我国高龄老人(≥80岁)心脏病患病率及影响因素分析——基于第8轮CLHLS数据

刘同同 于伯洋 朱梦兰 袁磊 张鹭鹭

刘同同, 于伯洋, 朱梦兰, 等. 我国高龄老人(≥80岁)心脏病患病率及影响因素分析——基于第8轮CLHLS数据[J]. 海军军医大学学报, 2025, 46(6): 760-766. doi: 10.16781/j.CN31-2187/R.20240663
引用本文: 刘同同, 于伯洋, 朱梦兰, 等. 我国高龄老人(≥80岁)心脏病患病率及影响因素分析——基于第8轮CLHLS数据[J]. 海军军医大学学报, 2025, 46(6): 760-766. doi: 10.16781/j.CN31-2187/R.20240663
LIU T, YU B, ZHU M, et al. Prevalence and influencing factors of heart disease in adults aged ≥80 years old in China: based on the 8th round of CLHLS data[J]. Academic Journal of Naval Medical University, 2025, 46(6): 760-766. doi: 10.16781/j.CN31-2187/R.20240663
Citation: LIU T, YU B, ZHU M, et al. Prevalence and influencing factors of heart disease in adults aged ≥80 years old in China: based on the 8th round of CLHLS data[J]. Academic Journal of Naval Medical University, 2025, 46(6): 760-766. doi: 10.16781/j.CN31-2187/R.20240663

我国高龄老人(≥80岁)心脏病患病率及影响因素分析——基于第8轮CLHLS数据

doi: 10.16781/j.CN31-2187/R.20240663
基金项目: 

国家自然科学基金 72174024;

老年长期照护教育部重点实验室开放课题 LNYB-2023-14.

详细信息

Prevalence and influencing factors of heart disease in adults aged ≥80 years old in China: based on the 8th round of CLHLS data

Funds: 

National Natural Science Foundation of China 72174024;

Open Research Fund of Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Long-term Care of the Elderly LNYB-2023-14.

  • 摘要:  目的 基于第8轮中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查(CLHLS)数据调查中国高龄老人(≥80岁)心脏病的患病率及其主要危险因素。 方法 从第8轮CLHLS数据中筛选纳入7 675名年龄≥80岁的高龄老人,采用χ2检验分析高龄老人的人口学特征、经济状况、社会支持、生活方式和健康状况与罹患心脏病的关联,采用logistic回归模型分析高龄老人患心脏病的主要影响因素。 结果 7 675名高龄老人中,心脏病患病率为16%(n=1 228);90~99岁(OR=0.816)、≥100岁(OR=0.641)、女性(OR=0.833)、BMI偏低(<18.5 kg/m2OR=0.778)是高龄老人罹患心脏病的保护因素,BMI偏高(24.0~27.9 kg/m2OR=1.209)、居住在农村(OR=2.384)、健康体检(OR=1.164)、日常生活活动功能障碍(OR=1.401)、患有高血压(OR=2.143)、患有糖尿病(OR=1.719)、有脑血管意外(OR=2.080)是高龄老人罹患心脏病的危险因素。 结论 男性、超重、居住在农村、健康体检、日常生活活动功能障碍、高血压、糖尿病和脑血管意外是高龄老人患心脏病的危险因素。

     

    Abstract:  Objective To investigate the prevalence and the risk factors of heart disease (HD) in adults aged ≥80 years old in China based on the data from the 8th round of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Methods A total of 7 675 adults aged ≥80 years old were enrolled from the 8th round of CLHLS dataset. Chi-square tests were employed to examine associations between cardiovascular disease and demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, social support, lifestyle factors, and health indicators. Logistic regression models were developed to analyze significant predictors of heart disease in the elderly. Results The prevalence of heart disease was 16% (n=1 228) in 7 675 elderly people. Aged 90-99 years old (odds ratio [OR] =0.816), ≥100 years old (OR=0.641), female (OR=0.833), and low body mass index (BMI) (< 18.5 kg/m2, OR=0.778) were the protective factors for cardiovascular disease in the elderly; and high BMI (24.0 to 27.9 kg/m2, OR=1.209), rural residence (OR=2.384), health examination (OR=1.164), dysfunction of daily living activities (OR=1.401), hypertension (OR=2.143), diabetes mellitus (OR=1.719), and history of cerebrovascular accident (OR=2.080) were risk factors. Conclusion Male, overweight, rural residence, health examination, dysfunction of daily living activities, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and a history of cerebrovascular accident are the risk factors for heart disease in the elderly.

     

  • 根据《联合国健康老龄化十年:2021-2030年行动计划》,全球60岁及以上老年人的数量和比例正以前所未有的速度增长,且预计增长最快的将是发展中国家;预计到2050年,发展中国家老年人将从2017年的6.52亿增至17亿,发达国家老年人将从3.1亿增至4.27亿;此外,预计到2050年,60岁及以上老年人将是5岁以下儿童的2倍多[1]。中国第七次全国人口普查显示,我国65岁及以上老年人共1.9亿人(占总人口的13.50%),与2010年第六次全国人口普查相比老年人占比提高了4.63%[2],预计到2035年中国高龄老人(≥80岁)的数量将比2020年翻一番多[3]

    心脏病对人类健康和预期寿命构成重大威胁。2019年,中国农村和城市心脏病死亡人数分别占46.74%和44.26%,平均每5例死亡人数中就有2例因心脏病死亡[4]。中国正面临着人口老龄化和心脏病患病率上升的双重压力,心脏病负担的持续加重严重影响中国疾病防控战略和卫生资源配置需求。心脏病分为缺血性心脏病、冠心病、心绞痛和充血性心力衰竭[5],是一种由遗传、环境、饮食和生活方式等因素共同引起的疾病,已知的危险因素包括饮食[6]、体力活动[7]、体重[8]、高血压[9]、血脂异常[10]、糖尿病[11-12]。本研究旨在探讨中国高龄老人(≥80岁)心脏病患病率和危险因素,为卫生行政部门针对高龄老人制定卫生政策提供参考。

    本研究使用的数据来自北京大学健康老龄与发展研究中心开展的第8轮中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查(Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey,CLHLS)。CLHLS是迄今为止我国调查范围最大的老年人群队列研究,调查数据包括1998-2018年23个省、直辖市、自治区共11.3万人次,其中≥80岁高龄老人占总样本的67.4%[13]。第8轮CLHLS于2017-2018年进行,样本量共计15 874人。纳入标准:(1)年龄≥80岁;(2)对是否罹患心脏病做出明确回应。最终排除年龄<80岁5 447人、未对是否罹患心脏病做出回应1 204人,删除关键变量存在缺失的样本1 548人(未回应BMI值、居住地、年收入、健康体检、婚姻状况和生活方式1 248人,未回应是否有高血压、糖尿病、脑血管意外300人),最终7 675名高龄老人符合纳入标准,作为研究对象。

    本研究纳入人口学特征、经济状况、社会支持、生活方式和健康状况这5个具有代表性的指标作为协变量,变量的定义和赋值见表 1

    表  1  变量定义与赋值
    Table  1  Definition and measurement of variables
    Type Name Assignment
    Demographic characteristic Age/year 80-89=0, 90-99=1, ≥100=2
    Gender Female=0, male=1
    BMI 18.5-23.9 kg·m-2=0, <18.5 kg·m-2=1, 24.0-27.9 kg·m-2=2, ≥28.0 kg·m-2=3
    Residence Urban=0, rural=1
    Marital status Married and living spouse=0, widowed=1, othersa=2
    Economics status Annual income Moderate=0, high=1, low=2
    Social support Living status Living with family=0, alone=1, nursing home=2
    Lifestyle characteristic Smoking No=0, Yes=1
    Alcohol consumption No=0, Yes=1
    Exercise No=0, Yes=1
    Health examination No=0, Yes=1
    Health status IADL dysfunction No=0, Yes=1
    ADL dysfunction No=0, Yes=1
    DM No=0, Yes=1
    Hypertension No=0, Yes=1
    CVA No=0, Yes=1
            a: Including married but not living with spouse, divorced, and never married. BMI: Body mass index; IADL: Instrumental activities of daily living; ADL: Activities of daily living; DM: Diabetes mellitus; CVA: Cerebrovascular accident.

    采用SPSS 21.0进行统计分析,采用R Studio-4.2.2软件绘制森林图。一般资料采用描述性统计汇总,计数资料用例数和百分数表示。采用χ2检验分析老人是否罹患心脏病相关指标的分布特征。采用二元logistic回归方法(逐步回归法)分析与高龄老人心脏病相关的主要影响因素。检验水准(α)为0.05。

    研究纳入7 675名≥80岁高龄老人,其中1 228名(16%)高龄老人患有心脏病。罹患心脏病组与未患心脏病组在年龄、BMI、年收入、居住地、婚姻状况、生活方式、吸烟、饮酒、运动、健康体检、日常生活活动状况、高血压、糖尿病、脑血管意外等14个因素的分布差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05),见表 2

    表  2  罹患心脏病组与未患心脏病组高龄老人(≥80岁)的基本资料比较
    Table  2  Comparison of basic data of the elderly (≥80 years old) in heart disease group and non-heart disease group  n (%)
    Variable Non-heart disease N=6 447 Heart disease N=1 228 χ2 value P value
    Age/year 69.310 <0.001
        80-89 2 524 (39.15) 615 (50.08)
        90-99 2 212 (34.31) 406 (33.06)
        ≥100 1 711 (26.54) 207 (16.86)
    Gender 1.060 0.303
        Male 3 720 (57.70) 728 (59.28)
        Female 2 727 (42.30) 500 (40.72)
    BMI/(kg·m-2) 119.892 <0.001
        18.5-23.9 3 492 (54.16) 632 (51.47)
        <18.5 1 546 (23.98) 170 (13.84)
        24.0-27.9 1 035 (16.05) 312 (25.41)
        ≥28.0 374 (5.80) 114 (9.28)
    Annual income 25.874 <0.001
        Moderate 4 533 (70.31) 800 (65.15)
        High 1 249 (19.37) 316 (25.73)
        Low 665 (10.31) 112 (9.12)
    Residence 346.156 <0.001
        Urban 4 959 (76.92) 628 (51.14)
        Rural 1 488 (23.08) 600 (48.86)
    Marital status 7.918 0.019
        Married and living with spouse 1 520 (23.58) 333 (27.12)
        Widowed 4 800 (74.45) 867 (70.60)
        Othersa 127 (1.97) 28 (2.28)
    Living status 32.568 <0.001
        Living with family 5 079 (78.78) 924 (75.24)
        Alone 1 177 (18.26) 228 (18.57)
        Nursing home 191 (2.96) 76 (6.19)
    Smoking 17.372 <0.001
        No 5 586 (86.64) 1 117 (90.96)
        Yes 861 (13.36) 111 (9.04)
    Alcohol consumption 13.693 <0.001
        No 5 603 (86.91) 1 114 (90.72)
        Yes 844 (13.09) 114 (9.28)
    Exercise 21.529 <0.001
        No 4 849 (75.21) 846 (68.89)
        Yes 1 598 (24.79) 382 (31.11)
    Health examination 9.487 0.002
        No 2 473 (38.36) 414 (33.71)
        Yes 3 974 (61.64) 814 (66.29)
    IADL dysfunction 0.395 0.530
        No 1 300 (20.16) 238 (19.38)
        Yes 5 147 (79.84) 990 (80.62)
    ADL dysfunction 17.739 <0.001
        No 4 302 (66.73) 743 (60.50)
        Yes 2 145 (33.27) 485 (39.50)
    Hypertension 323.071 <0.001
        No 4 295 (66.62) 485 (39.50)
        Yes 2 152 (33.38) 743 (60.50)
    DM 219.908 <0.001
        No 6 113 (94.82) 1 019 (82.98)
        Yes 334 (5.18) 209 (17.02)
    CVA <0.001
        No 5 944 (92.20) 966 (78.66) 210.528
        Yes 503 (7.80) 262 (21.34)
            a: Including married but not living with spouse, divorced, and never married. BMI: Body mass index; IADL: Instrumental activities of daily living; ADL: Activities of daily living; DM: Diabetes mellitus; CVA: Cerebrovascular accident.

    图 1所示,年龄≥100岁的高龄老人心脏病患病率低于90~99岁的高龄老人,80~89岁的高龄老人心脏病患病率在3个年龄段中最高;女性患病率低于男性;BMI偏低(<18.5 kg/m2)的高龄老人心脏病患病率低于BMI正常者(18.5~23.9 kg/m2)、BMI偏高者(24.0~27.9 kg/m2)和肥胖者(BMI≥28.0 kg/m2);家庭年收入高的高龄老人心脏病患病率高于家庭年收入中等和低的高龄老人;居住在农村的高龄老人心脏病患病率高于居住在城市的高龄老人。

    图  1  高龄老人(≥80岁)心脏病患病率
    Fig.  1  Prevalence of heart disease in the elderly (≥80 years old)
    BMI: Body mass index; CI: Confidence interval.
    下载: 全尺寸图片

    多因素logistic回归分析结果(图 2)显示,年龄、性别、BMI、居住地、健康体检、日常生活活动、高血压、糖尿病、脑血管意外是高龄老人罹患心脏病的主要影响因素,其中年龄90~99岁(OR=0.816)或≥100岁(OR=0.641)、女性(OR=0.833)、BMI偏低(<18.5 kg/m2OR=0.778)是高龄老人罹患心脏病的保护因素,BMI偏高(24.0~27.9 kg/m2OR=1.209)、居住在农村(OR=2.384)、健康体检(OR=1.164)、日常生活活动功能障碍(OR=1.401)、患有高血压(OR=2.143)、患有糖尿病(OR=1.719)、有脑血管意外(OR=2.080)是其危险因素。

    图  2  高龄老人(≥80岁)心脏病影响因素logistic回归分析
    Fig.  2  Logistic regression analysis of influencing factors of heart disease in adults aged ≥80 years old
    OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; BMI: Body mass index; IADL: Instrumental activities of daily living; ADL: Activities of daily living; DM: Diabetes mellitus; CVA: Cerebrovascular accident.
    下载: 全尺寸图片

    本研究结果显示,16%的高龄老人罹患心脏病,低于《中国心血管健康与疾病报告2021》报道的普通人群的患病率(19.691%)[4]。心脏病作为全球人类最主要的死亡原因之一,高龄老人的患病率低于普通人群并不一定表明他们不容易患心脏病,这可能与幸存者偏移有关[14]。年龄、BMI、年收入、居住地、婚姻状况、生活方式、吸烟、饮酒、运动、健康体检、日常生活活动、高血压、糖尿病、脑血管意外等14个因素在罹患和未患心脏病的高龄老人中的分布差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。

    肥胖已经成为一个严重的公共健康问题,2020年,中国成年人超重(BMI 24.0~27.9 kg/m2)和肥胖(BMI≥28.0 kg/m2)率分别为35.0%和14.6%[15]。研究发现,保持正常的BMI可以预防5.8%的主要冠心病事件、7.8%的缺血性心脏病、4.5%的缺血性脑卒中和34.4%的2型糖尿病[16]。与正常腰围(男性<85.0 cm,女性<80.0 cm)相比,腹部肥胖(男性≥90 cm,女性≥85 cm)使缺血性心脏病发生风险增加29%、急性冠心病事件发生风险增加30%、缺血性心脏病死亡风险增加32%[4, 17]。此外,日常生活活动对高龄老人的健康状况至关重要,直接决定他们是否具有独立完成自我照护和日常锻炼的能力。根据WHO报告,预计2020-2030年全球将有近5亿人因缺乏必要的日常身体活动而罹患心脏病、肥胖症、糖尿病或其他非传染性疾病,相关治疗成本每年将达270亿美元[18]。Ding等[19]的研究表明,如果能够达到WHO建议的中老年人运动标准,罹患心脏病的风险会大大降低,特别是对于患有高脂血症和肺部疾病等常见慢性疾病的人群,必要的活动可以有效预防心脏病的发生。该研究结果还显示,以休闲和运动为目的的身体活动对心脏病的预防效果低于以工作为目的的身体活动,这可能与高龄老人缺乏必要的健康知识、从事不适当的休闲和运动有关。健康体检是罹患心脏病的一个危险因素,这可能与疾病的早期筛查和发现有关;但在某种程度上能够定期体检的高龄老人一般拥有强大的社会支持和高度的健康关注,这一群体往往具有更好的疾病临床结局。

    合并症是心脏病的一类危险因素,而高血压是与高龄老人心脏病相关的合并症之一。如果所有高血压患者都能得到有效治疗,预计每年将减少80.3万例心脑血管事件(69万例患有短暂性脑血管功能障碍和11.3万例心肌梗死),从而增加120万健康生命年[4]。此外,性别(男性)和居住地(农村)作为高血压的危险因素影响心脏病的患病率。中国高血压调查显示,女性高血压知晓率(55.3% vs 47.6%)、治疗率(50.1% vs 41.2%)、控制率(18.2% vs 15.3%)均高于男性(均P<0.05),城镇居民对高血压的知晓率(54.9% vs 48.6%)、治疗率(49.7% vs 42.2%)和控制率(20.4% vs 13.6%)均高于农村居民(均P<0.05)[20]。糖尿病也是心脏病的重要合并症之一,Bragg等[21]在一项为期7年的全国前瞻性研究中发现,糖尿病与一系列心脏病和非心脏病的死亡率增加有关,另一项为期30年的队列研究结果[22]同样证实了这一点。脑血管意外是另一种与心脏病相关的合并症,相关研究证实脑血管意外与主要心血管不良事件发生风险增加独立相关[23],但两者之间的因果关系还有待进一步研究。

    本研究存在以下局限性:(1)是基于第8轮CLHLS数据的一项横断面研究,未包括来自中国所有地区的老年人,无法代表国内全部高龄老人心脏病的患病情况;(2)作为一项描述性研究,分析得到的危险因素并不一定导致心脏病,尤其是合并症;(3)高龄老人罹患心脏病受到多种因素影响,本研究只分析了其中的一部分因素。虽然存在上述局限性,但本研究结果也为国内高龄老人心脏病影响因素提供了新的见解,在后续的研究中将通过收集更多的数据并在分析中纳入更多的因素来验证本研究结果。

    本研究探讨了我国高龄老人(≥80岁)心脏病的患病率及其影响因素,研究结果提示,相关卫生管理部门可以从以下几个方面制定干预政策:(1)高度重视高龄老人特别是男性群体的心脏健康,完善社区卫生服务中心建设,推动优质医疗资源下沉,以加强慢性病管理;(2)加大对老年人健康教育宣传的力度,普及易引发心脏病的危险因素,特别要将健康宣教重心转向农村;(3)在社区等公共场所提供必要的健身、社交辅助设备。(4)引导老年人合理膳食,形成良好的饮食生活习惯,避免肥胖导致的心脏病患病风险增加。

  • 图  1   高龄老人(≥80岁)心脏病患病率

    Fig.  1   Prevalence of heart disease in the elderly (≥80 years old)

    BMI: Body mass index; CI: Confidence interval.

    下载: 全尺寸图片

    图  2   高龄老人(≥80岁)心脏病影响因素logistic回归分析

    Fig.  2   Logistic regression analysis of influencing factors of heart disease in adults aged ≥80 years old

    OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval; BMI: Body mass index; IADL: Instrumental activities of daily living; ADL: Activities of daily living; DM: Diabetes mellitus; CVA: Cerebrovascular accident.

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    表  1   变量定义与赋值

    Table  1   Definition and measurement of variables

    Type Name Assignment
    Demographic characteristic Age/year 80-89=0, 90-99=1, ≥100=2
    Gender Female=0, male=1
    BMI 18.5-23.9 kg·m-2=0, <18.5 kg·m-2=1, 24.0-27.9 kg·m-2=2, ≥28.0 kg·m-2=3
    Residence Urban=0, rural=1
    Marital status Married and living spouse=0, widowed=1, othersa=2
    Economics status Annual income Moderate=0, high=1, low=2
    Social support Living status Living with family=0, alone=1, nursing home=2
    Lifestyle characteristic Smoking No=0, Yes=1
    Alcohol consumption No=0, Yes=1
    Exercise No=0, Yes=1
    Health examination No=0, Yes=1
    Health status IADL dysfunction No=0, Yes=1
    ADL dysfunction No=0, Yes=1
    DM No=0, Yes=1
    Hypertension No=0, Yes=1
    CVA No=0, Yes=1
            a: Including married but not living with spouse, divorced, and never married. BMI: Body mass index; IADL: Instrumental activities of daily living; ADL: Activities of daily living; DM: Diabetes mellitus; CVA: Cerebrovascular accident.

    表  2   罹患心脏病组与未患心脏病组高龄老人(≥80岁)的基本资料比较

    Table  2   Comparison of basic data of the elderly (≥80 years old) in heart disease group and non-heart disease group  n (%)

    Variable Non-heart disease N=6 447 Heart disease N=1 228 χ2 value P value
    Age/year 69.310 <0.001
        80-89 2 524 (39.15) 615 (50.08)
        90-99 2 212 (34.31) 406 (33.06)
        ≥100 1 711 (26.54) 207 (16.86)
    Gender 1.060 0.303
        Male 3 720 (57.70) 728 (59.28)
        Female 2 727 (42.30) 500 (40.72)
    BMI/(kg·m-2) 119.892 <0.001
        18.5-23.9 3 492 (54.16) 632 (51.47)
        <18.5 1 546 (23.98) 170 (13.84)
        24.0-27.9 1 035 (16.05) 312 (25.41)
        ≥28.0 374 (5.80) 114 (9.28)
    Annual income 25.874 <0.001
        Moderate 4 533 (70.31) 800 (65.15)
        High 1 249 (19.37) 316 (25.73)
        Low 665 (10.31) 112 (9.12)
    Residence 346.156 <0.001
        Urban 4 959 (76.92) 628 (51.14)
        Rural 1 488 (23.08) 600 (48.86)
    Marital status 7.918 0.019
        Married and living with spouse 1 520 (23.58) 333 (27.12)
        Widowed 4 800 (74.45) 867 (70.60)
        Othersa 127 (1.97) 28 (2.28)
    Living status 32.568 <0.001
        Living with family 5 079 (78.78) 924 (75.24)
        Alone 1 177 (18.26) 228 (18.57)
        Nursing home 191 (2.96) 76 (6.19)
    Smoking 17.372 <0.001
        No 5 586 (86.64) 1 117 (90.96)
        Yes 861 (13.36) 111 (9.04)
    Alcohol consumption 13.693 <0.001
        No 5 603 (86.91) 1 114 (90.72)
        Yes 844 (13.09) 114 (9.28)
    Exercise 21.529 <0.001
        No 4 849 (75.21) 846 (68.89)
        Yes 1 598 (24.79) 382 (31.11)
    Health examination 9.487 0.002
        No 2 473 (38.36) 414 (33.71)
        Yes 3 974 (61.64) 814 (66.29)
    IADL dysfunction 0.395 0.530
        No 1 300 (20.16) 238 (19.38)
        Yes 5 147 (79.84) 990 (80.62)
    ADL dysfunction 17.739 <0.001
        No 4 302 (66.73) 743 (60.50)
        Yes 2 145 (33.27) 485 (39.50)
    Hypertension 323.071 <0.001
        No 4 295 (66.62) 485 (39.50)
        Yes 2 152 (33.38) 743 (60.50)
    DM 219.908 <0.001
        No 6 113 (94.82) 1 019 (82.98)
        Yes 334 (5.18) 209 (17.02)
    CVA <0.001
        No 5 944 (92.20) 966 (78.66) 210.528
        Yes 503 (7.80) 262 (21.34)
            a: Including married but not living with spouse, divorced, and never married. BMI: Body mass index; IADL: Instrumental activities of daily living; ADL: Activities of daily living; DM: Diabetes mellitus; CVA: Cerebrovascular accident.
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  • 收稿日期:  2024-04-11
  • 接受日期:  2024-09-25

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