机器人辅助腹腔镜全子宫切除术后患者恢复及健康相关生活质量分析

李月明 叶际琴 肖兰兰 刘晓军 孙昊

引用本文: 李月明,叶际琴,肖兰兰,等. 机器人辅助腹腔镜全子宫切除术后患者恢复及健康相关生活质量分析[J]. 海军军医大学学报,2025,46(11):1426-1432. DOI: 10.16781/j.CN31-2187/R.20250461.
Citation: LI Y, YE J, XIAO L, et al. Postoperative recovery and health-related quality of life in patients undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic total hysterectomy[J]. Acad J Naval Med Univ, 2025, 46(11): 1426-1432. DOI: 10.16781/j.CN31-2187/R.20250461.

机器人辅助腹腔镜全子宫切除术后患者恢复及健康相关生活质量分析

doi: 10.16781/j.CN31-2187/R.20250461
基金项目: 

上海申康医院发展中心市级医院诊疗技术推广及优化管理项目 SHDC12024121.

详细信息

Postoperative recovery and health-related quality of life in patients undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic total hysterectomy

Funds: 

Municipal Hospital Diagnosis and Treatment Technology Promotion and Optimization Management Project of Shanghai Hospital Development Center SHDC12024121.

  • 摘要:  目的 评估接受机器人辅助腹腔镜、传统腹腔镜或开腹全子宫切除术患者术后恢复情况及健康相关生活质量。 方法 选取2022年5月至2024年5月在海军军医大学第二附属医院妇产科接受全子宫切除术的152例患者,根据手术方式将患者分为机器人辅助腹腔镜手术组(机器人手术组,44例)、传统腹腔镜手术组(腹腔镜手术组,62例)和开腹手术组(46例)。收集患者的一般资料、围手术期资料和出院后1个月内不适症状等,以及出院后1个月复诊时采用36条目简明健康调查表(SF-36)评估的健康相关生活质量。 结果 3组患者年龄、BMI、受教育程度、是否有工作、诊断良恶性等方面差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。在术后住院时间、首次下床活动时间、首次进食时间、24 h内疼痛水平等方面,机器人手术组均优于腹腔镜手术组和开腹手术组(均P<0.01),出院后1个月内泌尿系统不适和消化系统不适发生率低于腹腔镜手术组和开腹手术组、下腹部疼痛发生率低于开腹手术组(均P<0.01)。机器人手术组患者出院后1个月SF-36各维度得分均高于腹腔镜手术组和开腹手术组(均P<0.01)。 结论 与接受传统腹腔镜或开腹全子宫切除术的患者相比,接受机器人辅助腹腔镜全子宫切除术的患者术后恢复更快、健康相关生活质量更高。

     

    Abstract:  Objective To evaluate postoperative recovery and health-related quality of life in patients undergoing robotic, laparoscopic, or open total hysterectomy. Methods A total of 152 patients who underwent total hysterectomy at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University from May 2022 to May 2024 were enrolled and assigned to robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery group (robotic surgery group, 44 cases), traditional laparoscopic surgery group (laparoscopic surgery group, 62 cases), or open surgery group (46 cases) based on the surgical approach. General information, perioperative indexes, and discomfort symptoms 1 month after discharge were collected. Health-related quality of life was evaluated using 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36) at 1-month postoperative follow-up. Results There were no significant differences in age, body mass index, education level, work status, or diagnosis of benign or malignant diseases (all P > 0.05). The postoperative hospital stay, time of first ambulation, time of first oral intake, and 24-h pain score in the robotic surgery group were significantly lower than those in the laparoscopic and open surgery groups (all P < 0.01). The incidence of urinary system and digestive system discomfort within 1 month after discharge was significantly lower in the robotic surgery group than in the laparoscopic and open surgery groups, and the incidence of lower abdominal pain was significantly lower in the robotic surgery group than in the open surgery group (all P < 0.01). The scores of SF-36 in each dimension were significantly higher in the robotic surgery group than those in the laparoscopic and open surgery groups 1 month after discharge (all P < 0.01). Conclusion Compared with those undergoing traditional laparoscopic or open total hysterectomy, patients who underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic total hysterectomy demonstrate faster postoperative recovery and better health-related quality of life.

     

  • 妇科手术实现了从开腹手术到腹腔镜手术再到机器人辅助腹腔镜手术的跨越,技术的进步成为驱动妇科疾病外科治疗方式变革的关键因素[1]。机器人辅助腹腔镜妇科手术具有术中出血量少、住院时间短、整体并发症少等优势,患者术后也能更早恢复饮食和下地活动[2]。因此,越来越多的妇科疾病患者将机器人辅助腹腔镜手术作为首选的手术治疗方式[3]。目前与机器人妇科手术相关的研究多将其与腹腔镜手术和开腹手术进行比较,重点关注常见的围手术期指标,如手术时间、术中出血量、中转开腹率、术后疼痛、术后并发症发生率、住院时间等[4],鲜有关于接受这3种妇科手术方式的患者术后生活质量差异的报道。健康相关生活质量(health-related quality of life,HRQoL)是一种全面的综合评价指标体系,可全面评价个体生理、心理和社会生活等方面的健康状况,了解患者恢复期的整体状况对临床医生制定预防、治疗和随访策略非常重要[5]。本研究拟评估不同手术方式对全子宫切除术患者术后恢复及HRQoL的影响,以期为术后综合管理提供依据。

    选取2022年5月至2024年5月在海军军医大学第二附属医院妇产科行全子宫切除术的患者152例。纳入标准:(1)年龄18~65岁;(2)接受机器人辅助、腹腔镜或开腹全子宫切除术;(3)术前未接受放化疗,且术后6个月内无追加放化疗计划;(4)患者自愿参加本研究且可独立完成调查。排除标准:(1)合并心、脑、肾等器质性病变;(2)有严重精神疾病。本研究方案获得海军军医大学第二附属医院伦理委员会审查批准(批准号2022-09-A-21),所有患者均签署知情同意书。

    采用参与者描述信息表收集患者的一般资料、围手术期资料和出院后1个月内不适症状等,出院后1个月复诊时采用36条目简明健康调查表(36-item short-form health survey,SF-36)评估患者的HRQoL。

    1.2.1   参与者描述信息表

    回顾相关文献[6-10]后设计参与者描述信息表。一般资料包括年龄、BMI、受教育程度、是否有工作、最终诊断结果等,围手术期资料包括术后住院时间、术后首次下床活动时间、术后首次进食时间和术后24 h疼痛视觉模拟量表(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分等,出院后1个月内不适症状包括阴道出血/排液、切口疼痛和下腹部疼痛等。

    1.2.2   SF-36

    SF-36是美国波士顿健康研究所在医疗结果研究调查表的基础上开发的通用性简明健康调查问卷[11],包括身体功能、身体职能、躯体疼痛、总体健康、活力、社会功能、情感职能和精神健康8个维度,共计36个条目;其中身体功能、身体职能、躯体疼痛、总体健康反映受试者的生理健康,活力、社会功能、情感职能和精神健康反映受试者的心理健康。中文版SF-36[12]由浙江大学医学院社会医学教研室翻译。统计各条目计分,然后计算标准分:标准分=(原始分数-理论最低得分)/(理论最高得分-理论最低得分)×100。分值越高提示生活质量越好。

    应用SPSS 26.0软件进行数据分析。计数资料以例数和百分数表示,组间比较采用χ2检验,多重比较采用Bonferroni法校正。计量资料经单样本Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验均符合正态分布,以x±s表示。3种术式患者间计量资料的比较采用单因素方差分析(方差齐)或Welch’s方差分析(方差不齐),多重比较采用Bonferroni法(方差齐)或Dunnett’s T3检验(方差不齐),效应量用均数差及其95%CI表示。HRQoL影响因素的单因素分析采用独立样本t检验或单因素方差分析,效应量用Cohen’s d(用于独立样本t检验,Cohen’s d≤0.2为小效应,>0.2~0.8为中效应,>0.8为大效应)和η2(用于单因素方差分析,η2≤0.04为小效应,0.05~0.64为中效应,>0.64为大效应)表示;多因素分析采用多元线性回归(手术方式以开腹手术为参照,创建2个哑变量纳入分析)。检验水准(α)为0.05。

    共纳入152例接受全子宫切除术的患者,其中44例接受机器人辅助腹腔镜手术(机器人手术组),62例接受传统腹腔镜手术(腹腔镜手术组),46例接受开腹手术(开腹手术组)。3组患者在年龄、BMI、受教育程度、是否有工作、诊断良恶性等方面的差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05),见表 1

    表  1  不同术式全子宫切除术患者一般资料比较
    Table  1  General data of patients undergoing different types of total hysterectomy
    Characteristic Robotic surgery N=44 Laparoscopic surgery N=62 Open surgery N=46 Statistic P value
    Age/year, x±s 52.4±9.0 50.7±8.1 51.5±8.0 F=0.529 0.590
    Body mass index/(kg·m-2), x±s 22.5±2.8 22.4±2.5 22.3±2.4 F=0.067 0.935
    Education level, n (%) χ2=1.277 0.528
      High school or below 25 (56.8) 40 (64.5) 25 (54.3)
      University or above 19 (43.2) 22 (35.5) 21 (45.7)
    Work status, n (%) χ2=1.269 0.530
      Working 28 (63.6) 33 (53.2) 25 (54.3)
      Unemployed 16 (36.4) 29 (46.8) 21 (45.7)
    Diagnosis, n (%) χ2=0.497 0.780
      Benign 25 (56.8) 39 (62.9) 29 (63.0)
      Malignant 19 (43.2) 23 (37.1) 17 (37.0)

    机器人手术组、腹腔镜手术组、开腹手术组患者在术后住院时间、首次下床活动时间、首次进食时间、24 h内疼痛程度等方面的差异均有统计学意义(F=56.0、91.4、268.7、159.5,均P<0.001),其中机器人手术组的表现均优于腹腔镜手术组和开腹手术组(均P<0.01),腹腔镜手术组的表现优于开腹手术组(均P<0.01)。见表 2

    表  2  不同术式全子宫切除术患者围手术期资料比较
    Table  2  Perioperative indexes of patients undergoing different types of total hysterectomy
    Index Measured value, x±s Effect size, MD (95%CI)
    Robotic surgery n=44 Laparoscopic surgery n=62 Open surgery n=46 Robotic surgery vs laparoscopic surgery Robotic surgery vs open surgery Laparoscopic surgery vs open surgery
    Hospital stay/d 2.5±0.5**△△ 3.2±0.6** 3.8±0.6 -0.7 (-0.9, -0.5) -1.3 (-1.5, -1.1) -0.6 (-0.8, -0.4)
    Time of first ambulation/h 14.5±3.5**△△ 30.7±7.2** 47.2±7.2 -16.2 (-18.4, -14.0) -32.7 (-35.0, -30.4) -16.5 (-18.8, -14.2)
    Time of first oral intake/h 16.1±4.0**△△ 28.1±5.6** 42.5±6.3 -12.0 (-13.8, -10.2) -26.4 (-28.3, -24.5) -14.4 (-16.3, -12.5)
    VAS score within 24 h 1.3±0.4**△△ 1.6±0.7** 3.2±0.5 -0.3 (-0.5, -0.1) -1.9 (-2.1, -1.7) -1.6 (-1.8, -1.4)
    **P<0.01 vs open surgery group; △△P<0.01 vs laparoscopic group. VAS: Visual analogue scale; MD: Mean difference; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.

    下腹部疼痛、泌尿系统不适和消化系统不适是全子宫切除术后最常见的不适症状,机器人手术组、腹腔镜手术组、开腹手术组患者上述不适症状的发生率差异有统计学意义(χ2=27.850、7.877、11.453,P<0.001、P=0.019、P=0.003),其中机器人手术组泌尿系统不适和消化系统不适发生率均低于腹腔镜手术组和开腹手术组,下腹部疼痛发生率低于开腹手术组(均P<0.01)。此外,3组间切口疼痛发生率差异也有统计学意义(χ2=14.768,P<0.001),机器人手术组和腹腔镜手术组切口疼痛发生率均低于开腹手术组(均P<0.01)。见表 3

    表  3  不同术式全子宫切除术患者出院后1个月内不适症状发生率比较
    Table  3  Incidence of discomfort symptoms within 1 month after discharge in patients undergoing different types of total hysterectomy n (%)
    Symptom Robotic surgery N=44 Laparoscopic surgery N=62 Open surgery N=46 χ2 value P value
    Vaginal bleeding 1 (2.3) 2 (3.2) 1 (2.2) 0.145 0.930
    Incision site pain 2 (4.5)** 3 (4.8)** 12 (26.1) 14.768 <0.001
    Lower abdominal pain 5 (11.4)** 15 (24.2) 16 (34.8) 27.850 <0.001
    Urinary system symptom 2 (4.5)**△△ 13 (21.0) 13 (28.3) 7.877 0.019
    Digestive system symptom 3 (6.8)**△△ 16 (25.8) 15 (32.6) 11.453 0.003
    Fever 2 (4.5) 4 (6.5) 4 (8.7) 0.633 0.729
    **P<0.01 vs open surgery group; △△P<0.01 vs laparoscopic surgery group.

    机器人手术组、腹腔镜手术组、开腹手术组患者在SF-36的身体功能、身体职能、躯体疼痛、总体健康、活力、社会功能、情感职能、精神健康8个维度的得分差异均有统计学意义(F=258.7、33.3、185.1、40.9、67.6、40.4、51.7、69.0,均P<0.001),其中机器人手术组各维度得分均高于腹腔镜手术组和开腹手术组(均P<0.01),腹腔镜手术组各维度得分均高于开腹手术组(均P<0.01)。见表 4

    表  4  不同术式全子宫切除术患者出院后1个月SF-36评分比较
    Table  4  SF-36 scores 1 month after discharge in patients undergoing different types of total hysterectomy
    Subscale Measured value, x±s Effect size, MD (95%CI)
    Robotic surgery n=44 Laparoscopic surgery n=62 Open surgery n=46 Robotic surgery vs laparoscopic surgery Robotic surgery vs open surgery Laparoscopic surgery vs open surgery
    Physical functioning 85.0±6.0**△△ 67.8±8.2** 51.0±6.4 17.2 (14.5, 19.9) 34.0 (31.3, 36.7) 16.8 (14.1, 19.5)
    Role-physical 65.4±9.2**△△ 54.6±11.2** 47.8±10.1 10.8 (6.6, 15.0) 17.6 (13.4, 21.8) 6.8 (2.6, 11.0)
    Pain 87.4±6.2**△△ 66.9±9.3** 49.8±11.3 20.5 (17.3, 23.7) 37.6 (34.4, 40.8) 17.1 (13.9, 20.3)
    General health 70.6±4.3**△△ 60.3±9.4** 52.3±9.3 10.3 (7.5, 13.1) 18.3 (15.5, 21.1) 8.0 (5.2, 10.8)
    Vitality 72.9±10.7**△△ 64.4±10.1** 49.2±10.3 8.5 (4.6, 12.4) 23.7 (19.8, 27.6) 15.2 (11.3, 19.1)
    Social functioning 67.0±7.8**△△ 61.2±10.5** 51.5±8.5 5.8 (2.3, 9.3) 15.5 (12.0, 19.0) 9.7 (6.2, 13.2)
    Role-emotional 66.5±9.1**△△ 59.7±10.6** 47.2±9.8 6.8 (2.8, 10.8) 19.3 (15.7, 23.3) 12.5 (8.5, 16.5)
    Mental health 70.7±7.6**△△ 62.9±8.4** 51.9±11.3 7.8 (4.7, 10.9) 18.8 (15.7, 21.9) 11.0 (7.9, 14.1)
    **P<0.01 vs open surgery group; △△P<0.01 vs laparoscopic surgery group. SF-36: 36-item short-form health survey; MD: Mean difference; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.

    将SF-36得分分为生理健康和心理健康两方面,单因素分析结果显示年龄、手术方式、术后住院时间、术后首次下床活动时间、术后首次进食时间和术后24 h疼痛VAS评分会影响患者的SF-36生理健康和心理健康得分(均P<0.05),见表 5。进一步将单因素分析中差异有统计学意义的因素分别与SF-36生理健康和心理健康得分进行多元线性回归分析,从模型1到模型2 R2显著增加(生理健康:0.027,心理健康:0.028),表明围手术期指标对HRQoL有显著的额外解释力。模型1核心变量分析显示,年龄与术后SF-36心理健康得分呈显著负向关系,机器人手术和腹腔镜手术相对于开腹手术均有显著优势,且机器人手术优势更明显。模型2在控制围手术期指标后,手术方式的效应量减小(机器人手术:生理健康β从0.84降至0.51,心理健康β从0.79降至0.41),说明手术方式的部分效应是通过改善围手术期指标实现的。术后住院时间对SF-36生理健康和心理健康均有显著负面影响(β=-0.29、-0.31),术后首次下床时间和术后首次进食时间仅对生理健康有显著影响(β=-0.21、-0.15),术后疼痛对生理健康和心理健康的影响显著(β=-0.14、-0.24)。见表 6

    表  5  全子宫切除术患者HRQoL影响因素的单因素分析
    Table  5  Univariate analysis of influencing factors of HRQoL in patients undergoing total hysterectomy
    Variable n Physical component of SF-36 Mental component of SF-36
    Score, x±s Statistic P value Effect size Score, x±s Statistic P value Effect size
    Age/year t=4.355 0.021 Cohen’s d=0.710 t=2.167 0.001 Cohen’s d=0.450
      <52 83 72.6±11.4 69.1±8.6
      ≥52 69 63.5±9.8 65.3±7.4
    Body mass index/(kg·m-2) t=0.315 0.753 Cohen’s d=0.002 t=0.692 0.580 Cohen’s d=0.005
      <23 79 63.2±12.6 62.5±9.6
      ≥23 73 62.7±10.2 61.7±9.1
    Education level t=0.502 0.616 Cohen’s d=0.003 t=0.312 0.756 Cohen’s d=0.002
      High school or below 90 63.4±11.1 62.3±9.2
      University or above 62 62.4±12.0 61.8±9.6
    Work status t=1.112 0.268 Cohen’s d=0.180 t=-0.219 0.827 Cohen’s d=-0.030
      Working 86 63.9±11.5 62.0±9.4
      Unemployed 66 61.9±10.6 62.3±8.9
    Diagnosis t=0.280 0.780 Cohen’s d=0.002 t=-0.625 0.533 Cohen’s d=-0.110
      Benign 93 63.2±11.2 61.7±9.5
      Malignant 59 62.6±12.0 62.7±9.3
    Surgical method F=336.216 <0.001 η2=0.820 F=225.068 <0.001 η2=0.750
      Robotic surgery 44 70.1±4.3 69.2±3.7
      Laparoscopic surgery 62 62.4±4.9 66.1±4.8
      Open surgery 46 50.2±5.4 50.0±5.8
    Hospital stay/d F=30.968 <0.001 η2=0.290 F=23.932 <0.001 η2=0.240
      2 26 75.6±8.3 68.9±4.8
      3 75 64.2±11.1 64.6±8.6
      4 47 54.9±9.7 55.2±9.5
      5 4 52.9±4.9 52.1±2.0
    Time of first ambulation/d F=28.455 <0.001 η2=0.270 F=8.787 <0.001 η2=0.110
      1 58 69.3±9.4 71.8±6.7
      2 78 65.7±7.5 64.5±7.2
      3 16 55.4±8.6 58.6±8.1
    Time of first oral intake/d F=2.245 0.002 η2=0.030 F=1.267 0.035 η2=0.020
      1 51 68.5±8.6 70.2±9.6
      2 97 62.3±5.7 65.5±8.8
      3 4 46.0±5.7 49.8±3.6
    VAS score within 24 h F=40.497 <0.001 η2=0.450 F=94.557 <0.001 η2=0.670
      1 66 69.2±8.6 67.5±4.6
      2 36 66.7±8.7 67.2±5.0
      3 41 52.4±7.7 51.5±9.5
      4 9 50.9±5.9 50.1±3.2
    HRQoL: Health-related quality of life; SF-36: 36-item short-form health survey; VAS: Visual analogue scale.
    表  6  全子宫切除术患者HRQoL影响因素的多元线性回归分析
    Table  6  Multivariate linear regression analysis of factors influencing HRQoL in patients undergoing total hysterectomy
    Variable Physical component of SF-36 Mental component of SF-36
    b SE β t value P value b SE β t value P value
    Step 1: core variableab
      Age -0.15 0.08 -0.09 -1.88 0.062 -0.28 0.09 -0.19 -3.11 0.002
      Robotic surgery (vs open surgery) 19.87 1.40 0.84 14.19 <0.001 19.22 1.57 0.79 12.24 <0.001
      Laparoscopic surgery (vs open surgery) 12.18 1.29 0.69 9.44 <0.001 16.05 1.45 0.70 11.07 <0.001
    Step 2: mediating pathwaycd
      Age -0.14 0.07 -0.08 -2.00 0.047 -0.26 0.08 -0.18 -3.25 0.001
      Robotic surgery (vs open surgery) 12.04 1.42 0.51 8.48 <0.001 9.98 1.60 0.41 6.24 <0.001
      Laparoscopic surgery (vs open surgery) 7.82 1.31 0.44 5.97 <0.001 9.35 1.47 0.41 6.36 <0.001
      Hospital stay -1.89 0.35 -0.29 -5.40 <0.001 -1.75 0.39 -0.31 -4.49 <0.001
      Time of first ambulation -0.21 0.06 -0.21 -3.50 <0.001 -0.12 0.07 -0.13 -1.71 0.089
      Time of first oral intake -0.18 0.08 -0.15 -2.25 0.026 -0.05 0.09 -0.05 -0.56 0.577
      VAS score within 24 h -0.95 0.48 -0.14 -1.98 0.049 -1.84 0.54 -0.24 -3.41 <0.001
    a: For physical component of SF-36, R2=0.721, adjusted R2=0.715, F=128.45, P<0.001; b: For mental component of SF-36, R2=0.664, adjusted R2=0.657, F=98.72, P<0.001; c: For physical component of SF-36, R2=0.748, adjusted R2=0.741, F=94.18, P<0.001; d: For mental component of SF-36, R2=0.692, adjusted R2=0.684, F=53.41, P<0.001. HRQoL: Health-related quality of life; SF-36: 36-item short-form health survey; VAS: Visual analogue scale; b: Regression coefficient; SE: Standard error; β: Standardized regression coefficient.

    既往有大量研究证实机器人辅助全子宫切除术在术后住院时长、术后疼痛评分等方面优于腹腔镜手术和开腹手术[13-15],本研究结果与之一致。然而,仅靠客观的术后指标并不能全面评价患者术后的生活质量,以患者主诉为中心的评价体系更能反映患者的真实体验。

    HRQoL涵盖患者对生理、心理状况受影响的主观评价,能够反映患者经治疗后身体、情感和社会健康方面受影响的程度[16]。Kluivers等[17]的研究比较了接受腹腔镜和开腹全子宫切除术患者的HRQoL,结果证实腹腔镜手术组患者的SF-36评分明显优于开腹组。Walker等[18]关于子宫癌患者术后HRQoL的研究同样发现,接受腹腔镜手术的患者比接受开腹手术的患者生活质量更好。本研究也得到了同样结论,接受腹腔镜全子宫切除术的患者HRQoL优于开腹手术组。此外,本研究结果还显示接受机器人辅助腹腔镜全子宫切除术患者的HRQoL优于腹腔镜手术组和开腹手术组。与接受腹腔镜手术或开腹手术的女性相比,接受机器人手术的女性身体健康状况更好,疼痛程度更低,一般健康状况更积极,在社交和日常活动中通常感到更平静、更快乐。Sarlos等[19]研究显示,接受机器人手术的良性妇科疾病患者生活质量优于接受腹腔镜手术的患者。而Ferguson等[20]的研究证实,接受机器人手术的子宫内膜癌患者生活质量优于接受开放手术的患者。与既往研究[19-20]相比,本研究同时涵盖了诊断为良性和恶性妇科疾病的患者,更为全面地证实了机器人辅助全子宫切除术患者术后的生活质量优于腹腔镜手术组和开腹手术组。

    本研究还重点分析了可能影响患者HRQoL的一般指标和围手术期指标,结果显示年龄不是全子宫切除术后生理功能恢复的影响因素,但是年轻患者表现出更好的心理适应和恢复能力。机器人手术和腹腔镜手术相对于开腹手术在生理和心理健康两方面均有显著优势,在控制围手术期指标后手术方式的效应量减小,说明手术方式的部分效应是通过改善围手术期指标实现的。术后疼痛管理对患者生理健康和心理健康恢复至关重要。此外,本研究还统计了3组患者术后1个月内不适症状的发生情况,结果显示机器人手术组和腹腔镜手术组切口疼痛发生率均低于开腹手术组,并且机器人手术组的下腹部疼痛发生率低于开腹手术组;同样,机器人手术组泌尿系统不适和消化系统不适的发生率也低于腹腔镜手术组和开腹手术组。这可能与机器人手术术中操作更为精细、对正常组织的损伤更轻有关。

    本研究仍有一定的局限性。首先,本研究是单中心研究,样本量有限。其次,本研究重点关注了患者术后1个月的HRQoL,并未详细分析术后3个月、6个月甚至更长时间患者的HRQoL及其影响因素。后续将进一步开展大规模、多中心协作研究,并延长随访时间以观察患者的远期预后。

    综上所述,本研究结果显示相较于传统腹腔镜手术和开腹手术,机器人辅助腹腔镜手术对全子宫切除术患者术后HRQoL的负面影响最小,这为手术方式的选择提供了一定的指导。此外,本研究还探讨了影响患者术后HRQoL的因素,这对根据患者围手术期特点制定针对性的术后康复和护理策略具有重要意义。

  • 表  1   不同术式全子宫切除术患者一般资料比较

    Table  1   General data of patients undergoing different types of total hysterectomy

    Characteristic Robotic surgery N=44 Laparoscopic surgery N=62 Open surgery N=46 Statistic P value
    Age/year, x±s 52.4±9.0 50.7±8.1 51.5±8.0 F=0.529 0.590
    Body mass index/(kg·m-2), x±s 22.5±2.8 22.4±2.5 22.3±2.4 F=0.067 0.935
    Education level, n (%) χ2=1.277 0.528
      High school or below 25 (56.8) 40 (64.5) 25 (54.3)
      University or above 19 (43.2) 22 (35.5) 21 (45.7)
    Work status, n (%) χ2=1.269 0.530
      Working 28 (63.6) 33 (53.2) 25 (54.3)
      Unemployed 16 (36.4) 29 (46.8) 21 (45.7)
    Diagnosis, n (%) χ2=0.497 0.780
      Benign 25 (56.8) 39 (62.9) 29 (63.0)
      Malignant 19 (43.2) 23 (37.1) 17 (37.0)

    表  2   不同术式全子宫切除术患者围手术期资料比较

    Table  2   Perioperative indexes of patients undergoing different types of total hysterectomy

    Index Measured value, x±s Effect size, MD (95%CI)
    Robotic surgery n=44 Laparoscopic surgery n=62 Open surgery n=46 Robotic surgery vs laparoscopic surgery Robotic surgery vs open surgery Laparoscopic surgery vs open surgery
    Hospital stay/d 2.5±0.5**△△ 3.2±0.6** 3.8±0.6 -0.7 (-0.9, -0.5) -1.3 (-1.5, -1.1) -0.6 (-0.8, -0.4)
    Time of first ambulation/h 14.5±3.5**△△ 30.7±7.2** 47.2±7.2 -16.2 (-18.4, -14.0) -32.7 (-35.0, -30.4) -16.5 (-18.8, -14.2)
    Time of first oral intake/h 16.1±4.0**△△ 28.1±5.6** 42.5±6.3 -12.0 (-13.8, -10.2) -26.4 (-28.3, -24.5) -14.4 (-16.3, -12.5)
    VAS score within 24 h 1.3±0.4**△△ 1.6±0.7** 3.2±0.5 -0.3 (-0.5, -0.1) -1.9 (-2.1, -1.7) -1.6 (-1.8, -1.4)
    **P<0.01 vs open surgery group; △△P<0.01 vs laparoscopic group. VAS: Visual analogue scale; MD: Mean difference; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.

    表  3   不同术式全子宫切除术患者出院后1个月内不适症状发生率比较

    Table  3   Incidence of discomfort symptoms within 1 month after discharge in patients undergoing different types of total hysterectomy n (%)

    Symptom Robotic surgery N=44 Laparoscopic surgery N=62 Open surgery N=46 χ2 value P value
    Vaginal bleeding 1 (2.3) 2 (3.2) 1 (2.2) 0.145 0.930
    Incision site pain 2 (4.5)** 3 (4.8)** 12 (26.1) 14.768 <0.001
    Lower abdominal pain 5 (11.4)** 15 (24.2) 16 (34.8) 27.850 <0.001
    Urinary system symptom 2 (4.5)**△△ 13 (21.0) 13 (28.3) 7.877 0.019
    Digestive system symptom 3 (6.8)**△△ 16 (25.8) 15 (32.6) 11.453 0.003
    Fever 2 (4.5) 4 (6.5) 4 (8.7) 0.633 0.729
    **P<0.01 vs open surgery group; △△P<0.01 vs laparoscopic surgery group.

    表  4   不同术式全子宫切除术患者出院后1个月SF-36评分比较

    Table  4   SF-36 scores 1 month after discharge in patients undergoing different types of total hysterectomy

    Subscale Measured value, x±s Effect size, MD (95%CI)
    Robotic surgery n=44 Laparoscopic surgery n=62 Open surgery n=46 Robotic surgery vs laparoscopic surgery Robotic surgery vs open surgery Laparoscopic surgery vs open surgery
    Physical functioning 85.0±6.0**△△ 67.8±8.2** 51.0±6.4 17.2 (14.5, 19.9) 34.0 (31.3, 36.7) 16.8 (14.1, 19.5)
    Role-physical 65.4±9.2**△△ 54.6±11.2** 47.8±10.1 10.8 (6.6, 15.0) 17.6 (13.4, 21.8) 6.8 (2.6, 11.0)
    Pain 87.4±6.2**△△ 66.9±9.3** 49.8±11.3 20.5 (17.3, 23.7) 37.6 (34.4, 40.8) 17.1 (13.9, 20.3)
    General health 70.6±4.3**△△ 60.3±9.4** 52.3±9.3 10.3 (7.5, 13.1) 18.3 (15.5, 21.1) 8.0 (5.2, 10.8)
    Vitality 72.9±10.7**△△ 64.4±10.1** 49.2±10.3 8.5 (4.6, 12.4) 23.7 (19.8, 27.6) 15.2 (11.3, 19.1)
    Social functioning 67.0±7.8**△△ 61.2±10.5** 51.5±8.5 5.8 (2.3, 9.3) 15.5 (12.0, 19.0) 9.7 (6.2, 13.2)
    Role-emotional 66.5±9.1**△△ 59.7±10.6** 47.2±9.8 6.8 (2.8, 10.8) 19.3 (15.7, 23.3) 12.5 (8.5, 16.5)
    Mental health 70.7±7.6**△△ 62.9±8.4** 51.9±11.3 7.8 (4.7, 10.9) 18.8 (15.7, 21.9) 11.0 (7.9, 14.1)
    **P<0.01 vs open surgery group; △△P<0.01 vs laparoscopic surgery group. SF-36: 36-item short-form health survey; MD: Mean difference; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.

    表  5   全子宫切除术患者HRQoL影响因素的单因素分析

    Table  5   Univariate analysis of influencing factors of HRQoL in patients undergoing total hysterectomy

    Variable n Physical component of SF-36 Mental component of SF-36
    Score, x±s Statistic P value Effect size Score, x±s Statistic P value Effect size
    Age/year t=4.355 0.021 Cohen’s d=0.710 t=2.167 0.001 Cohen’s d=0.450
      <52 83 72.6±11.4 69.1±8.6
      ≥52 69 63.5±9.8 65.3±7.4
    Body mass index/(kg·m-2) t=0.315 0.753 Cohen’s d=0.002 t=0.692 0.580 Cohen’s d=0.005
      <23 79 63.2±12.6 62.5±9.6
      ≥23 73 62.7±10.2 61.7±9.1
    Education level t=0.502 0.616 Cohen’s d=0.003 t=0.312 0.756 Cohen’s d=0.002
      High school or below 90 63.4±11.1 62.3±9.2
      University or above 62 62.4±12.0 61.8±9.6
    Work status t=1.112 0.268 Cohen’s d=0.180 t=-0.219 0.827 Cohen’s d=-0.030
      Working 86 63.9±11.5 62.0±9.4
      Unemployed 66 61.9±10.6 62.3±8.9
    Diagnosis t=0.280 0.780 Cohen’s d=0.002 t=-0.625 0.533 Cohen’s d=-0.110
      Benign 93 63.2±11.2 61.7±9.5
      Malignant 59 62.6±12.0 62.7±9.3
    Surgical method F=336.216 <0.001 η2=0.820 F=225.068 <0.001 η2=0.750
      Robotic surgery 44 70.1±4.3 69.2±3.7
      Laparoscopic surgery 62 62.4±4.9 66.1±4.8
      Open surgery 46 50.2±5.4 50.0±5.8
    Hospital stay/d F=30.968 <0.001 η2=0.290 F=23.932 <0.001 η2=0.240
      2 26 75.6±8.3 68.9±4.8
      3 75 64.2±11.1 64.6±8.6
      4 47 54.9±9.7 55.2±9.5
      5 4 52.9±4.9 52.1±2.0
    Time of first ambulation/d F=28.455 <0.001 η2=0.270 F=8.787 <0.001 η2=0.110
      1 58 69.3±9.4 71.8±6.7
      2 78 65.7±7.5 64.5±7.2
      3 16 55.4±8.6 58.6±8.1
    Time of first oral intake/d F=2.245 0.002 η2=0.030 F=1.267 0.035 η2=0.020
      1 51 68.5±8.6 70.2±9.6
      2 97 62.3±5.7 65.5±8.8
      3 4 46.0±5.7 49.8±3.6
    VAS score within 24 h F=40.497 <0.001 η2=0.450 F=94.557 <0.001 η2=0.670
      1 66 69.2±8.6 67.5±4.6
      2 36 66.7±8.7 67.2±5.0
      3 41 52.4±7.7 51.5±9.5
      4 9 50.9±5.9 50.1±3.2
    HRQoL: Health-related quality of life; SF-36: 36-item short-form health survey; VAS: Visual analogue scale.

    表  6   全子宫切除术患者HRQoL影响因素的多元线性回归分析

    Table  6   Multivariate linear regression analysis of factors influencing HRQoL in patients undergoing total hysterectomy

    Variable Physical component of SF-36 Mental component of SF-36
    b SE β t value P value b SE β t value P value
    Step 1: core variableab
      Age -0.15 0.08 -0.09 -1.88 0.062 -0.28 0.09 -0.19 -3.11 0.002
      Robotic surgery (vs open surgery) 19.87 1.40 0.84 14.19 <0.001 19.22 1.57 0.79 12.24 <0.001
      Laparoscopic surgery (vs open surgery) 12.18 1.29 0.69 9.44 <0.001 16.05 1.45 0.70 11.07 <0.001
    Step 2: mediating pathwaycd
      Age -0.14 0.07 -0.08 -2.00 0.047 -0.26 0.08 -0.18 -3.25 0.001
      Robotic surgery (vs open surgery) 12.04 1.42 0.51 8.48 <0.001 9.98 1.60 0.41 6.24 <0.001
      Laparoscopic surgery (vs open surgery) 7.82 1.31 0.44 5.97 <0.001 9.35 1.47 0.41 6.36 <0.001
      Hospital stay -1.89 0.35 -0.29 -5.40 <0.001 -1.75 0.39 -0.31 -4.49 <0.001
      Time of first ambulation -0.21 0.06 -0.21 -3.50 <0.001 -0.12 0.07 -0.13 -1.71 0.089
      Time of first oral intake -0.18 0.08 -0.15 -2.25 0.026 -0.05 0.09 -0.05 -0.56 0.577
      VAS score within 24 h -0.95 0.48 -0.14 -1.98 0.049 -1.84 0.54 -0.24 -3.41 <0.001
    a: For physical component of SF-36, R2=0.721, adjusted R2=0.715, F=128.45, P<0.001; b: For mental component of SF-36, R2=0.664, adjusted R2=0.657, F=98.72, P<0.001; c: For physical component of SF-36, R2=0.748, adjusted R2=0.741, F=94.18, P<0.001; d: For mental component of SF-36, R2=0.692, adjusted R2=0.684, F=53.41, P<0.001. HRQoL: Health-related quality of life; SF-36: 36-item short-form health survey; VAS: Visual analogue scale; b: Regression coefficient; SE: Standard error; β: Standardized regression coefficient.
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2025-08-20
  • 接受日期:  2025-10-14

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