Subcellular localization analysis of MYCT1 in hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinical significance
-
摘要:
目的 探讨MYCT1在肝细胞癌(HCC)中的表达及其临床病理意义。 方法 基于UALCAN平台和基因集癌症分析(GSCA)数据库分析MYCT1在HCC中的表达特征。回顾性收集2015年10月至2024年12月中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九六〇医院103例HCC患者的组织样本,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测MYCT1蛋白的表达情况,并分析其表达模式与临床病理参数的关系。应用Kaplan-Meier生存分析法和Cox回归模型评估MYCT1预测HCC患者预后的价值。 结果 数据库分析显示,MYCT1在HCC组织中呈低表达,在不同临床分期HCC组织中存在差异表达,MYCT1高表达HCC患者总生存期优于低表达患者(P < 0.05)。免疫组织化学染色结果显示,HCC患者肿瘤组织中MYCT1细胞质高表达率(39.8%,41/103)低于癌旁组织(60.2%,62/103),细胞核阳性表达率(70.9%,73/103)高于癌旁组织(20.4%,21/103),差异均有统计学意义(均P < 0.01)。临床病理特征分析显示,HCC肿瘤细胞中MYCT1细胞质表达与患者甲胎蛋白(AFP)水平(P=0.046)及TNM分期(P=0.006)有关,而其细胞核表达则与患者年龄(P=0.048)、AFP水平(P=0.049)及肿瘤分化程度(P=0.003)相关。Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,HCC组织中MYCT1细胞质高表达患者的总生存期优于低表达患者(P=0.035)。多因素Cox回归模型分析发现,肿瘤组织中MYCT1细胞质低表达是HCC患者总生存期的独立危险因素(HR=0.40,95%CI 0.19~0.85,P=0.017)。 结论 MYCT1在HCC中呈现细胞质低表达伴核质分布改变,提示其可能通过调控亚细胞定位发挥抑癌作用。这种独特的表达模式为HCC诊断和预后评估提供了新型分子标志物。 Abstract:Objective To investigate the expression of Myc target 1(MYCT1) in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and its clinicopathological significance. Methods The expression characteristics of MYCT1 in HCC were analyzed using UALCAN platform and Gene Set Cancer Analysis(GSCA) database. A total of 103 tissue samples from HCC patients at No. 960 Hospital of Joint Service Support Force of PLA from Oct. 2015 to Dec. 2024 were retrospectively collected. The expression of MYCT1 was detected using immunohistochemical staining, and the relationship between its expression patterns and clinical pathological parameters was analyzed. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression model were applied to evaluate the value of MYCT1 in predicting the prognosis of HCC patients. Results Database analysis revealed that MYCT1 was lowly expressed in HCC tissue and showed differential expression across different clinical stages. HCC patients with high MYCT1 expression had significantly better overall survival than those with low MYCT1 expression(P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical staining results showed that the high expression rate of MYCT1 in the cytoplasm of cancer tissue(39.8%, 41/103) was significantly lower than that in the adjacent non-tumor tissue(60.2%, 62/103; P < 0.01), and the positive expression rate in the nucleus of HCC tissue(70.9%, 73/103) was significantly higher than that in the adjacent non-tumor tissue(20.4%, 21/103; P < 0.01). Clinicopathologic characteristic analysis showed that cytoplasmic expression of MYCT1 was associated with α-fetoprotein(AFP) level(P=0.046) and TNM stage(P=0.006), whereas nuclear expression of MYCT1 was associated with age(P=0.048), AFP level(P=0.049), and tumor differentiation(P=0.003). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that HCC patients with high cytoplasmic expression of MYCT1 had significantly better overall survival than those with low expression of MYCT1(P=0.035). Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed that low cytoplasmic expression of MYCT1 in cancer tissue was an independent risk factor for the overall survival of HCC patients(hazard ratio=0.40, 95% confidence interval 0.19-0.85, P=0.017). Conclusion MYCT1 shows a down-regulation of cytoplasmic expression and a change in nuclear-cytoplasmic distribution in HCC, suggesting that it may exert a tumor-suppressing effect by regulating subcellular localization. This distinctive expression pattern provides a novel molecular marker for the diagnosis and prognosis assessment of HCC. -
肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)约占全球肝癌病例的80%,是全球癌症相关死亡的第三大原因[1]。近年来HCC发病率呈持续上升趋势,但由于缺乏有效的早期诊断方法和治疗手段,患者预后较差[2]。因此,鉴定新型生物标志物并阐明HCC的发病机制,对改善其早期诊断和临床治疗策略具有重要意义。MYCT1(Myc target 1)基因最初发现于喉癌并被鉴定为抑癌基因[3-4]。研究证实,MYCT1在HCC[5]、肺鳞状细胞癌[6]和结直肠癌[7]等多种肿瘤中存在差异表达,并调控肿瘤进展及患者预后。MYCT1在HCC中主要发挥抑癌功能[8],但其具体分子机制及临床相关性仍需进一步阐明。本研究通过生物信息学分析与免疫组织化学染色实验评估MYCT1在HCC中的表达模式及其与临床分期和预后的关联,以期为HCC的病理诊断和治疗提供新的理论依据。
1 资料和方法
1.1 数据库资料收集与分析
UALCAN平台(https://ualcan.path.uab.edu/index.html)主要基于癌症基因组图谱(The Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)数据库中的癌症数据进行分析;筛选条件设定:在TCGA中选定Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma(LIHC,即HCC)数据集,搜索MYCT1基因,用Expression模块分析MYCT1在HCC中的表达情况,基于Individual cancer stage模块分析MYCT1在不同分期HCC样本中的表达情况,用Survival模块分析MYCT1与HCC预后的关联。基于基因集癌症分析(Gene Set Cancer Analysis,GSCA;https://guolab.wchscu.cn/GSCA/#/)数据库对MYCT1在HCC中的表达及其临床意义进行多维分析,用Differential expression模块分析MYCT1在HCC中的表达情况,用Expression & Stage模块分析MYCT1在不同分期HCC样本中的表达情况,用Expression & Survival模块分析MYCT1与HCC预后的关系。
1.2 样本量估算
基于既往文献报道,MYCT1蛋白在肿瘤中的阳性表达率约为0.37[9]。样本量估算公式[10]为
$$ n=\left(\frac{Z_{1-a / 2}}{\delta}\right)^2 P(1-P) $$ 选取α=0.05(双侧检验),允许误差δ=±0.10,Z1-α/2=1.96,P=0.37,计算得到需要纳入的样本量为90例。考虑到可能的随访脱落、数据缺失及临床实际条件,最终扩大样本量至103例以确保统计可靠性。
1.3 研究对象
选取2015年10月至2024年12月中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九六〇医院的103例HCC患者,收集患者的临床资料及HCC组织和配对癌旁非肿瘤组织(距肿瘤边缘>2 cm)标本。纳入标准:(1)入院资料完整;(2)年龄>18岁;(3)经术后病理明确诊断为HCC;(4)无术前抗癌治疗史;(5)无其他恶性肿瘤病史。排除标准:(1)临床资料不完善者;(2)伴有严重精神类疾病,不能完成有效随访者;(3)研究人员认为有不适合入组的其他原因。本研究经中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九六〇医院伦理委员会审核批准[(2021)科研伦理审第(02)号]。
1.4 免疫组织化学染色检测MYCT1的表达
聚合物二步法免疫组织化学染色试剂盒(小鼠/兔增强聚合物法检测系统)PV-9000及抗体稀释液(ZLI-9030)均购自北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司,MYCT1抗体(ab139945)购自英国Abcam公司,DAB显色试剂盒(249020122)购自无锡傲锐东源生物科技有限公司。石蜡标本经固定、包埋、切片后进行EDTA抗原修复,PBS冲洗。加入内源性过氧化物酶阻断剂,PBS冲洗。加MYCT1抗体4 ℃过夜。次日于室温下用PBS冲洗后,依次加入反应增强液和增强酶标聚合物,分别于37 ℃孵育20 min,PBS冲洗。用DAB显色5~8 min,自来水冲洗。用苏木精染色1 min,盐酸乙醇分化,氨水返蓝,自来水冲洗。经梯度乙醇、二甲苯处理后,中性树胶封片,在显微镜下观察并评估。根据细胞内不同的表达位点,将MYCT1的表达模式分为细胞核表达和细胞质表达。细胞核中存在黄褐色颗粒判断为细胞核MYCT1阳性表达。细胞质染色强度分为4个等级:0,无染色;+,弱染色(浅黄色);++,中度染色(黄色);+++:强染色(棕黄色/棕色)。根据染色强度,将MYCT1的细胞质表达模式分为低表达(0和+)和高表达(++和+++)。
1.5 随访
通过电话进行随访,随访截至2025年3月,随访时间为1~90个月。终点事件定义为患者死亡,研究截止时仍存活或失访的患者标记为删失,所有删失数据均被纳入分析。
1.6 统计学处理
应用SPSS 26和GraphPad Prism 8软件处理数据并绘制图表。计数资料以例数和百分数表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。采用Kaplan-Meier生存分析法评估MYCT1对HCC预后的影响,采用log-rank检验分析组间生存曲线的差异。通过单因素和多因素Cox回归分析筛选HCC预后的危险因素。检验水准(α)为0.05。
2 结果
2.1 基于数据库分析MYCT1在HCC中的表达特征及其临床意义
2.1.1 MYCT1的表达水平分析
UALCAN平台分析结果显示,与正常肝组织(n=50)相比,HCC组织(n=371)中MYCT1表达降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01,图 1A)。GSCA数据库分析结果同样表明,正常肝组织中MYCT1表达水平高于HCC组织,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01,图 1B)。基于两个数据库的独立分析结果,MYCT1在HCC组织中呈显著低表达,提示其可能作为抑癌基因参与HCC的发生和发展。
图 1 基于数据库分析HCC组织中MYCT1的表达Fig. 1 Expression of MYCT1 in HCC tissue based on databasesA: MYCT1 expression in The Cancer Genome Atlas database based on UALCAN; B: MYCT1 expression in GSCA database. **P < 0.01. HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; MYCT1: Myc target 1; RSEM: RNA-Seq by expectation maximization; GSCA: Gene Set Cancer Analysis.2.1.2 MYCT1表达与临床分期的关系
UALCAN平台分析结果表明,正常肝组织MYCT1的表达高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期HCC组织,Ⅰ期HCC组织中MYCT1表达高于Ⅱ期,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05,图 2A)。GSCA数据库分析进一步显示,不同临床分期HCC组织中MYCT1表达存在差异:Ⅰ期HCC组织MYCT1的表达高于Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期,差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.05,图 2B)。这些结果提示MYCT1的表达下调可能与HCC的发生和发展相关。
图 2 基于数据库分析MYCT1表达与HCC临床分期的关系Fig. 2 Correlation between MYCT1 expression and clinical stages of HCC based on databasesA: MYCT1 expression in The Cancer Genome Atlas database based on UALCAN; B: MYCT1 expression in GSCA database. *P < 0.05. MYCT1: Myc target 1; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; RSEM: RNA-Seq by expectation maximization; GSCA: Gene Set Cancer Analysis.2.1.3 MYCT1表达与HCC患者预后的联系
UALCAN平台分析显示,MYCT1高表达组患者的总生存期与中低表达组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,图 3A);然而,基于GSCA数据库生存分析结果显示,MYCT1高表达组HCC患者的总生存期长于低表达组(P<0.001,图 3B)。上述结果提示MYCT1表达下调可能促进HCC进展。
图 3 基于数据库分析MYCT1表达与HCC患者预后的关系Fig. 3 Correlation between expression of MYCT1 and prognosis of HCC patients based on databasesA: Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of HCC patients with low/medium or high MYCT1 expression based on UALCAN; B: Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of HCC patients with low or high MYCT1 expression based on GSCA database. MYCT1: Myc target 1; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; GSCA: Gene Set Cancer Analysis.2.2 基于103例患者分析MYCT1在HCC组织中的表达特征及其临床意义
103例HCC患者中,男88例、女15例,年龄27~79岁(中位年龄55岁),TNM分期Ⅰ~Ⅱ期85例、Ⅲ~Ⅳ期18例。
2.2.1 MYCT1在HCC组织中的表达特征
免疫组织化学染色结果(图 4)显示,MYCT1在HCC组织与癌旁非肿瘤组织中呈现显著的亚细胞定位差异:HCC组织MYCT1细胞核阳性表达率为70.9%(73/103),高于癌旁组织的20.4%(21/103),差异有统计学意义(χ2=52.91,P<0.001);HCC组织MYCT1细胞质高表达率为39.8%(41/103),低于癌旁组织的60.2%(62/103),差异有统计学意义(χ2=8.56,P=0.003)。
图 4 MYCT1在HCC组织中的免疫组织化学表达特征Fig. 4 Immunohistochemical expression characteristics of MYCT1 in HCC tissueA: Adjacent non-tumor tissue showing strong cytoplasmic MYCT1 positivity with weak nuclear MYCT1 staining. B: HCC tissue demonstrating intense nuclear MYCT1 positivity with attenuated cytoplasmic MYCT1 expression. C, D: The expression patterns of the matched HCC tissue (C) and adjacent non-tumor tissue (D) in the same case; the HCC tissue showed predominant nuclear MYCT1 expression (blue arrow), while the adjacent non-tumor tissue showed strong cytoplasmic MYCT1 expression (red arrow). MYCT1: Myc target 1; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.2.2.2 MYCT1亚细胞定位与HCC临床病理特征的关系
HCC组织中MYCT1蛋白的细胞质表达水平与患者的甲胎蛋白(α-fetoprotein,AFP)水平(P=0.046)及TNM分期(P=0.006)相关,而其细胞核表达水平则与患者年龄(P=0.048)、AFP水平(P=0.049)及肿瘤分化程度(P=0.003)相关,见表 1。这些结果提示,MYCT1蛋白可能通过其在细胞核与细胞质中的差异性定位参与HCC的病理进程。
表 1 HCC中MYCT1亚细胞定位与临床病理特征的关系Table 1 Relationship between MYCT1 subcellular localization and clinicopathological characteristics in HCC tissuen (%) Characteristic N Cytoplasmic expression of MYCT1 Nuclear expression of MYCT1 Low expression High expression χ2 value P value Negative Positive χ2 value P value Gender 0.307 0.580 3.111 0.078 Male 88 52 (59.1) 36 (40.9) 29 (33.0) 59 (67.0) Female 15 10 (66.7) 5 (33.3) 1 (6.7) 14 (93.3) Age 0.713 0.398 3.921 0.048 ≤55 years 53 34 (64.2) 19 (35.8) 20 (37.7) 33 (62.3) >55 years 50 28 (56.0) 22 (44.0) 10 (20.0) 40 (80.0) AFP 3.974 0.046 3.874 0.049 ≤20 ng·mL-1 43 21 (48.8) 22 (51.2) 17 (39.5) 26 (60.5) >20 ng·mL-1 60 41 (68.3) 19 (31.7) 13 (21.7) 47 (78.3) HBsAg 1.605 0.205 0.019 0.891 Positive 95 55 (57.9) 40 (42.1) 27 (28.4) 68 (71.6) Negative 8 7 (87.5) 1 (12.5) 3 (37.5) 5 (62.5) Maximum tumor diameter 0.015 0.904 2.795 0.095 ≤5 cm 52 31 (59.6) 21 (40.4) 19 (36.5) 33 (63.5) >5 cm 51 31 (60.8) 20 (39.2) 11 (21.6) 40 (78.4) Liver cirrhosis 1.499 0.221 0.828 0.363 Yes 92 53 (57.6) 39 (42.4) 25 (27.2) 67 (72.8) No 11 9 (81.8) 2 (18.2) 5 (45.5) 6 (54.5) Differentiation 2.326 0.127 8.807 0.003 Moderately to well 80 45 (56.3) 35 (43.8) 29 (36.3) 51 (63.8) Poorly 23 17 (73.9) 6 (26.1) 1 (4.3) 22 (95.7) TNM staging 8.336 0.006 0.019 0.890 Ⅰ-Ⅱ 85 46 (54.1) 39 (45.9) 25 (29.4) 60 (70.6) Ⅲ-Ⅳ 18 16 (88.9) 2 (11.1) 5 (27.8) 13 (72.2) HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; MYCT1: Myc target 1; AFP: α-fetoprotein; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen. 2.2.3 MYCT1亚细胞定位与HCC患者预后的关系
对103例HCC患者进行了系统性随访,最终92例患者完成随访(失访率10.7%,11/103),其中生存组44例,死亡组48例。Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,HCC组织中MYCT1细胞质高表达患者的总生存期优于低表达者(P=0.035,图 5A);MYCT1细胞核阴性患者较阳性患者表现出生存优势,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,图 5B)。上述结果提示HCC组织中细胞质MYCT1有潜力成为预测HCC预后的标志物。
图 5 MYCT1亚细胞定位对HCC患者总生存期的影响(Kaplan-Meier生存分析)Fig. 5 Impact of MYCT1 subcellular localization on overall survival period of HCC patients (Kaplan-Meier survival analysis)A: The association between the expression level of MYCT1 in the cytoplasm and the prognosis of patients; B: The association between the expression level of MYCT1 in the cell nucleus and the prognosis of patients. HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; MYCT1: Myc target 1; HR: Hazard ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.2.2.4 HCC患者预后影响因素分析
以患者生存状态为因变量,年龄、性别、肝硬化、HBsAg、肿瘤最大径、肿瘤分化程度、TNM分期、HCC组织中MYCT1细胞质表达状态、AFP为自变量进行Cox回归分析。单因素Cox回归分析结果表明,AFP水平、TNM分期及HCC组织中MYCT1细胞质表达状态均与HCC患者的预后相关(均P<0.05)。进一步构建多因素Cox回归模型,分析结果表明,HCC组织中MYCT1细胞质低表达、AFP>20 ng/mL是影响HCC患者总生存期的独立危险因素(均P<0.05)。见表 2。
表 2 HCC患者预后影响因素的Cox回归分析结果Table 2 Cox regression analysis of prognostic factors in HCC patientsVariable Univariable analysis Multivariable analysis HR (95%CI) P value HR (95%CI) P value Age (>55 years vs ≤55 years) 0.90 (0.52, 1.57) 0.718 1.29 (0.66, 2.52) 0.448 Gender (male vs female) 1.11 (0.52, 2.38) 0.792 1.06 (0.47, 2.41) 0.889 Liver cirrhosis (yes vs no) 1.02 (0.45, 2.30) 0.959 1.20 (0.44, 3.24) 0.723 HBsAg (negative vs positive) 0.90 (0.32, 2.50) 0.836 0.66 (0.18, 2.44) 0.533 Maximum tumor diameter (>5 cm vs ≤5 cm) 1.27 (0.72, 2.21) 0.407 1.29 (0.66, 2.51) 0.461 Differentiation (poorly vs moderately to well) 0.93 (0.48, 1.80) 0.841 1.46 (0.72, 3.02) 0.310 TNM staging (Ⅲ-Ⅳ vs Ⅰ-Ⅱ) 2.86 (1.34, 6.11) 0.007 2.12 (0.97, 4.64) 0.060 MYCT1 expression in cytoplasm (high vs low) 0.40 (0.20, 0.78) 0.007 0.40 (0.19, 0.85) 0.017 AFP (>20 ng/mL vs ≤20 ng/mL) 2.24 (1.22, 4.13) 0.009 2.17 (1.09, 4.33) 0.027 HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen; MYCT1: Myc target 1; AFP: α-fetoprotein; HR: Hazard ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval. 3 讨论
HCC是全球常见恶性肿瘤之一[11],多数患者初诊时已处于中晚期,中位生存期短,迫切需要新的生物标志物和治疗靶点。多项研究表明MYCT1在HCC中有潜在抑癌作用[12-14]。Pu等[13]发现当MYCT1表达被抑制时,miRNA-632对HCC细胞生物学行为的调控作用减弱。Xu等[14]发现敲低MYCT1可部分抵消miRNA-34a-5p对HCC细胞恶性行为的抑制作用。本研究基于数据库分析发现,MYCT1在HCC组织中表达下调,且MYCT1的表达水平与肿瘤分期相关,其高表达预示着患者有较好的预后。
MYCT1作为缺乏信号肽的非分泌蛋白[15],其亚细胞定位呈现显著的组织特异性。研究发现MYCT1含有核定位信号结构域[3],提示其可能通过核质转运机制调控功能。在不同组织中,MYCT1呈现出差异性的细胞定位模式,如在喉癌中定位于细胞膜、内质网和高尔基体[15],在血管平滑肌细胞中表现为明显的核定位[16],而在内皮细胞中则表现为跨膜蛋白特性[17]。Wu等[18]指出,MYCT1蛋白以颗粒状形态存在于宫颈癌细胞的细胞质囊泡复合物中。值得注意的是,A88D突变改变了MYCT1蛋白的分布,提示其异常定位与肿瘤发生存在潜在关联[18]。
本研究通过免疫组织化学染色发现HCC中MYCT1呈现特征性核质分布改变,提示肝脏组织可能存在独特的MYCT1定位调控机制。进一步的分析显示,MYCT1在癌旁非肿瘤组织中主要定位于细胞质,而在HCC组织中核定位比例显著增加。既往研究表明,表皮生长因子受体-STAT3通路的核转位在肿瘤发生中具有促进作用[19];由于MYCT1是c-Myc的靶基因[20],我们提出以下正反馈环路假说:在HCC中,异常激活的c-Myc驱动MYCT1转录表达并促进其核转位;细胞核内的MYCT1可能作为转录共激活因子进一步增强c-Myc的转录活性或其下游靶基因的表达,从而放大c-Myc的促癌信号;同时,MYCT1的核定位也可能导致其在细胞质中潜在的抑癌功能丧失。此外,本研究分析了MYCT1与HCC临床病理因素的关系,结果显示细胞质中MYCT1表达水平与AFP水平及TNM分期相关,细胞核中MYCT1表达水平与患者年龄、AFP水平及肿瘤分化程度相关,提示其亚细胞定位具有差异性的生物学功能。生存分析显示,HCC组织中MYCT1细胞质高表达患者的总生存期长于低表达患者。单因素和多因素Cox回归分析证实,HCC组织中MYCT1细胞质表达水平是独立预后因素。这些结果表明,HCC组织MYCT1的细胞质表达可能是HCC预后评估的潜在分子标志物。
本研究结果显示,MYCT1在HCC中可能发挥抑癌作用。HCC组织中MYCT1蛋白表达下调且其核质分布存在异常,尤其是细胞质MYCT1低表达是HCC患者不良预后的独立危险因素。这些结果为深入理解HCC发病机制提供了新的分子视角,并为开发基于MYCT1的诊疗策略奠定了理论基础。
-
图 1 基于数据库分析HCC组织中MYCT1的表达
Fig. 1 Expression of MYCT1 in HCC tissue based on databases
A: MYCT1 expression in The Cancer Genome Atlas database based on UALCAN; B: MYCT1 expression in GSCA database. **P < 0.01. HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; MYCT1: Myc target 1; RSEM: RNA-Seq by expectation maximization; GSCA: Gene Set Cancer Analysis.
图 2 基于数据库分析MYCT1表达与HCC临床分期的关系
Fig. 2 Correlation between MYCT1 expression and clinical stages of HCC based on databases
A: MYCT1 expression in The Cancer Genome Atlas database based on UALCAN; B: MYCT1 expression in GSCA database. *P < 0.05. MYCT1: Myc target 1; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; RSEM: RNA-Seq by expectation maximization; GSCA: Gene Set Cancer Analysis.
图 3 基于数据库分析MYCT1表达与HCC患者预后的关系
Fig. 3 Correlation between expression of MYCT1 and prognosis of HCC patients based on databases
A: Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of HCC patients with low/medium or high MYCT1 expression based on UALCAN; B: Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of HCC patients with low or high MYCT1 expression based on GSCA database. MYCT1: Myc target 1; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; GSCA: Gene Set Cancer Analysis.
图 4 MYCT1在HCC组织中的免疫组织化学表达特征
Fig. 4 Immunohistochemical expression characteristics of MYCT1 in HCC tissue
A: Adjacent non-tumor tissue showing strong cytoplasmic MYCT1 positivity with weak nuclear MYCT1 staining. B: HCC tissue demonstrating intense nuclear MYCT1 positivity with attenuated cytoplasmic MYCT1 expression. C, D: The expression patterns of the matched HCC tissue (C) and adjacent non-tumor tissue (D) in the same case; the HCC tissue showed predominant nuclear MYCT1 expression (blue arrow), while the adjacent non-tumor tissue showed strong cytoplasmic MYCT1 expression (red arrow). MYCT1: Myc target 1; HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma.
图 5 MYCT1亚细胞定位对HCC患者总生存期的影响(Kaplan-Meier生存分析)
Fig. 5 Impact of MYCT1 subcellular localization on overall survival period of HCC patients (Kaplan-Meier survival analysis)
A: The association between the expression level of MYCT1 in the cytoplasm and the prognosis of patients; B: The association between the expression level of MYCT1 in the cell nucleus and the prognosis of patients. HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; MYCT1: Myc target 1; HR: Hazard ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.
表 1 HCC中MYCT1亚细胞定位与临床病理特征的关系
Table 1 Relationship between MYCT1 subcellular localization and clinicopathological characteristics in HCC tissue
n (%) Characteristic N Cytoplasmic expression of MYCT1 Nuclear expression of MYCT1 Low expression High expression χ2 value P value Negative Positive χ2 value P value Gender 0.307 0.580 3.111 0.078 Male 88 52 (59.1) 36 (40.9) 29 (33.0) 59 (67.0) Female 15 10 (66.7) 5 (33.3) 1 (6.7) 14 (93.3) Age 0.713 0.398 3.921 0.048 ≤55 years 53 34 (64.2) 19 (35.8) 20 (37.7) 33 (62.3) >55 years 50 28 (56.0) 22 (44.0) 10 (20.0) 40 (80.0) AFP 3.974 0.046 3.874 0.049 ≤20 ng·mL-1 43 21 (48.8) 22 (51.2) 17 (39.5) 26 (60.5) >20 ng·mL-1 60 41 (68.3) 19 (31.7) 13 (21.7) 47 (78.3) HBsAg 1.605 0.205 0.019 0.891 Positive 95 55 (57.9) 40 (42.1) 27 (28.4) 68 (71.6) Negative 8 7 (87.5) 1 (12.5) 3 (37.5) 5 (62.5) Maximum tumor diameter 0.015 0.904 2.795 0.095 ≤5 cm 52 31 (59.6) 21 (40.4) 19 (36.5) 33 (63.5) >5 cm 51 31 (60.8) 20 (39.2) 11 (21.6) 40 (78.4) Liver cirrhosis 1.499 0.221 0.828 0.363 Yes 92 53 (57.6) 39 (42.4) 25 (27.2) 67 (72.8) No 11 9 (81.8) 2 (18.2) 5 (45.5) 6 (54.5) Differentiation 2.326 0.127 8.807 0.003 Moderately to well 80 45 (56.3) 35 (43.8) 29 (36.3) 51 (63.8) Poorly 23 17 (73.9) 6 (26.1) 1 (4.3) 22 (95.7) TNM staging 8.336 0.006 0.019 0.890 Ⅰ-Ⅱ 85 46 (54.1) 39 (45.9) 25 (29.4) 60 (70.6) Ⅲ-Ⅳ 18 16 (88.9) 2 (11.1) 5 (27.8) 13 (72.2) HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; MYCT1: Myc target 1; AFP: α-fetoprotein; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen. 表 2 HCC患者预后影响因素的Cox回归分析结果
Table 2 Cox regression analysis of prognostic factors in HCC patients
Variable Univariable analysis Multivariable analysis HR (95%CI) P value HR (95%CI) P value Age (>55 years vs ≤55 years) 0.90 (0.52, 1.57) 0.718 1.29 (0.66, 2.52) 0.448 Gender (male vs female) 1.11 (0.52, 2.38) 0.792 1.06 (0.47, 2.41) 0.889 Liver cirrhosis (yes vs no) 1.02 (0.45, 2.30) 0.959 1.20 (0.44, 3.24) 0.723 HBsAg (negative vs positive) 0.90 (0.32, 2.50) 0.836 0.66 (0.18, 2.44) 0.533 Maximum tumor diameter (>5 cm vs ≤5 cm) 1.27 (0.72, 2.21) 0.407 1.29 (0.66, 2.51) 0.461 Differentiation (poorly vs moderately to well) 0.93 (0.48, 1.80) 0.841 1.46 (0.72, 3.02) 0.310 TNM staging (Ⅲ-Ⅳ vs Ⅰ-Ⅱ) 2.86 (1.34, 6.11) 0.007 2.12 (0.97, 4.64) 0.060 MYCT1 expression in cytoplasm (high vs low) 0.40 (0.20, 0.78) 0.007 0.40 (0.19, 0.85) 0.017 AFP (>20 ng/mL vs ≤20 ng/mL) 2.24 (1.22, 4.13) 0.009 2.17 (1.09, 4.33) 0.027 HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen; MYCT1: Myc target 1; AFP: α-fetoprotein; HR: Hazard ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval. -
[1] VOGEL A, CHAN S L, DAWSON L A, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up[J]. Ann Oncol, 2025, 36(5): 491-506. DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2025.02.006. [2] CAI Y, WANG W, JIAO Q, et al. Nanotechnology for the diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer[J]. Int J Nanomedicine, 2024, 19: 13805-13821. DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S490661. [3] 邱广斌, 邱广蓉, 徐振明, 等. 6q25区域内一个新基因MTLC的克隆及特性分析[J]. 中华医学遗传学杂志, 2003, 20(2): 94-97. DOI: 10.3760/j.issn:1003-9406.2003.02.002. [4] YUE P J, SUN Y Y, LI Y H, et al. MYCT1 inhibits the EMT and migration of laryngeal cancer cells via the SP1/miR-629-3p/ESRP2 pathway[J]. Cell Signal, 2020, 74: 109709. DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109709. [5] 梁雪亭, 冯博. C/EBPβ通过调控MYCT1表达影响肝癌细胞迁移[J]. 中国医科大学学报, 2020, 49(5): 437-441. DOI: 10.12007/j.issn.0258-4646.2020.05.012. [6] DING Y, BIAN T T, LI Q Y, et al. A new risk model for CSTA, FAM83A, and MYCT1 predicts poor prognosis and is related to immune infiltration in lung squamous cell carcinoma[J]. Am J Transl Res, 2022, 14(11): 7705-7725. [7] YANG X, SHEN X, LIU Z, et al. TBX21 inhibits colorectal cancer metastasis through ARHGAP29/GSK3β inhibitory signaling-and MYCT1/ZO-1 signaling-dependent manner[J]. Int J Biol Sci, 2025, 21(1): 328-345. DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.97920. [8] 符爽, 孙开来, 富伟能. MYCT1-TV对肝癌细胞增殖、凋亡和侵袭能力的影响[J]. 解剖科学进展, 2014, 20(3): 253-256, 261. DOI: 10.16695/j.cnki.1006-2947.2014.03.023. [9] LIANG Y, WEI X, YUE P J, et al. MYCT1 inhibits hematopoiesis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by suppressing RUNX1 transcription[J]. Cell Mol Biol Lett, 2024, 29(1): 5. DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00522-0. [10] LI X, FAN Q L, MA T K, et al. MYCT1 attenuates renal fibrosis and tubular injury in diabetic kidney disease[J]. iScience, 2023, 26(9): 107609. DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107609. [11] JIANG Z, ZENG G, DAI H, et al. Global, regional and national burden of liver cancer 1990-2021: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021[J]. BMC Public Health, 2025, 25(1): 931. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-025-22026-6. [12] 范浙才, 杨钊. 肝细胞癌的血液检测指标研究进展[J]. 海军军医大学学报, 2023, 44(1): 80-90. DOI: 10.16781/j.CN31-2187/R.20210661. FAN Z C, YANG Z. Blood test indicators for hepatocellular carcinoma: research progress[J]. Acad J Naval Med Univ, 2023, 44(1): 80-90. DOI: 10.16781/j.CN31-2187/R.20210661. [13] PU J, WANG J, XU Z, et al. miR-632 functions as oncogene in hepatocellular carcinoma via targeting MYCT1[J]. Hum Gene Ther Clin Dev, 2019, 30(2): 67-73. DOI: 10.1089/humc.2019.040. [14] XU X P, PENG X Q, YIN X M, et al. miR-34a-5p suppresses the invasion and metastasis of liver cancer by targeting the transcription factor YY1 to mediate MYCT1 upregulation[J]. Acta Histochem, 2020, 122(6): 151576. DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151576. [15] ZHANG W D, CHEN H X, WANG Y X, et al. Bioinformatic analysis of c-Myc target from laryngeal cancer cell gene of laryngeal cancer[J]. J Cancer Res Ther, 2016, 12(1): 58-61. DOI: 10.4103/0973-1482.146083. [16] YAN F, WANG J, WU X, et al. Nitrosative stress induces downregulation of ribosomal protein genes via MYCT1 in vascular smooth muscle cells[J]. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2021, 25(18): 5653-5663. DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202109_26784. [17] KABIR A U, SUBRAMANIAN M, LEE D H, et al. Dual role of endothelial Myct1 in tumor angiogenesis and tumor immunity[J]. Sci Transl Med, 2021, 13(583): eabb6731. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb6731. [18] WU S, GUI J, YIN X, et al. Transmembrane domain is crucial to the subcellular localization and function of Myc target 1[J]. J Cell Mol Med, 2016, 20(3): 471-481. DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12747. [19] LU X, AN L, FAN G, et al. EGFR signaling promotes nuclear translocation of plasma membrane protein TSPAN8 to enhance tumor progression via STAT3-mediated transcription[J]. Cell Res, 2022, 32(4): 359-374. DOI: 10.1038/s41422-022-00628-8. [20] 张晶, 刘晓红. MYCT1在恶性肿瘤中的作用与调控机制研究进展[J]. 医学综述, 2021, 27(11): 2140-2144. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2021.11.011.
下载: