海军军医大学学报  2024, Vol. 45 Issue (10): 1281-1287   PDF    
胰腺囊性肿瘤:超声内镜的诊治研究进展
王心悦, 孙力祺, 黄浩杰, 金震东     
海军军医大学(第二军医大学)第一附属医院消化内科,上海 200433
摘要: 胰腺囊性肿瘤(PCN)是一类具有显著异质性的胰腺肿瘤,近年来其检出率不断增加,逐渐成为临床医师关注的问题。超声内镜(EUS)可以贴近胰腺扫查并进行穿刺活检,对于PCN的诊断和治疗具有一定的优势。本文主要总结了EUS应用于PCN诊断和治疗的最新进展。囊液分子标志物(如Kirsten大鼠肉瘤病毒癌基因同源物、GNAS复合体基因座、冯·希佩尔- 林道肿瘤抑制基因)及新兴内镜技术(如EUS引导下细针型共聚焦显微内镜和经穿刺针囊内活检术)都被证明可提高PCN的诊断准确性。EUS引导下消融术是新兴的PCN微创治疗技术,特别是化学消融的有效性和安全性得到大量研究的支持。
关键词: 胰腺囊性肿瘤    黏液性肿瘤    非黏液性肿瘤    超声内镜    消融术    
Pancreatic cystic neoplasms: research progress in diagnosis and treatment of endoscopic ultrasound
WANG Xinyue, SUN Liqi, HUANG Haojie, JIN Zhendong     
Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
Abstract: Pancreatic cystic neoplasm (PCN) is a category of pancreatic tumors with significant heterogeneity. In recent years, the detection rate of PCN has been increasing, and it has gradually become a concern of clinicians. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) can be close to the pancreas for scanning and biopsy, and it has certain advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of PCN. This review mainly summarizes the latest progress of EUS in the diagnosis and treatment of PCN. Cyst fluid molecular markers, such as Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog, GNAS complex locus, Von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene, as well as emerging endoscopic technologies such as EUS-guided needle based confocal laser endomicroscopy and through-the-needle biopsy, have all showed the potential to significantly improve the diagnostic accuracy of PCN. EUS-guided ablation is an emerging minimally invasive treatment technique for PCN, with the efficacy and safety of chemical ablation being supported by a substantial amount of research.
Key words: pancreatic cystic neoplasms    mucinous neoplasms    non-mucinous neoplasms    endoscopic ultrasound    ablation    

随着民众对健康的重视和体检的普及,胰腺囊性肿瘤(pancreatic cystic neoplasm,PCN)在一般人群中检出率达4%~14%,并呈现逐年升高趋势[1]。临床上根据囊壁内衬上皮是否产生黏液将PCN分为黏液性PCN和非黏液性PCN,前者主要有导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤(intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm,IPMN)和黏液性囊腺瘤(mucinous cystic neoplasm,MCN),后者主要有实性假乳头状瘤和囊性胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤[2]。Vaalavuo等[3]研究发现,黏液性PCN在全部受检的PCN患者中占60%,恶变率高达40%。由于黏液性PCN较非黏液性PCN具有更高的潜在恶性风险[4],精准的诊断和合适的管理策略极为重要。当前对于癌变或高风险的黏液性PCN通常采用外科手术干预,而低恶变潜能的患者则建议进行长期随访观察。

超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasound,EUS)可以显示囊性病变的子囊、囊壁及囊内结构,相较于CT、MRI等具有明显优势;基于EUS发展的谐波造影增强超声内镜(contrast enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasonography,CH-EUS)、超声内镜引导下细针抽吸活检术(endoscopic ultrasound and fine needle aspiration,EUS-FNA)、超声内镜引导下细针型共聚焦显微内镜(endoscopic ultrasound needle based confocal laser endomicroscopy,EUS-nCLE)和超声内镜引导下经穿刺针囊内活检术(endoscopic ultrasound through-the-needle biopsy,EUS-TTNB)等提高了PCN的诊断准确率[5]。近年来EUS引导下消融术也已经广泛应用于尚未癌变的PCN,既可以避免因手术导致的创伤大、并发症多等后果,又降低了因长期随访给患者带来的心理和经济负担。本文就EUS在PCN诊治中的研究进展进行综述。

1 PCN的EUS检查指征 1.1 常规EUS

由于EUS能够准确地判断病变与胰管的关系及周围血管情况,自20世纪80年代以来已成为一种评估PCN的重要方法。美国胃肠病协会、美国胃肠病学会和国际胰腺病协会等推荐囊肿直径>3 cm、糖类抗原19-9(carbohydrate antigen 19-9,CA19-9)升高、胰管扩张和/或囊肿生长速度>3~5 mm/年的病变常规行EUS检查[6-8];2018年欧洲指南建议EUS可用作其他影像学诊断PCN的辅助手段,仅EUS形态学就有诊断价值[9];2022年我国PCN诊断指南明确提出,影像学检查如提示存在病灶直径>3 cm、壁结节>5 mm、囊壁增厚或强化、主胰管扩张(胰管内径>5 mm)、胰管中断伴远侧胰腺萎缩、淋巴结肿大、CA19-9升高、增长速度≥5 mm/2年,建议行EUS进一步检查[10]。据报道EUS诊断PCN的灵敏度为88%,特异度为53%,准确度为70.4%[11],对鉴别IPMN或MCN与其他类型囊性病变的灵敏度为56%~78%,特异度为45%~67%[12-13]

1.2 CH-EUS

CH-EUS是一种将静脉造影剂与超声谐波成像结合的新技术,该技术可通过探查血流情况来区分壁结节和黏液栓、纤维增生等结构并预测肿瘤恶性程度,但其应用高度依赖操作者的经验和诊断水平,目前仍不能取代病理学成为诊断金标准。Yamashita等[14]研究发现,CH-EUS在诊断恶性IPMN和侵袭性IPMN(IPMN相关浸润性癌)等方面较增强CT更有效。Marchegiani等[15]在一项meta分析中发现,通过CH-EUS测量壁结节大小对于恶性PCN的阳性预测值达62%。我国指南也提出,应用CH-EUS进一步评估囊壁结节有助于评估囊内血管和分隔,从而对病灶分型和良恶性做出诊断[10]

1.3 EUS-FNA穿刺囊液分析

通过EUS-FNA获取囊液标本并进一步分析囊液的物理性状、生物化学、肿瘤标志物、分子标志物、细胞学等可提高不具有典型特征病灶的诊断率。美国放射学会白皮书(2017年)建议发现囊肿增大、出现“担忧特征”或“高风险特征”时可行EUS-FNA[16];欧洲指南(2018年)建议仅在诊断结果改变临床管理方式时才考虑EUS-FNA[9];美国胃肠病学会(2018年)推荐如果诊断不明确且结果可能改变治疗方案时可考虑EUS-FNA[8];我国指南(2022年)推荐对于影像学检查不能确定性质的PCN或EUS-FNA可能改变治疗策略时建议行EUS-FNA[10]

1.3.1 物理性状

囊液拉丝征是一种简单、可靠的液体黏度检测指标,对于黏液性PCN具有良好的诊断能力,但其受检查者的主观因素影响较大,仍需多中心研究进一步明确其诊断性能。Bick等[17]在一项纳入98例经组织病理学证实的患者的研究中发现,囊液拉丝征诊断黏液性PCN的灵敏度为58%,而结合癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)>200 ng/mL指标后诊断黏液性PCN的准确度可达89%。Sbeit等[18]报道囊液拉丝征鉴别黏液性和非黏液PCN的灵敏度、特异度和准确度分别为98%、85.7%和92.3%。

1.3.2 肿瘤标志物和细胞学

囊液CEA水平一直被认为是鉴别黏液性PCN和非黏液PCN最准确的标志物,但目前不同的研究报道对囊液CEA水平的临界值仍存在较大争议,部分文献发现低CEA(<5 ng/mL)诊断非黏液性囊肿的特异度为95%,灵敏度为50%,但不能用于预测恶性病变[12-13]。既往研究则认为CEA>192 ng/mL是诊断黏液性PCN的最佳临界值,具有73%的灵敏度和84%的特异度,若以800 ng/mL作为诊断恶性PCN的临界值,其灵敏度降至38%,但特异度可达98%[19]。目前认为囊液细胞学对于良性和恶性PCN的鉴别诊断表现为高特异度、低灵敏度的特点。Thornton等[20]研究发现,通过EUS-FNA获取囊液进行细胞学检查对于鉴别黏液性和非黏液性PCN的灵敏度为28%~73%,特异度高达83%~100%。而Sakhdari等[21]报道囊液细胞学检查对于黏液性PCN的诊断灵敏度仅为45%。近年来已经有少数研究者尝试通过细针活检技术获取足够样本以提高诊断能力,样本活检充分性可提高至65%,对于有实性成分或恶性肿瘤的活检充分性可分别达94.4%和100%[22]

1.3.3 生物化学

近年来,囊液葡萄糖被发现比CEA具有更高的诊断准确性,且具有低成本和易检测等优点,已逐渐成为诊断黏液性PCN的最佳生物标志物之一。Faias等[23]在一项meta分析中发现葡萄糖水平在诊断黏液性PCN方面优于CEA,灵敏度分别为91%和67%,特异度分别为75%和80%,AUC值分别为0.95和0.79。McCarty等[24]也认为与单独使用CEA相比,囊液葡萄糖水平在检测黏液性PCN方面具有更高的灵敏度(91% vs 56%,P<0.001)和诊断准确性(94% vs 85%,P<0.001),但特异度差异无统计学意义(86% vs 96%,P>0.05)。Smith等[25]在一项多中心队列研究中报道,CEA≥192 ng/mL对鉴别黏液性和非黏液性PCN的灵敏度和特异度分别为62.7%和88.2%,而葡萄糖水平≤250 mg/L鉴别黏液性和非黏液性PCN的灵敏度和特异度则分别达88.1%和91.2%,且葡萄糖平≤250 mg/L的AUC值显著高于CEA≥192 ng/mL的AUC值(0.96 vs 0.81,P=0.003)。多种类型囊性病变的囊液都存在高淀粉酶水平,因此其诊断价值较低,但是其水平升高常提示病变与胰管相通,可考虑用作排他性指标。

1.3.4 分子标志物

囊液DNA分子检测已广泛应用于PCN诊断,甚至可用于预测PCN的恶变潜能。虽然二代测序技术可进一步提高分子诊断水平,但由于高昂的检测费用限制了其应用范围,仅在诊断不明且明确诊断后可能改变管理方式的情况下才推荐使用。不同类型的PCN具有特定的突变基因,如Kirsten大鼠肉瘤病毒癌基因同源物(Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog,KRAS)突变发生在IPMN或MCN中,而GNAS复合体基因座(GNAS complex locus,GNAS)突变几乎只发生在IPMN中。有学者认为仅KRASGNAS突变就能够区分黏液性囊肿和非黏液囊肿,其灵敏度和特异度分别为83.3%和60%[26]。如果KRASGNAS突变检测为阴性,则患者出现IPMN或黏液性PCN的概率仅分别约为2%和8%[27]。仅存在冯·希佩尔-林道肿瘤抑制基因(Von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene,VHL)突变而没有其他基因突变对浆液性囊腺瘤有100%的特异度[28]。Singhi等[29]发现KRAS/GNAS突变联合肿瘤蛋白p53(tumor protein p53,TP53)/磷脂酰肌醇-4, 5-二磷酸3-激酶催化亚基α(phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit α,PIK3CA)/磷酸酶与张力蛋白同源物(phosphatase and tensin homolog,PTEN)突变诊断恶性囊肿的灵敏度和特异度分别为89%和100%。最近Rift等[30]开展的一项前瞻性研究发现,通过对EUS-TTNB获取的样本进行二代测序诊断黏液性PCN的灵敏度和特异度分别为83.7%和81.8%。Paniccia等[31]也报道,KRAS/GNAS突变诊断黏液性PCN的灵敏度为90%,特异度为100%,联合KRAS/GNAS突变和TP53/PIK3CA/PTEN突变对于恶性肿瘤的诊断性能和Singhi等[29]的研究结果基本一致,如果结合细胞学检查灵敏度可达93%。

1.4 EUS-nCLE

EUS-nCLE是一种将小型探针通过穿刺针腔以捕获囊内上皮和微血管实时图像而达到光学活检的新技术。IPMN在EUS-nCLE下呈现“外层为黑色上皮、内层为白色血管核的手指样乳头状结构”,而MCN则呈现“水平面样的上皮细胞带”以区别于非黏液性PCN。现有研究尚未明确PCN诊断的EUS-nCLE标准,其技术安全性和患者获益效果也不明确,临床指南目前不推荐EUS-nCLE用于常规检查,仍需进一步的研究来确认EUS-nCLE的潜在益处。Napoleon等[32]在一项多中心、前瞻性研究中发现,EUS-nCLE鉴别诊断黏液性和非黏液性PCN的灵敏度和特异度分别达到95%和100%,证实了EUS-nCLE在PCN患者中的可行性和安全性。一项对56例接受EUS-nCLE的PCN患者的前瞻性研究中,77%患者的EUS-nCLE检查结果与最终诊断相关,而细胞学检查的结果仅为66%[33]。另一项前瞻性研究也发现EUS-nCLE区分黏液性和非黏液性PCN的灵敏度、特异度和准确度分别为98%、94%和97%,而囊液CEA水平联合细胞学检查的灵敏度、特异度和准确度仅分别为74%、61%和71%[34]。本团队完成的一项网状meta分析结果提示,EUS-nCLE的总体技术成功率为88%,不良事件发生率仅为3%[35]

1.5 EUS-TTNB

EUS-TTNB是一种经EUS引导下将微活检钳通过穿刺针道直接对囊壁、囊内分隔或壁结节等结构进行采样,以获取足够的病变标本进行组织学检查的技术。EUS-TTNB对于黏液性PCN具有较高的诊断效率,但其不良事件发生率不容忽视,当前应用该技术时应综合考虑获益风险比。Yang等[36]开展的一项前瞻性研究发现,EUS-TTNB的诊断率为83%,而EUS-FNA的诊断率仅为38%。Tacelli等[37]报道EUS-TTNB诊断黏液性PCN的灵敏度和特异度分别为89%和95%。另一项回顾性研究发现,EUS-FNA、EUS-TTNB和EUS-nCLE三者联合对PCN的诊断率可达到93.2%[38]。虽然有研究显示EUS-TTNB的手术并发症如囊内出血和胰腺炎的发生率分别仅为5.6%和2.4%,严重并发症的发生率为1.1%[39],但也有文献报道EUS-TTNB的不良事件发生率达到9.9%[40]。本团队进行的网状meta分析结果同样表明TTNB的不良事件发生率高达9%[35]

2 EUS引导下消融治疗PCN

伴随EUS技术的飞速发展,EUS引导下消融术作为低风险PCN治疗的一种新方法受到患者广泛关注。自2005年Gan等[41]首次报道EUS引导下化学消融术治疗PCN的临床研究后,目前已经有较多研究评估EUS引导下消融术的有效性和安全性,但其疗效及适应证尚缺乏大样本研究支持。

2.1 EUS引导下化学消融

EUS引导下化学消融是指在EUS引导下直接向囊腔内注射无水乙醇或化疗药物,以破坏病灶囊壁内层结构进而消除肿瘤的方法。其因高疗效及低并发症等优点可能成为PCN的主要非手术治疗方法,但还需要更多的研究来探索它的有效性和安全性。2019年PCN消融国际共识明确,主要灌注消融方式有单纯乙醇灌注消融、乙醇灌洗紫杉醇消融、生理盐水灌洗紫杉醇+吉西他滨消融、聚桂醇消融[42]。Attila等[43]的一项meta分析结果表明,紫杉醇消融对囊肿的完全消除率显著高于乙醇灌洗(63.6% vs 32.8%),且其不良事件的发生率仅为15%,而乙醇灌洗组可达21.7%,其中消融成功率最高的是MCN,而IPMN因复杂腔内结构消融效果有限。Moyer等[44]进行的随机对照试验发现乙醇并没有提高化疗药物对于PNC的消融效果,并可能增加不良事件的发生风险。Linghu等[45]首次报道聚桂醇作为消融剂的有效率达68.9%,与其他消融剂具有同样的治疗效果;随后该团队进行的一项前瞻性研究结果表明以聚桂醇为消融剂治疗PCN的总体有效率为85.5%,其长期随访有效率高达91.4%且无严重并发症[46]。近期,Papaefthymiou等[47]的meta分析发现,消融治疗对于PCN的完全消退率为44%,部分消退率为30%,而不良事件发生率仅为14%。

2.2 EUS引导下物理消融

临床上常用的物理消融方式是射频消融,其可通过高频交流电产生热量以破坏囊壁结构从而起到治疗效果。尽管与化学消融相比射频消融的研究较少,但已经有少数研究报道了射频消融对PCN的疗效,未来还需要更多的研究来证实其有效性。2015年,Pai等[48]首次报道了应用EUS引导下射频消融治疗的6例PCN,在术后3~6个月的影像学随访期间发现2例囊肿完全消退、3例囊肿大小缩小了48.4%。在一项随访17例经EUS引导下射频消融治疗的黏液性PCN患者的多中心、前瞻性研究中,有8例患者在治疗后6个月达到完全缓解,在随访1年后完全缓解的患者增加至11例[49]。Younis等[50]对5例黏液性PCN患者进行EUS引导下射频消融治疗,3例患者完全缓解,只有3例出现较轻微的并发症。这3项随访时间<12个月的小型前瞻性研究评估了EUS引导下射频消融在黏液性PCN治疗中的安全性和有效性,完全消融率为33%~65%,不良事件发生率为0~10%。Choi等[51]也开展了一项随访71个月的前瞻性研究,发现99%的患者囊性病灶获得完全消融。

3 小结

PCN由于检出率逐渐增加,特别是具有恶性潜能的黏液性PCN已经成为了临床医师越来越重视的问题。诊断和监测PCN可以早期发现癌变风险,而早期干预更可以避免不良预后的出现。当前区分癌前/恶性PCN与低风险PCN及其管理方式的选择仍然是一项挑战,但是随着EUS技术日渐成熟,未来PCN的诊断率会不断提高、治疗方法会更加丰富,有望给患者带来最大的收益。

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