效较慢,而局部治疗恰好可以弥补这一缺点,因此正在进行中的临床试验多以局部联合系统治疗作为新辅助治疗的干预措施。在确定方案时应选择相对安全、对手术影响小的治疗方案,同时寻找有效的生物标志物,确定协同分子靶点,实现精准治疗。(3)明确治疗时间窗和手术时机。部分患者在新辅助治疗的过程中会因治疗不当而导致病情进展,或出现严重的毒性和不良反应而导致延误手术时机甚至失去手术机会,因此,应该重视把握新辅助治疗周期并密切监控患者病情状态。另外,在严格控制治疗周期前提下,还需要明确定义新辅助治疗后的手术标准,明确“可切除”“接近可切除”“不可切除”状态,从而更准确地把握手术时机,避免HCC患者因病情延误错失手术机会。
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