海军军医大学学报  2023, Vol. 44 Issue (2): 197-204   PDF    
2型糖尿病患者中ZJU指数定义的非酒精性脂肪性肝病与血清25-羟维生素D水平的关系
陈重阳1, 潘斌晶1, 闫俊新1, 蔡静1, 赵平平1, 赵阳婷1, 吕小羽1, 李凯1, 王亚雯1, 刘靖芳1,2     
1. 兰州大学第一临床医学院, 兰州 730000;
2. 兰州大学第一医院内分泌科, 兰州 730000
摘要: 目的 探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者中ZJU指数定义的非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)与血清25-羟维生素D[25(OH)D]水平的相关性。方法 收集2016年4月至2020年10月兰州大学第一医院内分泌科确诊的917例T2DM住院患者的临床资料。ZJU指数<32.0时排除NAFLD,为32.0~38.0时不确定,>38.0时诊断为NAFLD,分析3组患者血清25(OH)D水平的差异。采用广义线性模型分析25(OH)D水平与ZJU指数定义的NAFLD的相关性。结果 917例T2DM患者中ZJU指数定义的NAFLD患者共有570例(62.16%);超声诊断为脂肪肝的412例T2DM患者中ZJU指数定义为NAFLD的患者有336例(81.55%)。合并高血压、高脂血症、超重或肥胖的T2DM患者NAFLD的患病率分别高于无高血压、无高脂血症、体重正常的T2DM患者[64.92%(396/610)vs 56.68%(174/307),68.18%(480/704)vs 42.25%(90/213),76.83%(315/410)、99.08%(108/109)vs 38.03%(143/376);P均<0.01]。血糖控制不佳的T2DM患者NAFLD的患病率高于血糖控制良好者[69.33%(495/714)vs 36.95%(75/203),P<0.001]。25(OH)D水平正常的T2DM患者NAFLD的患病率高于25(OH)D不足、缺乏者[79.90%(163/204)vs 56.99%(367/644)、57.97%(40/69),P<0.001]。调整年龄、空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、BMI、收缩压、舒张压、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)等混杂因素后,协方差分析显示男性、女性患者中,NAFLD组和非NAFLD组之间血清25(OH)D水平差异均无统计学意义(P=0.065、0.197)。广义线性模型分析显示,BMI、餐后2 h血糖、HbA1c、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数、甘油三酯、ALT/AST是ZJU指数定义的NAFLD的危险因素(OR=2.754、1.499、1.341、1.067、2.871、22.346),而血清25(OH)D水平与ZJU指数无关(P=0.802)。结论 ZJU指数对于T2DM患者合并NAFLD的诊断有一定的应用价值。血糖控制不佳或合并高血压、高脂血症、超重、肥胖的T2DM患者ZJU指数定义的NAFLD的患病率较高,但血清25(OH)D水平与NAFLD无关。
关键词: 2型糖尿病    非酒精性脂肪性肝病    胰岛素抵抗    25-羟维生素D    ZJU指数    
Correlation between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease defined by ZJU index and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
CHEN Chong-yang1, PAN Bin-jing1, YAN Jun-xin1, CAI Jing1, ZHAO Ping-ping1, ZHAO Yang-ting1, Lü Xiao-yu1, LI Kai1, WANG Ya-wen1, LIU Jing-fang1,2     
1. The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China;
2. Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the relationship between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) defined by ZJU index and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods The clinical data of 917 T2DM patients diagnosed in Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Lanzhou University from Apr. 2016 to Oct. 2020 were collected. The patients were divided into non-NAFLD group (ZJU index < 32.0), uncertain group (ZJU index 32.0-38.0) and NAFLD group (ZJU index > 38.0), and the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels of the 3 groups were compared. The association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and NAFLD defined by ZJU index was analyzed by generalized linear model. Results There were 570 NAFLD patients (62.16%) defined by ZJU index in 917 T2DM patients. The ZJU index defined 336 (81.55%) patients as NAFLD in 412 T2DM patients who were diagnosed with fatty liver by ultrasound. The prevalence rates of NAFLD in T2DM patients with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, overweight or obesity were significantly higher than those in T2DM patients without hypertension, hyperlipidemia or with normal weight (64.92% [396/610] vs 56.68% [174/307], 68.18% [480/704] vs 42.25% [90/213], and 76.83% [315/410] and 99.08% [108/109] vs 38.03% [143/376]; all P < 0.01). The prevalence of NAFLD in T2DM patients with poor glycemic control was significantly higher than that with good glycemic control (69.33% [495/714] vs 36.95% [75/203], P < 0.001). The prevalence of NAFLD in T2DM patients with normal 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels was significantly higher than that with 25-hydroxyvitamin D inadequacy or deficiency (79.90% [163/204] vs 56.99% [367/644] and 57.97% [40/69], P < 0.001). After adjusting for confounding factors such as age, fasting blood glucose, blood glucose 2 h after meals, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), analysis of covariance showed that there were no significant differences in 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels between male and female NAFLD groups and non-NAFLD groups in either male or female patients (P=0.065 and 0.197). The generalized linear model suggested that BMI, blood glucose 2 h after meals, HbA1c, homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance index, triglyceride and ALT/AST were the risk factors for NAFLD defined by ZJU index (OR=2.754, 1.499, 1.341, 1.067, 2.871, and 22.346). There was no correlation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and ZJU index (P=0.802). Conclusion ZJU index has application value in the diagnosis of NAFLD in T2DM patients. The prevalence of NAFLD defined by ZJU index is higher in T2DM patients with poor glycemic control, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, overweight or obesity, but serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is not associated with NAFLD.
Key words: type 2 diabetes mellitus    non-alcoholic fatty liver disease    insulin resistance    25-hydroxyvitamin D    ZJU index    

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)指在没有大量乙醇摄入的情况下,肝细胞中脂肪过度堆积超过体重的5%而导致的一种慢性肝脏疾病[1]。2018年统计数据显示,全球NAFLD的患病率约为25%[2],而中国NAFLD患病率为29.2%[3]。NAFLD常合并代谢综合征、2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)、肥胖和骨质疏松等代谢相关疾病[4]。研究表明血清25-羟维生素D[25-hydroxyvitamin D,25(OH)D]水平与NAFLD的患病风险和严重程度呈负相关[5],并且25(OH)D缺乏的T2DM患者发生NAFLD的风险是非25(OH)D缺乏患者的2.045倍[6]。然而也有研究认为25(OH)D缺乏与NAFLD的患病和严重程度无关[7-8]

ZJU指数是浙江大学Wang等[9]根据BMI、空腹血糖、甘油三酯和血清丙氨酸转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)与天冬氨酸转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)比值(ALT/AST)开发的适用于中国人的NAFLD预测模型,其ROC AUC值为0.822,可以很好地预测脂肪变性。本研究分析了T2DM患者中ZJU指数对NAFLD诊断的应用价值,并探讨了血清25(OH)D水平与ZJU指数定义的NAFLD的相关性,为临床上T2DM合并NAFLD患者的诊治提供新思路。

1 资料和方法 1.1 研究对象

选择2016年4月至2020年10月兰州大学第一医院内分泌科确诊的1 213例T2DM住院患者,按纳入及排除标准筛选后共917例患者纳入研究。纳入标准:(1)年龄>18岁;(2)T2DM患者;(3)研究所需临床资料完善。排除标准:(1)有慢性病毒性肝炎史;(2)大量饮酒史(长期乙醇摄入量男性≥40 g/d、女性≥20 g/d或2周内乙醇摄入量>80 g/d);(3)有遗传性疾病、自身免疫性肝病史、感染、胆道疾病、药物性肝损伤史或炎症性肠病。所有研究对象均知情同意,本研究获得兰州大学第一医院伦理委员会审批(LDYYLL2021-337)。

1.2 资料收集

(1)一般资料:记录患者的姓名、性别、年龄、糖尿病病程、高血压病史和用药情况,以及其他的既往病史、吸烟史、饮酒史。(2)体格检查:测定患者的身高、体重及收缩压和舒张压。(3)实验室检查:患者禁食水8 h后于清晨抽取肘静脉血5 mL,常规分离血清,采用AU5800系列的AU5831全自动生化分析仪(上海贝克曼库尔特商贸有限公司)检测AST、ALT、甘油三酯、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平;采用伯乐-D10糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin,HbA1c)分析系统(上海伯乐生命医学产品有限公司)通过高效液相色谱法测定HbA1c水平;采用RT-6000酶标分析仪(深圳雷杜生命科学股份有限公司)测定25(OH)D水平。患者口服100 g馒头或75 g无水葡萄糖,行口服葡萄糖耐量试验+胰岛素释放试验,采用AU5831全自动生化分析仪检测空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖;采用Centaur-XP全自动化学发光免疫分析仪(上海西门子医疗器械有限公司)通过化学发光法测定空腹胰岛素。采用Osteosys EXA-3000双能X线骨密度仪(北京格兰博科技发展有限公司)测定右跟骨和左前臂远端的骨密度。

1.3 诊断标准及分组定义

(1)T2DM诊断标准,即有糖尿病典型症状且随机血糖≥11.1 mmol/L或空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L或餐后2 h血糖≥11.1 mmol/L。(2)BMI<18.5 kg/m2为体重过低,18.5~23.9 kg/m2为体重正常,24.0~27.9 kg/m2为超重,≥28.0 kg/m2为肥胖。(3)高血压诊断标准,即平均收缩压≥140 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)、舒张压≥90 mmHg或正在使用降压药物。(4)高脂血症诊断标准,即总胆固醇≥5.2 mmol/L、甘油三酯≥1.7 mmol/L、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇≥3.4 mmol/L或高密度脂蛋白胆固醇<1.0 mmol/L。(5)NAFLD诊断标准[1]。①腹部超声检查具备以下至少2项:肝脏近场回声增强,远场回声减弱;肝脏实质回声致密,强于肾脏实质;肝内血管和胆道结构显示不清。②饮酒量:折合乙醇摄入量男性<30 g/d、女性<20 g/d。③排除其他引起肝酶升高的肝病,如病毒性肝炎、自身免疫性肝炎、乳糜泻、肝豆状核变性等慢性肝病及肝脏恶性肿瘤、感染、胆道疾病。④排除服用能导致脂肪肝的药物,如糖皮质激素、合成雌激素、三苯氧胺、氨碘酮、丙戊酸钠、奥氮平等。(6)ZJU指数=BMI(kg/m2)+空腹血糖(mmol/L)+甘油三酯(mmol/L)+3×[ALT(U/L)/AST(U/L)](+2,如果是女性)。ZJU指数<32.0时排除NAFLD,ZJU指数为32.0~38.0时不确定,ZJU指数>38.0时诊断为NAFLD[9]。(7)稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance index,HOMA-IR)=空腹血糖×空腹胰岛素/22.5。(8)血清25(OH)D≤20 ng/mL为维生素D缺乏,>20~30 ng/mL为维生素D不足,>30 ng/mL为维生素D水平正常[10]。(9)通过HbA1c评估血糖控制情况,其中HbA1c<7%表示血糖控制良好,≥7%表示血糖控制不佳。

1.4 统计学处理

应用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计学分析。呈正态分布的计量资料以x±s表示,非正态分布的计量资料以中位数(下四分位数,上四分位数)表示或进行对数转换,分别采用单因素方差分析和Kruskal-Wallis H检验进行多组间比较。在调整混杂因素后,采用协方差分析进行多组间比较。计数资料以例数和百分数表示,采用χ2检验进行组间比较。多重比较均采用Bonferroni校正法调整P值。采用偏相关分析和多元逐步线性回归方法分析ZJU指数和变量间的相关性,采用广义线性模型分析血清25(OH)D水平及其他因素对ZJU指数定义的NAFLD的影响。所有检验均为双侧检验,检验水准(α)为0.05。

2 结果 2.1 不同亚组T2DM患者中ZJU指数定义的NAFLD患病率比较

917例T2DM患者中男582例、女335例,ZJU指数定义的NAFLD患者共计570例(62.16%),超声诊断为脂肪肝的412例T2DM患者中ZJU指数定义为NAFLD的患者有336例(81.55%)。女性人群中NAFLD患病率高于男性(P<0.001)。合并高血压、高脂血症、超重或肥胖的T2DM患者NAFLD患病率分别高于无高血压、无高脂血症、体重正常的T2DM患者(P均<0.01)。血糖控制不佳的T2DM患者NAFLD患病率高于血糖控制良好者(P<0.001)。单纯肥胖、肥胖合并高脂血症和/或合并高血压的T2DM患者之间NAFLD患病率差异无统计学意义(P=0.213)。维生素D水平正常的T2DM患者NAFLD患病率高于维生素D不足、维生素D缺乏者(P<0.001)。见表 1

表 1 不同亚组T2DM患者中ZJU指数定义的NAFLD患病率 Tab 1 Prevalence of NAFLD defined by ZJU index in T2DM patients of different subgroups  

2.2 不同ZJU指数分组的T2DM患者临床指标比较

男性和女性T2DM患者中,ZJU指数定义的NAFLD患者高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平均低于非NAFLD患者(P均<0.05),空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、BMI、收缩压、甘油三酯、左前臂骨密度、右跟骨骨密度、空腹胰岛素、HOMA-IR、ALT和ALT/AST水平均高于非NAFLD患者(P均<0.05);此外,男性NAFLD患者的年龄低于非NAFLD患者、舒张压高于非NAFLD患者(P均<0.05),女性NAFLD患者的HbA1c水平高于非NAFLD患者(P<0.05,表 2)。调整年龄、空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、HbA1c、BMI、收缩压、舒张压、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、AST、ALT和ALT/AST后,协方差分析显示无论男性还是女性患者,NAFLD组和非NAFLD组之间血清25(OH)D水平差异均无统计学意义(P=0.065、0.197)。

表 2 不同ZJU指数分组的男性和女性T2DM患者临床指标比较 Tab 2 Comparison of clinical indexes of male and female T2DM patients with different ZJU index levels

2.3 T2DM患者ZJU指数与各指标的偏相关分析

调整年龄、空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、HbA1c、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、右跟骨骨密度和左前臂骨密度等可能影响血清25(OH)D水平的因素后,男性、女性T2DM患者中,BMI、收缩压、舒张压、ALT和ALT/AST与ZJU指数呈正相关(男性r=0.761、0.201、0.182、0.427、0.659,P均<0.001;女性r=0.765、0.162、0.166、0.219、0.292,P均<0.01),而血清25(OH)D水平和空腹胰岛素、HOMA-IR、AST与ZJU指数无关(男性r=0.073、0.036、0.041、0.027,P均>0.05;女性r=0.103、0.092、0.059、0.108,P均>0.05)。

2.4 T2DM患者ZJU指数独立影响因素的多元逐步线性回归分析

以ZJU指数为因变量,采用逐步向前法依次输入性别、年龄、空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、HbA1c、空腹胰岛素、HOMA-IR、收缩压、舒张压、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、左前臂骨密度、右跟骨骨密度、AST、ALT、ALT/AST和25(OH)D,多元逐步线性回归分析结果显示性别、年龄、BMI、餐后2 h血糖、HOMA-IR、HbA1c、甘油三酯和ALT/AST是ZJU指数的独立影响因素(P均<0.001),收缩压、左前臂骨密度、右跟骨骨密度、血清25(OH)D对T2DM患者ZJU指数的影响无统计学意义。共线性诊断提示自变量间不存在多重共线性(容忍度接近1,方差膨胀系数<10)。见表 3

表 3 T2DM患者ZJU指数影响因素的多元逐步线性回归分析 Tab 3 Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis of influencing factors of ZJU index in T2DM patients

2.5 T2DM患者ZJU指数独立影响因素的广义线性模型分析

以ZJU指数为因变量,以性别、年龄、BMI、收缩压、餐后2 h血糖、HbA1c、HOMA-IR、甘油三酯、左前臂骨密度、右跟骨骨密度、ALT/AST和血清25(OH)D为自变量进行广义线性模型分析。结果显示T2DM患者中,男性、年龄与ZJU指数呈负相关(OR=0.149、0.977,P均<0.001),BMI、餐后2 h血糖、HbA1c、HOMA-IR、甘油三酯、ALT/AST是ZJU指数定义的NAFLD的危险因素(OR=2.754、1.499、1.341、1.067、2.871、22.346,P均<0.001),而血清25(OH)D水平与ZJU指数无关(P=0.802)。见表 4

表 4 T2DM患者ZJU指数影响因素的广义线性模型分析 Tab 4 Generalized linear model analysis of influencing factors of ZJU index in T2DM patients

3 讨论

NAFLD包括肝细胞单纯脂肪变性、脂肪性肝炎和纤维化甚至癌变等肝脏病变[1]。肝活检是目前诊断NAFLD的金标准,但作为一种侵入性方法,其在临床和大规模人群研究中的使用有限,因此通过血清标志物筛查NAFLD具有一定的价值。研究表明ZJU指数可用于NAFLD的预测,一项纳入19 804例研究对象(7 324例诊断为NFALD)的研究表明,ZJU指数诊断NAFLD的AUC值为0.925(95% CI 0.919~0.931),显著优于其他模型的预测价值[11]。前瞻性研究也发现基线ZJU指数与NAFLD的发病率呈线性正相关,ZJU指数的变化与NAFLD事件的风险独立相关[12]。ZJU指数对中国人群NAFLD的预测结果表明,男性受试者AUC值为0.833(95% CI 0.809~0.858),女性为0.788(95% CI 0.758~0.818),均高于其他预测模型,并且ZJU指数在最高四分位数水平的NAFLD患者胰岛素抵抗的风险显著升高[13]。同样,对于西方人群,ZJU指数预测NAFLD的效果也优于其他模型(AUC=0.742,95% CI 0.647~0.837)[14]

NAFLD通过影响机体的代谢过程和葡萄糖-胰岛素稳态导致T2DM的患病风险和严重程度增加[4]。前瞻性研究表明,病程为5~10年的NAFLD患者T2DM和代谢综合征的发生风险均增加[15]。本研究结果显示,T2DM患者中ZJU指数定义的NAFLD患者占62.16%(570/917),并且血糖控制不佳者及合并高血压、高脂血症、超重或肥胖的T2DM患者的NAFLD患病率增高。与ZJU指数定义的非NAFLD者相比,ZJU指数定义的NAFLD患者高密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低,空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、BMI、收缩压、甘油三酯、空腹胰岛素和HOMA-IR水平均升高,提示对于T2DM患者,NAFLD的患病与胰岛素抵抗、肥胖、糖脂代谢紊乱及高血压密切相关。

NAFLD的发生主要由于脂肪利用与积累之间的稳态改变引起肝细胞脂肪过度积累,刺激肝脏星状细胞和库普弗细胞释放细胞因子引起肝细胞脂肪变性和纤维化[16],并抑制胰岛素活性导致胰岛素抵抗所致[17]。胰岛素抵抗引起的高胰岛素血症和胰岛素信号通路失调会进一步加重脂质代谢失衡,影响促炎和纤维化细胞因子的释放。研究表明25(OH)D具有抗炎、抗纤维化、抗氧化应激和增强胰岛素敏感性等作用,其可能会促进NAFLD的发生和发展[5, 18-22]。既往研究发现,血清25(OH)D缺乏与T2DM和NAFLD[5]的发病相关。然而本研究结果显示,血清25(OH)D水平不足和缺乏的T2DM患者ZJU定义的NAFLD患病率低于血清25(OH)D水平正常者,但在调整混杂因素后NAFLD组和非NAFLD组之间血清25(OH)D水平差异无统计学意义,并且偏相关分析、多元逐步线性回归分析、广义线性模型分析结果均显示血清25(OH)D水平与ZJU指数无关。这与Li等[23]和Wang等[8]的研究结果一致。Jaruvongvanich等[7]通过meta分析也发现NAFLD患者肝脏的组织学损害程度与25(OH)D水平无关。还有研究表明,维生素D代谢相关基因如细胞色素复合物和维生素D结合蛋白基因在肝脏的表达水平与NAFLD的严重程度无关[24]。此外,补充维生素D并不能改善T2DM合并NAFLD患者的肝脏脂肪变性[25]

本研究有一定局限性:(1)未设置非T2DM患者作为对照,不能明确非糖尿病患者血清25(OH)D与NAFLD之间的关系。(2)本研究仅为回顾性研究,不能确定血清25(OH)D水平变化与NAFLD患病之间的因果关系及其与NAFLD转归之间的关系。(3)本研究未考虑降压药、降糖药或调脂药的使用对研究结果的影响。因此,将来需要开展更多设计严谨的前瞻性研究进一步明确两者的关系。

综上所述,ZJU指数对于T2DM患者合并NAFLD的诊断具有一定的价值,血糖控制不佳或合并高血压、高脂血症、超重、肥胖的T2DM患者ZJU指数定义的NAFLD的患病率较高,但血清25(OH)D水平与NAFLD无关。

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