贝伐珠单抗治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的研究进展

尹鲁刚 谭雨豪 刘建民 左乔

引用本文: 尹鲁刚,谭雨豪,刘建民,等.贝伐珠单抗治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的研究进展[J]. 海军军医大学学报,2025,46 (12):1532-1537. DOI: 10.16781/j.CN31-2187/R.20250168.
Citation: YIN L, YAN Y, LIU J, et al. Bevacizumab for chronic subdural hematoma: research progress[J]. Acad J Naval Med Univ, 2025, 46(12): 1532-1537. DOI: 10.16781/j.CN31-2187/R.20250168.

贝伐珠单抗治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的研究进展

doi: 10.16781/j.CN31-2187/R.20250168
基金项目: 

上海市自然科学基金 25ZR1401398;

海市“医苑新星”青年医学人才培养资助计划 2023-62;

海军军医大学第一附属医院“长风”人才培养计划 .

详细信息

Bevacizumab for chronic subdural hematoma: research progress

Funds: 

Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai 25ZR1401398;

Shanghai Youth Medical Talent Training Support Project for New Stars in Medical Circle 2023-62;

"Changfeng" Talent Program of The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University .

  • 摘要: 慢性硬膜下血肿(CSDH)是神经外科常见疾病,其形成与炎症、血管新生密切相关。血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在其形成和发展过程中起关键作用。贝伐珠单抗(BCZ)作为抗VEGF单克隆抗体,可通过抑制VEGF活性减少病理性血管生成,进而发挥治疗CSDH的作用。本文围绕CSDH的形成机制及BCZ治疗CSDH的动物实验、临床试验研究进展进行综述,总结了当前药物治疗CSDH的现状及BCZ经不同给药途径的药代动力学特征,提出了血管内使用BCZ治疗CSDH的长远获益,以期为CSDH的治疗提供新的探索方向。

     

    Abstract: Chronic subdural hematoma(CSDH), a common neurosurgical condition, is closely associated with inflammation and angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) plays a pivotal role in its development and progression. Bevacizumab(BCZ), an anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody, exerts therapeutic effects on CSDH by inhibiting VEGF activity and suppressing pathological angiogenesis. This article reviews the mechanisms underlying CSDH formation and recent advances in animal experiments and clinical trials of BCZ for CSDH treatment, summarizes the current state of drug treatment of CSDH and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of BCZ through different routes of administration, and highlights the long-term benefits of intravascular use of BCZ in the treatment of CSDH, aiming to improve clinical management.

     

  • 慢性硬膜下血肿(chronic subdural hematoma,CSDH)是指发生在硬脑膜下腔的一种慢性出血性神经系统疾病,通常因轻微头部创伤导致硬脑膜病理性损伤引起血液或脑脊液渗漏并积聚于硬脑膜下而形成。该病可发生在任何年龄,在老年人群体中更为常见。随着人口老龄化加剧和因心脑血管疾病服用抗血小板药物及抗凝药物患者的增多,CSDH发病率逐年上升,目前已成为神经外科最常见的疾病之一[1-2]。多项研究表明,血肿的形成伴随着纤维蛋白的溶解,血肿分解产物引发炎症反应,炎症细胞刺激硬脑膜边界细胞层细胞增殖形成血肿外膜,同时血肿外膜产生血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)诱导血肿外膜新生血管形成[3-5]。新生血管形成、炎症反应和纤维蛋白溶解导致血液不断渗出,是血肿进展和复发的主要原因[6-9]

    对于临床症状明显、体积较大的血肿,外科钻孔引流能快速清除血肿占位效应,常作为首选治疗方案[10-12]。但因CSDH中高龄患者和服用抗栓药物的患者比例较高,术后复发或再手术率较高(2%~37%)[11]。随着神经介入的发展,不断有学者尝试通过脑膜中动脉栓塞(middle meningeal artery embolization,MMAE)治疗CSDH。近两年发表在《新英格兰医学杂志》的Magic-MT、STEM、EMBOLISE三大研究均证实MMAE治疗非急性硬膜下血肿可使患者明显获益[13-16]。特别是Magic-MT作为全球同期最大样本量(722例患者)的随机对照试验,证实了辅助性MMAE结合传统治疗相较于单纯传统治疗能够更显著地降低无需钻孔的症状性非急性硬膜下血肿的进展率。此外,多项临床研究表明,CSDH的血肿液中VEGF浓度高于血清VEGF浓度,且VEGF在血肿外膜新生血管的生长和形成过程中起着重要作用[8, 17-19]。使用抑制血管生成的抗VEGF单克隆抗体贝伐珠单抗(bevacizumab,BCZ)治疗CSDH,在疾病的缓解和预防复发方面表现出了良好的效果,为药物治疗CSDH提供了新的探索方向[20]。基于此,本文对BCZ治疗CSDH的最新进展进行综述。

    CSDH的具体发病机制目前没有定论,当下学术界认为炎症和血管新生是CSDH进展最主要的病理机制之一[8]。这一观点最初由Virchow[21]在1857年提出,并将“硬膜下血肿”命名为“pachymeningitis haemorrhagica interna”(内出血性硬脑膜炎)。Virchow认为该病是由细菌感染引起硬脑膜慢性炎症反应,进而导致纤维蛋白沉积和新的毛细血管形成。随后研究表明,硬脑膜边界细胞损伤引起血液进入硬膜下腔,触发局部炎症反应,进而促进成纤维细胞增殖和胶原沉积,形成血肿的内膜和外膜[22]。同时炎症反应促进了炎症介质过量产生,包括VEGF、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、基质金属蛋白酶等[3, 23-25]。这些在CSDH血肿液中增多的炎症介质促进血肿包膜的形成和新生血管结构的异常化,增强新生血管通透性,引起血浆内容物及纤维蛋白降解产物漏出,使血肿进一步增大[8, 26-28]

    VEGF是最重要的促血管生成因子,参与增强微血管通透性[29]。大量研究表明,CSDH血肿液中的VEGF及其受体浓度明显高于外周血和脑脊液[5, 19, 30-31]。学者们一直在探索血肿液中VEGF升高的原因和作用机制,认为VEGF可能由CSDH血肿液内的中性粒细胞、浸润的巨噬细胞或CSDH膜内的血管内皮细胞产生[7, 19, 30],其介导的下游通路包括MAPK通路和PI3K-Akt通路[32-34]。当前,针对VEGF介导相关通路的作用机制也有了初步的研究。MAPK亚家族分子存在于CSDH外膜内皮细胞和成纤维细胞中,对破坏内皮细胞缝隙连接和调控血管生成发挥重要作用。PI3K-Akt通路通过影响一氧化氮合酶合成途径调控内皮细胞存活,并与IL-6一起激活Ras-MAPK-ERK通路。该通路参与TGF-β的形成,影响相关通路上游的内皮细胞增殖,这对新生血管的形成和重塑至关重要[35]。因此,过量的VEGF通过诱导血管新生或血管通透性增加导致血肿持续渗血,最终引起CSDH进展。

    以VEGF作为药物靶点,通过降低CSDH血肿液中VEGF浓度和抑制VEGF相关通路,或许能够减少血肿包膜中新生血管数量,改善新生血管通透性,从而达到降低甚至阻断血肿液来源的目的,最终实现改善CSDH的治疗效果并降低远期复发率的目标。

    抗VEGF疗法是通过靶向结合血管生成过程中的关键蛋白质VEGF来抑制VEGF的活性,进而减少病理性血管生成。这一疗法已显著改变了医学领域多个重大疾病的临床实践[36]。在VEGF家族中,VEGF-A是已知作用最强的促血管生成因子,其主要作用是促进血管生成、内皮细胞增殖和存活并增加微血管通透性[37]

    BCZ是美国FDA批准的首个血管生成抑制剂,是一种针对VEGF-A的人源化单克隆抗体。该抗体保持了对VEGF-A的高特异性和亲和力,且免疫原性较低,其通过与VEGF-A结合抑制VEGF相关受体的作用[38]。研究表明,BCZ可抑制新生血管生长,导致现有微血管退化且能使成熟的血管保持正常化。在低剂量使用时,BCZ可以降低血管通透性,修复血脑屏障,减少新生血管数量和血肿液体积[39-41]

    一项在大鼠中开展的临床前研究评估了腹腔注射BCZ治疗CSDH大鼠的疗效,并与对照组、假手术组及地塞米松-阿托伐他汀联合治疗组进行对比。在95只大鼠中,18只接受了BCZ治疗,并分别在接受治疗后第7天、第14天和第21天解剖大鼠观察结果。BCZ治疗组大鼠的免疫反应在第14天达到峰值,在减少血肿体积方面BCZ与地塞米松-阿托伐他汀联合治疗组效果相似[42]

    持续的炎症反应和外膜中VEGF高表达是CSDH术后复发的原因[35]。动脉使用BCZ治疗CSDH是一种令人期待的替代治疗方案,可以最大限度地减少新生血管和脆弱血管的数量,减轻硬脑膜下腔炎症,促进血肿吸收。最早关于BCZ治疗CSDH的临床病例报告发表于2016年,研究者报道了1例复发性多形性胶质母细胞瘤合并CSDH患者,静脉使用BCZ和倍他米松治疗后临床症状明显改善,治疗后第6天MRI检查发现血肿几乎全部吸收。2023年,Khalife等[43]报道了第一例经脑膜中动脉(middle meningeal artery,MMA)给药治疗CSDH的病例,患者为72岁头痛伴癫痫发作的CSDH男性,经股动脉入路在患侧MMA内注射200 mg(2 mg/kg)BCZ治疗,出院后6个月影像学复查显示血肿几乎完全消退,出院后1年复查头颅CT未见血肿复发。随后Khalife等[20]进行了第一项关于BCZ通过MMA给药治疗CSDH的前瞻性病例系列研究。该研究纳入8例患者共12个CSDH(4例患者为单侧血肿,4例为双侧血肿),通过血肿侧MMA给予2 mg/kg剂量的BCZ灌注治疗。主要观察指标是3个月内血肿复发率或需要外科干预的比例,次要观察指标是3个月内血肿的完全吸收情况。结果显示,研究期间所有患者未出现并发症或CSDH复发,所有患者在3个月随访期内均无需额外的外科干预。在12个接受治疗的血肿中,4个在影像学上完全吸收,所有接受治疗的血肿在3个月内体积均减少至少50%。在安全性方面,研究期间未出现严重的脑卒中或死亡。

    当前,药物治疗CSDH面临诸多挑战。两项meta分析显示,使用地塞米松-阿托伐他汀联合治疗是治疗CSDH效果最好的药物疗法[44-45]。但因为阿托伐他汀通过血脑屏障的能力较差,单独使用阿托伐他汀时效果较弱且起效时间较长[44, 46-48]。阿托伐他汀的治疗效果可通过地塞米松协同增强,但有研究观察到地塞米松的使用与安慰剂组相比会增加患者的死亡风险[45, 49]。BCZ由于其抗VEGF作用,可有效地抑制微血管生长和血管生成,已显示出超越传统单克隆抗体用途的巨大潜力。目前,BCZ对转移性结肠癌、宫颈癌、多形性胶质母细胞瘤及年龄相关的视网膜黄斑病变等表现出良好的疗效。有关BCZ治疗CSDH的几项动物实验和早期临床研究初步表明,BCZ治疗CSDH是一种安全、有效、风险小的疗法[20, 43, 50]。但BCZ的药代动力学特征因给药方式不同而存在差异,有关BCZ不同给药途径引发的安全及疗效差异问题是值得探索的方向。

    当BCZ通过静脉输注给药时,其药代动力学特征是一个一级动力学消除的双室模型,清除率较低。在实体肿瘤中,采用静脉输注BCZ的治疗效果较好[51]。但对于标准放化疗后复发的多形性胶质母细胞瘤,采用静脉注射BCZ治疗时会出现肠穿孔、肺栓塞、手术部位出血和伤口裂开/感染等并发症[52]

    经动脉输注BCZ在肿瘤学领域得到了广泛的应用。通过PET-CT已证实,BCZ经动脉给药后细胞摄取量比静脉给药高出近50倍[53]。血流阻断作为一种促进药物沉积、延长药物与内皮细胞接触时间以及避免药物非靶向性结合血浆蛋白的方法,已得到广泛研究。可以通过使用腺苷等药物来实现全身性血流阻断,达到暂时性的心脏停搏或持续1~3 min的短暂性脑低灌注,该疗法已在高流量动静脉畸形的血管内栓塞中被证明有效[54]。另外有研究者尝试使用血管内球囊装置阻断血流以产生局部短暂的充血,从而延长BCZ对肿瘤VEGF靶点的作用时间[55]。这些动脉内给药的案例给研究者们提供了更多动脉内使用BCZ以提升CSDH疗效的探索方向。

    BCZ作为一种用于治疗CSDH的血管内药物,避免了局部麻醉状态下栓塞手术过程中严重的疼痛反应,以及由于血管变异或危险吻合而导致的栓塞术后视力丧失、面瘫等并发症,同时也避免了栓塞手术过程中栓塞剂意外迁移导致的新发缺血风险,但目前尚不清楚是否存在与MMA闭塞有关的远期不良结果。动脉内使用BCZ治疗CSDH可以完整地保留MMA,以备将来可能的外科干预。NCT06510582是一项正在进行的关于经动脉途径使用BCZ治疗CSDH的Ⅰ/Ⅱ非随机开放标签临床试验,旨在评估这种治疗方法的安全性和有效性。期待未来能有更多的大规模临床试验进一步评估不同给药途径、给药剂量的BCZ治疗CSDH的效果,以确定其是否是药物治疗CSDH的“新希望”。

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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2025-03-19
  • 接受日期:  2025-08-25

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