引用本文
万伟, 李璇, 张兰玲, 于奕奕, 徐霞, 陶微羽, 高洁, 施冶青, 赵东宝. 肿瘤坏死因子α抑制剂治疗强直性脊柱炎合并骨质疏松症5年随访研究[J]. 海军军医大学学报, 2024, 45(12): 1495-1501
WAN Wei, LI Xuan, ZHANG Lanling, YU Yiyi, XU Xia, TAO Weiyu, GAO Jie, SHI Yeqing, ZHAO Dongbao. Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors in treating ankylosing spondylitis complicated with osteoporosis: a 5-year follow-up study[J]. Academic Journal of Naval Medical University, 2024, 45(12): 1495-1501 (in Chinese with English abstract)
肿瘤坏死因子α抑制剂治疗强直性脊柱炎合并骨质疏松症5年随访研究
万伟
1Δ, 李璇
2Δ, 张兰玲
1, 于奕奕
1, 徐霞
1, 陶微羽
1, 高洁
1, 施冶青
1, 赵东宝
1
1. 海军军医大学(第二军医大学)第一附属医院风湿免疫科, 上海 200433;
2. 上海市松江区方塔中医医院风湿免疫科, 上海 201611
收稿日期: 2024-01-05 接受日期: 2024-07-11
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金面上项目(82171754,81971484),海军军医大学(第二军医大学)校级课题(2023MS024).
Δ共同第一作者(Co-first authors).
摘要: 目的 评估TNF-α抑制剂(TNFi)治疗强直性脊柱炎(AS)合并骨质疏松症(OP)的远期疗效及其对骨代谢、骨密度、炎症因子水平的影响。方法 回顾性收集2010年1月1日至2017年12月31日于海军军医大学(第二军医大学)第一附属医院风湿免疫科收治的158例AS伴OP患者的资料。将患者根据治疗方法分为双膦酸盐组(54例)、TNFi组(58例)、TNFi联合双膦酸盐组(46例),所有患者均使用钙剂联合骨化三醇作为补钙背景治疗。治疗5年后,评估患者的Bath强直性脊柱炎疾病活动性指数(BASDAI)和Bath强直性脊柱炎功能指数(BASFI)评分,检测炎症指标、骨代谢标志物、骨密度等。结果 治疗5年后,TNFi联合双膦酸盐组、TNFi组患者的BASDAI评分、BASFI评分、红细胞沉降率(ESR)、CRP、TNF-α、IL-17A均较治疗前降低(均P<0.05);双膦酸盐组患者仅ESR和CRP较治疗前降低(均P<0.05),其余炎症指标及BASDAI评分、BASFI评分与治疗前相比差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。3组患者治疗5年后的骨密度均较治疗前升高(均P<0.05),且TNFi联合双膦酸盐组高于其余2组(均P<0.05)。TNFi联合双膦酸盐组、双膦酸盐组患者治疗5年后甲状旁腺激素(PTH)、Ⅰ型胶原氨基端延长肽(P1NP)、β-胶原降解产物(β-CTX)较治疗前下降(均P<0.05),骨钙素氨基端中分子片段(N-MID)、25羟维生素D(25VitD)较治疗前上升(均P<0.05);TNFi组患者仅PTH和P1NP下降(均P<0.05),β-CTX、N-MID、25VitD与治疗前相比差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论 AS伴OP患者长期使用TNFi治疗可有效降低疾病活动性、改善躯体功能、降低炎症因子水平、缓解骨代谢异常、升高骨密度,联合应用双膦酸盐疗效更佳。
关键词:
强直性脊柱炎 骨质疏松症 肿瘤坏死因子α抑制剂 炎症因子
Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors in treating ankylosing spondylitis complicated with osteoporosis: a 5-year follow-up study
WAN Wei
1Δ, LI Xuan
2Δ, ZHANG Lanling
1, YU Yiyi
1, XU Xia
1, TAO Weiyu
1, GAO Jie
1, SHI Yeqing
1, ZHAO Dongbao
1
1. Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China;
2. Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Songjiang Fangta Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201611, China
Supported by General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (82171754, 81971484) and Project of Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University) (2023MS024).
Abstract: Objective To evaluate the long-term efficacy of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) inhibitor (TNFi) in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) complicated with osteoporosis (OP) and the impact on bone metabolism, bone density, and inflammatory factors. Methods The data of 158 patients with AS and OP, who were admitted to Department of Rheumatology and Immunology of The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University) from Jan.1, 2010 to Dec.31, 2017, were retrospectively collected. The patients were divided into bisphosphonate group (n=54), TNFi group (n=58), and TNFi+bisphosphonate group (n=46) according to the treatment methods. All patients were treated with calcium combined with calcitriol as the background treatment. After 5 years of treatment, Bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index (BASDAI) and Bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index (BASFI) scores were evaluated, and inflammatory indexes, bone metabolism markers, and bone mineral density were detected. Results After 5 years of treatment, the BASDAI and BASFI scores, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C reactive protein (CRP), TNF-α, and interleukin-17A of the TNFi+bisphosphonate group and TNFi group were significantly lower than those before treatment (all P < 0.05); in the bisphosphonate group only ESR and CRP were significantly lower than those before treatment (both P < 0.05), and the other inflammatory indexes and BASDAI and BASFI scores showed no significant changes (all P > 0.05). The bone mineral density of the 3 groups after 5 years of treatment was significantly higher than that before treatment (all P < 0.05), and the bone mineral density of the TNFi+bisphosphonate group was significantly higher than that of the other 2 groups (both P < 0.05). After 5 years of treatment, the levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH), procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and β-C-terminal telopeptide of type Ⅰ collagen (β-CTX) in the TNFi+bisphosphonate group and bisphosphonate group were significantly decreased compared with those before treatment (all P < 0.05), while the levels of N-terminal midfragment of osteocalcin (N-MID) and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25VitD) were significantly increased (all P < 0.05); in the TNFi group only PTH and P1NP levels were significantly decreased (both P < 0.05), while β-CTX, N-MID and 25VitD levels showed no significant differences (all P > 0.05). Conclusion Long-term use of TNFi in patients with AS and OP can effectively reduce disease activity, improve physical function, decrease the level of inflammatory factors, alleviate abnormal bone metabolism, and increase bone mineral density; and the combined use of TNFi and bisphosphonates has better efficacy.
Key words:
ankylosing spondylitis osteoporosis tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors inflammatory factors
强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)主要累及脊柱和骶髂关节,常导致脊柱僵硬和畸形,其特征包括新骨形成、关节强直、骨质流失等[1]。AS是骨质疏松症(osteoporosis,OP)的常见继发原因[2],有研究报道AS患者的OP发病率超过50%[3],即使在早期和轻度AS中,OP的患病率也较一般人群高[4-5]。由于AS发病人群较OP发病人群年轻,且以青年男性高发[6],OP是AS患者一个容易被忽视的合并症[7]。骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)是诊断OP的重要参考指标,研究发现BMD低的AS患者躯体功能更差,疾病活动度、炎症标志物更高[8-9]。因此,对AS患者的OP进行针对性治疗很有必要。
肿瘤坏死因子α抑制剂(tumor necrosis factor-αinhibitor,TNFi)被用于治疗包括AS在内的多种自身免疫病[10]。TNFi不仅可以改善AS患者的症状、减轻炎症,对BMD也有一定的改善作用,有研究发现AS患者在使用TNFi后腰椎和髋关节BMD增加[11]。然而,以上研究的人群较宽泛,纳入了BMD正常的患者,也没有评估该药物在AS合并OP患者中的疗效。本研究回顾性分析了TNFi联合双膦酸盐及2类药物单用治疗AS合并OP患者5年随访的临床疗效,以及它们对骨代谢、BMD、炎症因子的影响,为AS合并OP患者的治疗提供参考。
1 资料和方法
1.1 病例资料
回顾性选择2010年1月1日至2017年12月31日在海军军医大学(第二军医大学)第一附属医院风湿免疫科住院治疗的AS合并OP患者。纳入标准:(1)年龄≥18岁;(2)AS的诊断符合1984年修订的New York标准[12];(3)服用至少2种非甾体抗炎药治疗4周后症状未得到充分改善;(4)治疗开始前Bath强直性脊柱炎疾病活动性指数(Bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index,BASDAI)评分>4分;(5)治疗前6个月内未接受过TNFi治疗;(6)符合OP诊断标准[13];(7)治疗时间>5年,随访资料完整。排除标准:(1)口服或静脉使用糖皮质激素;(2)合并其他自身免疫病;(3)合并心、脑、肾等重要器官疾病;(4)合并血液病、肿瘤等全身性疾病;(5)近期使用过双膦酸盐等影响骨代谢的药物。
1.2 治疗方法
根据患者BMD(如BMD-T值≤-3.0考虑率先使用唑来膦酸)和患者用药便捷性制定治疗方案。158例患者根据治疗方法分为TNFi联合双膦酸盐组(46例)、TNFi组(58例)、双膦酸盐组(54例)。所有患者均使用钙剂联合骨化三醇作为补钙背景治疗。TNFi治疗:在使用稳定剂量的2种非甾体抗炎药治疗4周无效的情形下启动TNFi治疗[注射用重组人Ⅱ型肿瘤坏死因子受体抗体融合蛋白(25 mg/支,1支/次,2次/周),三生国健药业(上海)股份有限公司,批号为202108039;阿达木单抗(40 mg/支,隔周皮下注射1支),美国艾伯维公司,批号为2120231125]。双膦酸盐治疗:使用阿仑膦酸(70 mg/片,1片/次,1次/周;美国默沙东公司,批号为Y000021)或唑来膦酸(5 mg/瓶,1瓶/年;瑞士山德士公司,批号为SJMV8)进行抗OP治疗。
1.3 评价指标
1.3.1 疾病活动及功能评估
于治疗前、治疗后1年、治疗后5年,采用BASDAI评估疾病活动度,采用Bath强直性脊柱炎功能指数(Bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index,BASFI)评估躯体功能。
1.3.2 炎症指标
于治疗前、治疗后1年、治疗后5年,采集患者血液样本送医院检验科检测红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)、CRP、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-17A。
1.3.3 BMD测定
于治疗前、治疗后5年,采用双能X线BMD仪(Lunar Prodigy Advance,美国GE公司)检测患者腰椎(L1~L4)、股骨颈和全髋的BMD-T值和BMD。
1.3.4 骨代谢标志物检测
于治疗前、治疗后1年、治疗后5年,采集患者空腹静脉血约5 mL,采用化学发光法检测血清甲状旁腺激素(parathyroid hormone,PTH)、β-胶原降解产物(β-C-terminal telopeptide of typeⅠcollagen,β-CTX)、Ⅰ型胶原氨基端延长肽(procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide,P1NP)、骨钙素氨基端中分子片段(N-terminal midfragment of osteocalcin,N-MID)和25羟维生素D(25-hydroxy-vitamin D,25VitD)水平。
1.3.5 安全性观察
随访期间,观察并记录治疗相关的不良反应,如死亡、骨折、低钙血症、间质性肺炎、肠炎等;严重不良反应指出现危及生命的症状,如休克、严重心脑血管事件、死亡。
1.4 统计学处理
采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计学分析。计量资料以x±s表示,组间比较采用单因素方差分析(两两比较采用Bonferroni法),不同时间点之间比较采用配对t检验;计数资料以例数和百分数表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。检验水准(α)为0.05。
2 结果
2.1 3组患者基本特征
共筛选到1 231例AS患者,其中184例患者合并OP,排除不符合条件的患者后共纳入AS合并OP患者158例,其中TNFi联合双膦酸盐组46例,TNFi组58例,双膦酸盐组54例。3组患者在性别、年龄、病程、随访时间、受累关节、吸烟史、饮酒史、物理治疗史等方面差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05,表 1),具有可比性。
表 1
(Tab 1)
表 1 3组AS合并OP患者的基本特征对比
Tab 1 Comparison of basic characteristics of patients with AS complicated with OP in 3 groups
Index |
TNFi+bisphosphonate N=46 |
TNFi N=58 |
Bisphosphonate N=54 |
Statistic |
P value |
Gender, n (%)
|
| | | χ2=0.756 |
0.685 |
Male |
13 (28.3)
|
14 (24.1)
|
17 (31.5)
|
| |
Female |
33 (71.7)
|
44 (75.9)
|
37 (68.5)
|
| |
Age/year, x±s |
56.37±11.70 |
53.71±9.81 |
53.44±10.32 |
t=1.147 |
0.320 |
Duration of disease/year, x±s |
10.23±3.22 |
9.78±4.46 |
11.42±4.15 |
t=2.436 |
0.091 |
Follow-up period/month, x±s |
64.82±3.76 |
65.18±4.78 |
66.17±3.71 |
t=1.460 |
0.235 |
Joints involved, n (%)
|
| | | χ2=0.944 |
0.624 |
Axial |
34 (73.9)
|
38 (65.5)
|
36 (66.7)
|
| |
Axial & peripheral |
12 (26.1)
|
20 (34.5)
|
18 (33.3)
|
| |
Smoking, n (%)
|
9 (19.6)
|
7 (12.1)
|
10 (18.5)
|
χ2=1.303 |
0.521 |
Drinking, n (%)
|
10 (21.7)
|
12 (20.7)
|
14 (25.9)
|
χ2=0.476 |
0.788 |
Physiotherapy, n (%)
|
13 (28.3)
|
9 (15.5)
|
8 (14.8)
|
χ2=3.637 |
0.162 |
AS: Ankylosing spondylitis; OP: Osteoporosis; TNFi: Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor. |
|
表 1 3组AS合并OP患者的基本特征对比
Tab 1 Comparison of basic characteristics of patients with AS complicated with OP in 3 groups
|
2.2 3组患者临床评分比较
治疗前,3组患者的BASDAI评分和BASFI评分差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。治疗1年、5年后,TNFi联合双膦酸盐组和TNFi组患者BASDAI评分及BASFI评分均较治疗前下降(均P<0.05),但两组之间比较、治疗5年后与治疗1年后比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);治疗1年、5年后,双膦酸盐组BASDAI评分和BASFI评分与治疗前相比差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05),并且均高于TNFi联合双膦酸盐组和TNFi组患者(均P<0.05)。见表 2。
表 2
(Tab 2)
表 2 3组AS合并OP患者治疗前后临床评分比较
Tab 2 Comparison of clinical scores of patients with AS complicated with OP in 3 groups before and after treatment
x±s |
Index |
TNFi+bisphosphonate n=46 |
TNFi n=58 |
Bisphosphonate n=54 |
F value |
P value |
BASDAI score |
| | | | |
Baseline |
7.78±1.32 |
7.67±1.68 |
7.17±1.87 |
2.001 |
0.138 |
After 1 year of treatment |
3.02±1.31*△
|
3.24±1.24*△
|
6.79±1.33 |
124.067 |
<0.001 |
After 5 years of treatment |
2.82±1.23*△
|
3.04±1.19*△
|
6.69±1.26 |
166.473 |
<0.001 |
BASFI score |
| | | | |
Baseline |
4.83±2.18 |
4.49±2.02 |
4.17±1.89 |
1.320 |
0.270 |
After 1 year of treatment |
1.20±0.44*△
|
1.11±0.40*△
|
3.94±1.41 |
174.201 |
0.001 |
After 5 years of treatment |
0.93±0.43*△
|
0.86±0.39*△
|
3.54±1.47 |
147.056 |
0.001 |
*P<0.05 vs baseline in the same group; △P<0.05 vs bisphosphonate group at the same time point. AS: Ankylosing spondylitis; OP: Osteoporosis; BASDAI: Bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index; BASFI: Bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index; TNFi: Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor. |
|
表 2 3组AS合并OP患者治疗前后临床评分比较
Tab 2 Comparison of clinical scores of patients with AS complicated with OP in 3 groups before and after treatment
|
2.3 3组患者炎症因子比较
治疗前,3组患者的各项炎症因子水平差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。治疗1年、5年后,TNFi联合双膦酸盐组和TNFi组患者ESR、CRP、TNF-α、IL-17A均较治疗前下降(除TNFi联合双膦酸盐组治疗1年后IL-17A外均P<0.05),但两组之间比较、治疗5年后与治疗1年后比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);治疗1年、5年后,双膦酸盐组ESR均较治疗前降低(均P<0.05),CRP也较治疗前下降但仅在治疗5年后与治疗前相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗1年、5年后,TNFi联合双膦酸盐组和TNFi组ESR、CRP、TNF-α、IL-17A均低于双膦酸盐组(均P<0.05);3组患者治疗后IL-6与治疗前相比均无明显变化(均P>0.05),组间差异也无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。见表 3。
表 3
(Tab 3)
表 3 3组AS合并OP患者治疗前后炎症因子比较
Tab 3 Comparison of inflammatory factors of patients with AS complicated with OP in 3 groups before and after treatment
x±s |
Index |
TNFi+bisphosphonate n=46 |
TNFi n=58 |
Bisphosphonate n=54 |
F value |
P value |
ESR/(mm· [1 h]-1)
|
| | | | |
Baseline |
28.52±7.32 |
28.49±8.15 |
26.78±6.24 |
0.991 |
0.374 |
After 1 year of treatment |
7.20±3.54*△
|
9.17±4.04*△
|
15.48±6.46*
|
42.097 |
0.001 |
After 5 years of treatment |
7.22±3.03*△
|
8.89±3.19*△
|
22.47±5.78*
|
206.351 |
0.001 |
CRP/(mg·L-1)
|
| | | | |
Baseline |
11.07±4.74 |
11.73±5.71 |
10.43±3.41 |
1.052 |
0.351 |
After 1 year of treatment |
4.22±2.40*△
|
5.13±2.79*△
|
9.55±2.16 |
69.157 |
0.001 |
After 5 years of treatment |
4.32±2.25*△
|
5.26±2.88*△
|
7.43±2.31*
|
20.516 |
0.001 |
TNF-α/(pg·mL-1)
|
| | | | |
Baseline |
8.93±2.91 |
9.14±3.41 |
8.56±3.05 |
0.482 |
0.618 |
After 1 year of treatment |
7.21±3.56*△
|
7.54±2.56*△
|
8.84±2.75 |
4.444 |
0.013 |
After 5 years of treatment |
6.05±2.01*△
|
6.33±3.19*△
|
8.15±2.88 |
8.793 |
0.001 |
IL-6/(pg·mL-1)
|
| | | | |
Baseline |
7.59±2.36 |
7.87±2.56 |
7.17±2.24 |
1.524 |
0.221 |
After 1 year of treatment |
7.23±2.38 |
7.16±2.71 |
7.85±3.15 |
1.006 |
0.368 |
After 5 years of treatment |
7.56±2.37 |
7.46±2.19 |
7.35±2.23 |
0.108 |
0.898 |
IL-17A/(pg·mL-1)
|
| | | | |
Baseline |
7.28±3.32 |
7.38±3.15 |
7.41±3.34 |
0.021 |
0.979 |
After 1 year of treatment |
6.30±3.06△
|
6.15±2.31*△
|
7.89±3.41 |
5.784 |
0.004 |
After 5 years of treatment |
5.89±2.24*△
|
6.06±2.54*△
|
7.33±3.24 |
3.764 |
0.025 |
*P<0.05 vs baseline in the same group; △P<0.05 vs bisphosphonate group at the same time point. AS: Ankylosing spondylitis; OP: Osteoporosis; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP: C reactive protein; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL: Interleukin; TNFi: Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor. |
|
表 3 3组AS合并OP患者治疗前后炎症因子比较
Tab 3 Comparison of inflammatory factors of patients with AS complicated with OP in 3 groups before and after treatment
|
2.4 3组患者BMD比较
治疗前,3组患者股骨颈和全髋的BMD-T值及BMD差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。治疗5年后,3组患者各部位的BMD-T值和BMD均较治疗前升高(均P<0.05),且治疗5年后TNFi联合双膦酸盐组患者各部位的BMD-T值和BMD均高于TNFi组和双膦酸盐组(均P<0.05)。见表 4。
表 4
(Tab 4)
表 4 3组AS合并OP患者治疗前后BMD比较
Tab 4 Comparison of BMD of patients with AS complicated with OP in 3 groups before and after treatment
x±s |
Index |
TNFi+bisphosphonate n=46 |
TNFi n=58 |
Bisphosphonate n=54 |
F value |
P value |
Lumbar spine BMD-T |
| | | | |
Baseline |
-2.87±0.29 |
-2.97±0.31 |
-3.01±0.34 |
2.562 |
0.080 |
After 5 years of treatment |
-2.53±0.26*
|
-2.75±0.29*△
|
-2.71±0.25*△
|
9.443 |
0.001 |
Lumbar spine BMD/(g·cm-2)
|
| | | | |
Baseline |
0.65±0.27 |
0.61±0.15 |
0.59±0.12 |
1.332 |
0.267 |
After 5 years of treatment |
0.78±0.20*
|
0.68±0.22*△
|
0.67±0.23*△
|
3.801 |
0.025 |
Femoral neck BMD-T |
| | | | |
Baseline |
-2.65±0.30 |
-2.59±0.31 |
-2.61±0.30 |
1.146 |
0.321 |
After 5 years of treatment |
-2.36±0.27*
|
-2.48±0.29*△
|
-2.50±0.25*△
|
5.608 |
0.005 |
Femoral neck BMD/(g·cm-2)
|
| | | | |
Baseline |
0.62±0.34 |
0.58±0.35 |
0.56±0.34 |
0.387 |
0.679 |
After 5 years of treatment |
0.81±0.20*
|
0.70±0.24*△
|
0.71±0.21*△
|
3.797 |
0.024 |
Total hip BMD-T |
| | | | |
Baseline |
-2.65±0.23 |
-2.64±0.23 |
-2.67±0.26 |
0.223 |
0.801 |
After 5 years of treatment |
-2.35±0.22*
|
-2.55±0.21*△
|
-2.55±0.24*△
|
13.052 |
0.001 |
Total hip BMD/(g·cm-2)
|
| | | | |
Baseline |
0.57±0.20 |
0.55±0.23 |
0.53±0.21 |
0.459 |
0.633 |
After 5 years of treatment |
0.71±0.14*
|
0.63±0.16*△
|
0.60±0.16*△
|
5.888 |
0.003 |
*P<0.05 vs baseline in the same group; △P<0.05 vs TNFi+bisphosphonate group at the same time point. AS: Ankylosing spondylitis; OP: Osteoporosis; BMD: Bone mineral density; TNFi: Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor. |
|
表 4 3组AS合并OP患者治疗前后BMD比较
Tab 4 Comparison of BMD of patients with AS complicated with OP in 3 groups before and after treatment
|
2.5 3组患者骨代谢指标比较
治疗前,3组患者的骨代谢指标差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。治疗1年、5年后,TNFi联合双膦酸盐组、双膦酸盐组患者PTH、P1NP、β-CTX较治疗前下降(均P<0.05),N-MID、25VitD较治疗前上升(均P<0.05),但治疗1年后与治疗5年后比较差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05);治疗1年、5年后,TNFi组患者仅PTH和P1NP下降(均P<0.05),β-CTX、N-MID、25VitD与治疗前相比差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。见表 5。
表 5
(Tab 5)
表 5 3组AS合并OP患者治疗前后骨代谢指标比较
Tab 5 Comparison of bone metabolic indexes of patients with AS complicated with OP in 3 groups before and after treatment
x±s |
Index |
TNFi+bisphosphonate n=46 |
TNFi n=58 |
Bisphosphonate n=54 |
F value |
P value |
PTH/(pg·mL-1)
|
| | | | |
Baseline |
42.27±13.65 |
44.38±15.42 |
40.73±15.47 |
0.843 |
0.432 |
After 1 year of treatment |
35.69±15.37*
|
35.14±15.14*
|
34.97±16.16*
|
0.481 |
0.621 |
After 5 years of treatment |
34.06±8.20*△
|
36.68±16.47*
|
33.92±7.94*△
|
4.129 |
0.001 |
N-MID/(ng·mL-1)
|
| | | | |
Baseline |
11.01±3.20 |
12.41±3.47 |
12.71±4.37 |
2.883 |
0.059 |
After 1 year of treatment |
14.08±5.67*
|
14.09±3.51 |
14.38±4.61*
|
0.761 |
0.592 |
After 5 years of treatment |
13.61±3.36*
|
13.27±3.69 |
14.61±3.97*
|
0.832 |
0.431 |
β-CTX/(ng·mL-1)
|
| | | | |
Baseline |
0.18±0.06 |
0.18±0.05 |
0.19±0.06 |
0.556 |
0.575 |
After 1 year of treatment |
0.10±0.06*
|
0.13±0.08 |
0.09±0.05*
|
1.281 |
0.291 |
After 5 years of treatment |
0.10±0.05*
|
0.13±0.09 |
0.10±0.04*
|
1.421 |
0.232 |
P1NP/(ng·mL-1)
|
| | | | |
Baseline |
32.60±6.24 |
33.17±7.16 |
33.81±6.71 |
0.402 |
0.670 |
After 1 year of treatment |
21.13±8.39*
|
24.52±8.61*
|
23.14±7.36*
|
1.291 |
0.281 |
After 5 years of treatment |
20.74±5.84*
|
24.19±7.97*
|
22.81±8.61*
|
1.594 |
0.392 |
25VitD/(ng·mL-1)
|
| | | | |
Baseline |
15.07±3.53 |
16.28±4.15 |
15.84±3.64 |
1.308 |
0.273 |
After 1 year of treatment |
22.18±9.12*
|
18.36±3.45 |
22.14±8.47*
|
2.019 |
0.104 |
After 5 years of treatment |
21.29±4.56*
|
18.23±3.48 |
23.14±4.98*
|
3.291 |
0.062 |
*P<0.05 vs baseline in the same group; △P<0.05 vs TNFi group at the same time point. AS: Ankylosing spondylitis; OP: Osteoporosis; PTH: Parathyroid hormone; N-MID: N-terminal midfragment of osteocalcin; β-CTX; β-C-terminal telopeptide of typeⅠcollagen; P1NP: Procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide; 25VitD: 25-hydroxy-vitamin D; TNFi: Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor. |
|
表 5 3组AS合并OP患者治疗前后骨代谢指标比较
Tab 5 Comparison of bone metabolic indexes of patients with AS complicated with OP in 3 groups before and after treatment
|
2.6 安全性评价
所有患者治疗期间未发生治疗相关的严重不良反应。
3 讨论
AS是一种长期的炎症性疾病,主要影响轴关节和其他关节结构,如葡萄膜、胃肠道、皮肤黏膜组织和心脏[14]。该疾病多见于青中年人群,往往存在延迟诊断的情况。随着病情恶化,患者的残疾风险逐渐增加,这不仅给患者带来了生活质量下降的问题,也给社会经济带来了负担。因此,AS的早期诊断和治疗至关重要。
目前,AS的发病机制尚不十分清楚,但研究发现其发病机制包括遗传因素及环境因素,即AS可能是有遗传危险因素的人群对环境或细菌抗原的免疫反应所引起,同时导致IL-12、IL-17和TNF-α等过度表达[15]。已知人白细胞抗原(human leukocyte antigen,HLA)-B27在AS的发病机制中发挥重要作用,估计遗传率超过20%[16]。研究表明,脊柱关节炎患者自然杀伤细胞和CD4+ T细胞明显增多,并且这些细胞表达识别细胞表面HLA-B27同型二聚体的受体KIR3DL2,也产生TNF-α和干扰素γ;当KIR3DL2+ CD4+ T细胞受到表达HLA-B27同型二聚体的抗原呈递细胞刺激时会产生更高水平的IL-17,而IL-17与TNF-α协同作用会影响骨代谢[17]。TNF-α主要由单核细胞和巨噬细胞分泌,其他免疫细胞如自然杀伤细胞、T细胞、中性粒细胞和非免疫细胞如成纤维细胞也可以产生。TNF-α参与多种风湿性疾病的发病,可促进IL-1、IL-6等炎症介质释放并激活巨噬细胞、B细胞或T细胞等的免疫机制。有研究者在AS患者的新骨形成部位附近检测到大量的TNF-α,这表明TNF-α可能在AS的发病机制中起直接作用[18]。
针对AS的药物治疗方案包括非甾体抗炎药和生物制剂,而传统缓解病情的抗风湿药疗效欠佳,且缺乏延缓疾病进展的证据。TNF-α是自身免疫和炎症级联反应的关键蛋白质,TNFi可部分阻断其相关的炎症途径,已被证明可以延缓AS患者病情进展和减少疾病活动[19]。目前已有多种TNFi获批用于治疗AS,如英夫利西单抗、依那西普、阿达木单抗、戈利木单抗和赛妥珠单抗等[20],它们的作用机制相似。已有权威指南推荐TNFi用于至少2种非甾体抗炎药治疗无效的活动性AS患者[21]。
许多研究报道了抗TNF疗法对AS患者骨质流失的积极作用。如Siderius等[22]研究显示在接受长期TNFi治疗的AS患者中,治疗前2年的骨转换平衡有利于胶原和骨化的形成;Durnez等[23]发现在接受抗TNF治疗的AS患者中,平均随访6.5年,腰椎BMD增加了11.8%,股骨近端BMD增加了3.6%。本研究纳入的是AS合并OP患者,研究结果显示,TNFi治疗5年可有效降低患者的疾病活动性、改善躯体功能、降低炎症因子水平、缓解骨代谢异常、升高BMD,并且联合应用双膦酸盐疗效更佳,表明抗TNF治疗具有预防甚至逆转AS患者骨质流失的效果。研究发现双膦酸盐不仅通过细胞凋亡途径调节破骨细胞的骨吸收活性,还能调节Akt通路,而Akt通路与破骨细胞的细胞骨架相关[24]。因此,TNFi联合双膦酸盐可能有助于抑制AS患者关节周围骨侵蚀,协同发挥抗OP作用。
综上所述,抗TNF-α治疗对AS合并OP患者的远期疗效良好,可降低疾病活动性,改善患者的躯体功能,降低炎症因子水平,缓解骨代谢异常、提升BMD。但本研究是单中心的回顾性研究,存在一定的局限性,未来可开展大样本量、多中心的前瞻性队列研究,进一步验证TNFi与其他药物联合使用对AS合并OP患者的疗效。
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