Effect of triglyceride-glucose index on short-term prognosis of patients with initial acute ischemic stroke
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摘要:
目的 探讨甘油三酯-葡萄糖指数(TyG)对初发急性缺血性脑卒中患者短期预后的影响。 方法 回顾性纳入2020年6月至2023年6月在昆山市第二人民医院和南京医科大学附属苏州医院神经内科住院治疗的391例初发急性缺血性脑卒中患者,根据90 d随访时改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分结果分为预后良好组(286例)和预后不良组(105例)。对两组数据进行统计学分析,采用logistic回归和ROC曲线评价TyG对初发急性缺血性脑卒中患者短期预后的影响。 结果 与预后良好组比较,预后不良组患者年龄较大,有心房颤动病史的患者比例较高,同型半胱氨酸、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、TyG水平均较高,美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分较高(均P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、同型半胱氨酸、TyG、NIHSS评分是初发急性缺血性脑卒中患者预后不良的独立危险因素(均P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,TyG联合NIHSS评分对初发急性缺血性脑卒中患者预后不良有较好的预测价值,AUC值为0.795。 结论 TyG联合NIHSS评分是初发急性缺血性脑卒中患者短期预后不良的独立影响因素。 -
关键词:
- 急性缺血性脑卒中 /
- 甘油三酯-葡萄糖指数 /
- 预后 /
- 危险因素
Abstract:Objective To investigate the effect of triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) on the short-term prognosis of patients with initial acute ischemic stroke. Methods A total of 391 patients with initial acute ischemic stroke who were hospitalized in Kunshan Second People's Hospital and The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from Jun. 2020 to Jun. 2023 were retrospectively included. According to the modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores at 90 d follow-up, they were assigned to good prognosis group (286 cases) or poor prognosis group (105 cases). Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to evaluate the effect of TyG on the short-term prognosis of patients with initial acute ischemic stroke. Results Compared with the good prognosis group, the patients of poor prognosis group had older age, higher proportion of atrial fibrillation, higher levels of homocysteine, triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and TyG, and higher National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) score (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, homocysteine, TyG and NIHSS score were independent risk factors for poor prognosis in patients with initial acute ischemic stroke (all P<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that TyG combined with NIHSS score had good predictive value for poor prognosis of patients with initial acute ischemic stroke, and the area under curve value was 0.795. Conclusion The combination of TyG and NIHSS score is an independent influencing factor for poor short-term prognosis in patients with initial acute ischemic stroke. -
Keywords:
- acute ischemic stroke /
- triglyceride-glucose index /
- prognosis /
- risk factors
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缺血性脑卒中是与多种危险因素有关、发病机制复杂的一种动脉粥样硬化性疾病,是导致残疾和死亡的最主要原因之一,给社会及患者家庭带来严重的影响[1]。早期识别缺血性脑卒中预后不良风险较高的患者并制定有效的治疗方案进行二级预防尤为重要。胰岛素抵抗在缺血性脑卒中患者中普遍存在[2],而甘油三酯-葡萄糖指数(triglyceride-glucose index,TyG)已被提议作为胰岛素抵抗的简单替代指标[3]。既往研究表明,TyG与卒中的发生及预后密切相关[4-5]。本研究旨在探讨TyG对初发急性缺血性脑卒中患者短期预后的影响。
1 对象和方法
1.1 研究对象
回顾性纳入2020年6月至2023年6月在昆山第二人民医院和南京医科大学附属苏州医院神经内科住院治疗的391例初发急性缺血性脑卒中患者,根据出院后90 d随访时改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin scale,mRS)评分结果分为两组:mRS评分≤2分为预后良好组(286例),mRS评分>2为预后不良组(105例)。纳入标准:(1)年龄≥18岁;(2)发病到入院时间≤48 h;(3)经头颅CT或MRI检查证实初发急性缺血性脑卒中,且符合《中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南2018》中的诊断标准[6]。排除标准:(1)既往有脑卒中病史;(2)合并严重肝肾功能异常;(3)不能配合随访的患者。本研究通过南京医科大学附属苏州医院伦理委员会审核批准(K-2021-GSKY20210207)。
1.2 资料收集
收集患者的一般临床资料、实验室检查指标及美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institute of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分。一般临床资料包括年龄、性别、高血压病史、收缩压、舒张压、糖尿病史、冠心病史、心房颤动病史、吸烟史、饮酒史。实验室检查指标包括血肌酐、尿素、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、同型半胱氨酸等。TyG=ln [甘油三酯(mg/dL)×空腹血糖(mg/dL)/2],其中甘油三酯1 mmol/L=88.6 mg/dL,空腹血糖1 mmol/L=18 mg/dL。
1.3 统计学处理
采用SPSS 23软件进行数据分析。对于连续型变量,服从正态分布者以x±s表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;不服从正态分布者以M(Q1,Q3)表示,组间比较采用秩和检验。计数资料以例数和百分数表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。采用logistic回归分析筛选预后的影响因素,利用ROC曲线分析各影响因素对结局的预测价值。检验水准(α)为0.05(双侧检验)。
2 结果
2.1 两组患者一般资料
391例初发急性缺血性脑卒中患者的年龄为(72.18±9.65)岁,其中男性197例(50.4%)。预后良好组286例,预后不良组105例。与预后良好组比较,预后不良组患者年龄较大,有心房颤动病史的患者比例较高,同型半胱氨酸、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、TyG水平均较高,NIHSS评分较高(均P<0.05)。两组间性别、吸烟史、饮酒史、高血压病史、收缩压、舒张压、糖尿病史、冠心病史、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、尿素、血肌酐、甘油三酯、总胆固醇等指标差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。见表 1。
表 1 两组初发急性缺血性脑卒中患者的一般临床资料比较Table 1 Comparison of general clinical data between 2 groups of patients with initial acute ischemic strokeIndex All patients N=391 Favorable outcome N=286 Unfavorable outcome N=105 Statistic P value Age/year, x±s 72.18±9.65 71.31±10.41 74.58±6.67 t=2.997 <0.005 Male, n (%) 197 (50.4) 147 (51.4) 50 (47.6) χ2=0.439 0.508 Smoking, n (%) 160 (40.9) 115 (40.2) 45 (42.9) χ2=0.222 0.637 Alcohol abuse, n (%) 57 (14.6) 45 (15.7) 12 (11.4) χ2=1.143 0.285 Hypertension, n (%) 262 (67.0) 191 (66.8) 71 (67.6) χ2=0.024 0.876 Systolic blood pressure/mmHg, x±s 155.95±47.47 157.00±54.07 153.08±20.70 t=-0.723 0.470 Diastolic blood pressure/mmHg, x±s 82.72±14.13 82.24±14.16 84.03±14.04 t=1.110 0.268 Diabetes mellitus, n (%) 139 (35.5) 98 (34.2) 41 (39.0) χ2=0.767 0.381 Coronary heart disease, n (%) 121 (30.9) 87 (30.4) 34 (32.4) χ2=0.138 0.710 Atrial fibrillation, n (%) 71 (18.2) 43 (15.0) 28 (26.7) χ2=6.992 0.008 Fasting blood glucose/(mmol·L-1), x±s 6.49±2.54 6.54±2.65 6.37±2.69 t=-0.552 0.581 Glycosylated hemoglobin/%, x±s 6.61±1.77 6.62±1.81 6.57±1.66 t=-0.264 0.792 Urea/(mmol·L-1), x±s 5.74±2.11 5.72±2.05 5.79±2.27 t=0.280 0.779 Blood creatinine/(μmol·L-1), x±s 75.78±37.62 77.20±41.09 71.92±25.66 t=-1.233 0.218 Homocysteine/(μmol·L-1), x±s 17.92±5.99 17.37±5.08 19.39±7.80 t=2.983 0.003 Triglyceride/(mmol·L-1), x±s 1.60±1.01 1.54±0.96 1.76±1.12 t=1.852 0.065 Total cholesterol/(mmol·L-1), x±s 4.48±1.06 4.43±1.07 4.62±1.00 t=1.578 0.115 LDL-C/(mmol·L-1), x±s 3.09±1.01 3.03±1.00 3.27±1.03 t=2.070 0.039 TyG, x±s 8.76±0.62 8.71±0.62 8.91±0.64 t=2.851 0.005 NIHSS score, M (Q1, Q3) 2.0 (1.0, 6.0) 2.0 (1.0, 4.0) 6.0 (3.5, 7.0) Z=9.134 <0.001 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa. LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TyG: Triglyceride-glucose index; NIHSS: National Institutes of Health stroke scale. 2.2 初发急性缺血性脑卒中患者预后影响因素的logistic回归分析
将单因素logistic回归分析中P<0.2的变量(年龄、心房颤动病史、同型半胱氨酸、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、TyG、NIHSS评分)作为自变量,以是否出现不良预后作为因变量进行多因素logistic回归分析,结果显示年龄(OR=1.054,95%CI 1.021~1.088)、同型半胱氨酸(OR=1.047,95%CI 1.005~1.091)、TyG(OR=2.085,95%CI 1.095~3.973)、NIHSS评分(OR=1.339,95%CI 1.232~1.455)是初发急性缺血性脑卒中患者预后不良的独立危险因素(均P<0.05)。见表 2。
表 2 初发急性缺血性脑卒中患者预后影响因素的logistic回归分析Table 2 Logistic regression analysis of prognostic factors in patients with initial acute ischemic strokeVariable Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis OR (95%CI) P value OR (95%CI) P value Age 1.039 (1.013, 1.065) 0.003 1.054 (1.021, 1.088) 0.001 Male 0.824 (0.527, 1.290) 0.398 Smoking 1.115 (0.709, 1.754) 0.637 Alcohol abuse 0.691 (0.350, 1.364) 0.287 Hypertension 1.039 (0.645, 1.674) 0.876 Diabetes mellitus 1.229 (0.774, 1.950) 0.382 Coronary heart disease 1.095 (0.678, 1.770) 0.710 Atrial fibrillation 2.055 (1.197, 3.528) 0.009 1.690 (0.890, 3.209) 0.109 Fasting blood glucose 0.975 (0.890, 1.068) 0.581 Glycosylated hemoglobin 0.983 (0.865, 1.117) 0.792 Urea 1.015 (0.915, 1.126) 0.779 Blood creatinine 0.995 (0.986, 1.003) 0.222 Homocysteine 1.055 (1.017, 1.095) 0.004 1.047 (1.005, 1.091) 0.028 Triglyceride 1.210 (0.983, 1.490) 0.072 0.920 (0.619, 1.336) 0.678 Total cholesterol 1.183 (0.959, 1.458) 0.116 1.068 (0.680, 1.678) 0.776 LDL-C 1.260 (1.010, 1.572) 0.040 1.113 (0.691, 1.791) 0.660 TyG 1.662 (1.163, 2.373) 0.005 2.085 (1.095, 3.973) 0.025 NIHSS score 1.302 (1.207, 1.405) <0.001 1.339 (1.232, 1.455) <0.001 LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TyG: Triglyceride-glucose index; NIHSS: National Institutes of Health stroke scale; OR: Odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval. 2.3 各因素对初发急性缺血性脑卒中患者不良预后的预测价值
ROC曲线(图 1)分析显示,年龄预测患者预后不良的AUC值0.580(95%CI 0.522~0.637,P=0.016),同型半胱氨酸的AUC值为0.555(95%CI 0.486~0.624,P=0.094),TyG的AUC值为0.595(95%CI 0.532~0.658,P<0.004),TyG+同型半胱氨酸的AUC值为0.603(95%CI 0.536~0.669,P=0.002),TyG+年龄的AUC值为0.633(95%CI 0.572~0.693,P<0.001),TyG+NIHSS评分的AUC值为0.795(95%CI 0.749~0.842,P<0.001)。
图 1 各因素对初发急性缺血性脑卒中患者不良预后预测价值的ROC曲线分析Fig. 1 ROC curve analysis of predictive value of various factors for poor prognosis in patients with initial acute ischemic strokeA: Age; B: Homocysteine; C: Triglyceride-glucose index; D: Triglyceride-glucose index combined with homocysteine; E: Triglyceride-glucose index combined with age; F: Triglyceride-glucose index combined with National Institutes of Health stroke scale score. ROC: Receiver operating characteristic.3 讨论
缺血性脑卒中是脑卒中常见类型,具有高发病率、高致残率、高致死率等特点,严重威胁患者的生命安全。尽管目前已有许多策略(包括静脉溶栓及介入治疗)应用于急性缺血性脑卒中患者,但大部分急性缺血性脑卒中患者的预后仍然较差[7]。因此,预测急性缺血性脑卒中患者的预后对于患者治疗和管理具有临床意义。本研究探讨TyG与初发急性缺血性脑卒中患者短期预后之间的关系,有助于识别高危人群,预防不良预后的发生。
本研究发现,年龄、同型半胱氨酸、NIHSS评分、TyG是初发急性缺血性脑卒中患者90 d预后的独立危险因素。年龄是动脉硬化形成和发展的主要因素,随着年龄的增长可出现更多更严重的大动脉粥样硬化、狭窄,患者的预后也越差[8]。同型半胱氨酸作为传统脑血管病危险因素,可以通过氧化应激和炎症损伤等机制参与缺血性脑卒中的发生和发展[9],既往研究表明血清同型半胱氨酸水平与缺血性脑卒中的发生、发展及预后密切相关[10]。NIHSS评分是评估脑卒中严重程度的常用评分量表,评分越高提示神经功能缺损越严重,王秀杰等[11]研究表明NIHSS评分与急性缺血性脑卒中患者预后密切相关,Rangaraju等[12]发现24 h内缺血性脑卒中患者NIHSS评分能够强烈地预测卒中后3个月的结局,本研究同样提示NIHSS评分与卒中后90 d预后相关。然而,NIHSS评分也存在局限性,因为NIHSS包含的症状大部分为前循环症状,而后循环症状如头晕、恶心、复查NIHSS评分为0分可能会导致不良结局,因此需要警惕后循环症状。
脑血管疾病的传统危险因素(包括年龄、吸烟、肥胖、高血压、高胆固醇血症和糖尿病)已被广泛认知,这些因素常共同构成代谢综合征的临床特征。现有研究证实,动脉粥样硬化作为缺血性脑卒中的主要病理基础,其发生、发展与代谢综合征显著相关,其中胰岛素抵抗通过介导内皮功能障碍和炎症反应发挥核心作用[13]。目前评估胰岛素抵抗的指标中,稳态模型评估胰岛素抵抗指数是经典的金标准,但其依赖胰岛素检测且受β细胞功能干扰。TyG作为胰岛素抵抗的可靠替代指标,其诊断价值已得到验证,具有较高的灵敏度与特异度[14]。本研究发现TyG与初发急性缺血性脑卒中患者90 d功能预后显著相关,提示其可能成为预后评估的新型生物标志物,该结论与近期一项meta分析研究结果[15]一致。目前胰岛素抵抗导致缺血性脑卒中患者不良预后的机制尚未完全明确,从病理生理机制角度分析,TyG升高所反映的糖脂代谢紊乱可能通过以下途径影响预后:胰岛素抵抗可导致内皮功能障碍、炎症反应和脂质代谢异常,加速动脉粥样硬化进程,增加卒中复发风险[13];胰岛素抵抗可增强血小板黏附、活化和聚集,促进血栓形成,并且可能通过降低患者对抗血小板治疗的反应性影响缺血性脑卒中的进展和复发[16];胰岛素抵抗还可通过加剧氧化应激和炎症反应加重脑缺血再灌注损伤,影响神经功能恢复[17]。然而,也有研究显示TyG与缺血性脑卒中患者的功能结局不良和神经系统恶化无明显关联[18]。这可能与研究的异质性有关。
本研究采用logistic回归模型筛选预测因素,并采用ROC曲线分析其预测价值,结果显示TyG联合NIHSS评分预测初发急性缺血性脑卒中短期预后的AUC值为0.795,具有较高的预测价值。因此通过TyG联合NIHSS评分可早期识别高危患者,对于胰岛素抵抗高危风险的患者可采取积极措施进行干预,从而预防缺血性脑卒中患者不良结局的发生。
综上所述,TyG是初发急性缺血性脑卒中患者短期预后的独立预测因子,联合NIHSS评分对初发急性缺血性脑卒中患者短期预后有较好预测价值,可作为缺血性脑卒中高危人群的筛查和预后指标。本研究为单中心的横断面回顾性研究,样本量不大,未来需要更多纵向研究进一步确定缺血性脑卒中患者不良预后与TyG的关系,同时需研究不同分型患者预后与TyG的关系,并验证通过改善TyG(如生活方式干预、使用胰岛素增敏剂)是否可解决脑卒中患者预后较差的问题。
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图 1 各因素对初发急性缺血性脑卒中患者不良预后预测价值的ROC曲线分析
Fig. 1 ROC curve analysis of predictive value of various factors for poor prognosis in patients with initial acute ischemic stroke
A: Age; B: Homocysteine; C: Triglyceride-glucose index; D: Triglyceride-glucose index combined with homocysteine; E: Triglyceride-glucose index combined with age; F: Triglyceride-glucose index combined with National Institutes of Health stroke scale score. ROC: Receiver operating characteristic.
表 1 两组初发急性缺血性脑卒中患者的一般临床资料比较
Table 1 Comparison of general clinical data between 2 groups of patients with initial acute ischemic stroke
Index All patients N=391 Favorable outcome N=286 Unfavorable outcome N=105 Statistic P value Age/year, x±s 72.18±9.65 71.31±10.41 74.58±6.67 t=2.997 <0.005 Male, n (%) 197 (50.4) 147 (51.4) 50 (47.6) χ2=0.439 0.508 Smoking, n (%) 160 (40.9) 115 (40.2) 45 (42.9) χ2=0.222 0.637 Alcohol abuse, n (%) 57 (14.6) 45 (15.7) 12 (11.4) χ2=1.143 0.285 Hypertension, n (%) 262 (67.0) 191 (66.8) 71 (67.6) χ2=0.024 0.876 Systolic blood pressure/mmHg, x±s 155.95±47.47 157.00±54.07 153.08±20.70 t=-0.723 0.470 Diastolic blood pressure/mmHg, x±s 82.72±14.13 82.24±14.16 84.03±14.04 t=1.110 0.268 Diabetes mellitus, n (%) 139 (35.5) 98 (34.2) 41 (39.0) χ2=0.767 0.381 Coronary heart disease, n (%) 121 (30.9) 87 (30.4) 34 (32.4) χ2=0.138 0.710 Atrial fibrillation, n (%) 71 (18.2) 43 (15.0) 28 (26.7) χ2=6.992 0.008 Fasting blood glucose/(mmol·L-1), x±s 6.49±2.54 6.54±2.65 6.37±2.69 t=-0.552 0.581 Glycosylated hemoglobin/%, x±s 6.61±1.77 6.62±1.81 6.57±1.66 t=-0.264 0.792 Urea/(mmol·L-1), x±s 5.74±2.11 5.72±2.05 5.79±2.27 t=0.280 0.779 Blood creatinine/(μmol·L-1), x±s 75.78±37.62 77.20±41.09 71.92±25.66 t=-1.233 0.218 Homocysteine/(μmol·L-1), x±s 17.92±5.99 17.37±5.08 19.39±7.80 t=2.983 0.003 Triglyceride/(mmol·L-1), x±s 1.60±1.01 1.54±0.96 1.76±1.12 t=1.852 0.065 Total cholesterol/(mmol·L-1), x±s 4.48±1.06 4.43±1.07 4.62±1.00 t=1.578 0.115 LDL-C/(mmol·L-1), x±s 3.09±1.01 3.03±1.00 3.27±1.03 t=2.070 0.039 TyG, x±s 8.76±0.62 8.71±0.62 8.91±0.64 t=2.851 0.005 NIHSS score, M (Q1, Q3) 2.0 (1.0, 6.0) 2.0 (1.0, 4.0) 6.0 (3.5, 7.0) Z=9.134 <0.001 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa. LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TyG: Triglyceride-glucose index; NIHSS: National Institutes of Health stroke scale. 表 2 初发急性缺血性脑卒中患者预后影响因素的logistic回归分析
Table 2 Logistic regression analysis of prognostic factors in patients with initial acute ischemic stroke
Variable Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis OR (95%CI) P value OR (95%CI) P value Age 1.039 (1.013, 1.065) 0.003 1.054 (1.021, 1.088) 0.001 Male 0.824 (0.527, 1.290) 0.398 Smoking 1.115 (0.709, 1.754) 0.637 Alcohol abuse 0.691 (0.350, 1.364) 0.287 Hypertension 1.039 (0.645, 1.674) 0.876 Diabetes mellitus 1.229 (0.774, 1.950) 0.382 Coronary heart disease 1.095 (0.678, 1.770) 0.710 Atrial fibrillation 2.055 (1.197, 3.528) 0.009 1.690 (0.890, 3.209) 0.109 Fasting blood glucose 0.975 (0.890, 1.068) 0.581 Glycosylated hemoglobin 0.983 (0.865, 1.117) 0.792 Urea 1.015 (0.915, 1.126) 0.779 Blood creatinine 0.995 (0.986, 1.003) 0.222 Homocysteine 1.055 (1.017, 1.095) 0.004 1.047 (1.005, 1.091) 0.028 Triglyceride 1.210 (0.983, 1.490) 0.072 0.920 (0.619, 1.336) 0.678 Total cholesterol 1.183 (0.959, 1.458) 0.116 1.068 (0.680, 1.678) 0.776 LDL-C 1.260 (1.010, 1.572) 0.040 1.113 (0.691, 1.791) 0.660 TyG 1.662 (1.163, 2.373) 0.005 2.085 (1.095, 3.973) 0.025 NIHSS score 1.302 (1.207, 1.405) <0.001 1.339 (1.232, 1.455) <0.001 LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TyG: Triglyceride-glucose index; NIHSS: National Institutes of Health stroke scale; OR: Odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval. -
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