海军军医大学学报  2022, Vol. 43 Issue (6): 691-695   PDF    
某岛礁官兵耳鼻咽喉头颈部疾病的流行病学调查
段祥强1, 朱敏辉1, 陈行辉1, 张才云1, 陈世彩1, 高颖娜1, 鲍丽龙2, 郑宏良1     
1. 海军军医大学(第二军医大学)第一附属医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科,上海 200433;
2. 海军军医大学(第二军医大学)第一附属医院输血科,上海 200433
摘要: 目的 调查高温、高湿、高盐、强辐射、多台风环境下守礁官兵耳鼻咽喉头颈部疾病的流行病学特征,分析病因,为针对性制订科学合理的卫勤保障方案提供依据。方法 调查2018年6月至2020年6月某岛礁医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科门诊所有就诊官兵的就诊信息,记录性别、年龄、主诉、病情概要、就诊时间及诊断结果等资料,按耳部、鼻部、咽部、喉部及头颈部疾病进行分类,统计各个部位所见疾病及构成比。结果 某岛礁医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科门诊共1 748例次就诊,占岛礁医院总就诊例次的3.79%(1 748/46 121)。在1 748例次就诊记录中,耳部疾病占27.86%(487/1 748),诊断疾病24种,最常见的为急性外耳道炎(100例次,20.53%),其次为慢性外耳道炎(70例次,14.37%)、耵聍栓塞(56例次,11.50%)、耳鸣(44例次,9.03%)、真菌性外耳道炎(34例次,6.98%)等;鼻部疾病占26.26%(459/1 748),诊断疾病14种,最常见的为慢性鼻炎(145例次,31.59%),其次为变应性鼻炎(136例次,29.63%)、鼻中隔偏曲(36例次,7.84%)、鼻出血(34例次,7.41%)、慢性鼻窦炎(33例次,7.19%)等;咽部疾病占32.32%(565/1 748),诊断疾病12种,最常见的为慢性咽炎(302例次,53.45%),其次为急性咽炎(169例次,29.91%)、急性扁桃体炎(48例次,8.50%)、慢性扁桃体炎(25例次,4.42%)、咽部异物(7例次,1.24%)等;喉部疾病占9.55%(167/1 748),诊断疾病5种,最常见的为慢性喉炎(95例次,56.89%),其次为急性喉炎(68例次,40.72%)等;头颈部疾病占2.23%(39/1 748),诊断疾病8种,最常见的为颈部淋巴结炎(18例次,46.15%),其次为颌面创伤(5例次,12.82%)、颞下颌关节紊乱综合征(5例次,12.82%)等。结论 在岛礁复杂、恶劣的环境下,守礁官兵耳鼻咽喉头颈部疾病种类繁多,病情多较复杂。
关键词: 军事人员    岛礁    耳鼻咽喉疾病    头颈部疾病    流行病学    
Epidemic survey of otorhinolaryngology head and neck diseases among officers and soldiers stationed on an island
DUAN Xiang-qiang1, ZHU Min-hui1, CHEN Hang-hui1, ZHANG Cai-yun1, CHEN Shi-cai1, GAO Ying-na1, BAO Li-long2, ZHENG Hong-liang1     
1. Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China;
2. Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the epidemiological features of otorhinolaryngology head and neck diseases under the environment of high temperature, high humidity, high salinity, intense radiation and more typhoons among officers and soldiers stationed on an island, analyze their pathogenesis, so as to provide reference for establishing a scientific and reasonable medical support program. Methods The clinical information of officers and soldiers in outpatient department of otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery from Jun. 2018 to Jun. 2020 was collected, including gender, age, chief complaint, illness profile, visit time, and diagnosis. Diagnostic classification abiding by ear, nose, pharynx, larynx, head and neck was made. Each diagnosis and its corresponding constituent ratio were calculated. Results The outpatient department of otolaryngology head and neck surgery totally received 1 748 visits, which accounted for 3.79% (1 748/46 121) visits of the island hospital. Ear diseases accounted for 27.86% (487/1 748), with 24 kinds of diagnosis, and the highest incidence of the diagnosis was acute otitis externa (n=100, 20.53%), followed by chronic otitis externa (n=70, 14.37%), impacted cerumen (n=56, 11.50%), tinnitus (n=44, 9.03%), otitis externa mycotica (n=34, 6.98%), etc. Nasal diseases accounted for 26.26% (459/1 748), with 14 kinds of diagnosis, and the highest incidence of the diagnosis was chronic rhinitis (n=145, 31.59%), followed by allergic rhinitis (n=136, 29.63%), deviation of nasal septum (n=36, 7.84%), epistaxis (n=34, 7.41%), chronic rhinosinusitis (n=33, 7.19%), etc. Pharyngeal diseases accounted for 32.32% (565/1 748), with 12 kinds of diagnosis, and the highest incidence of the diagnosis was chronic pharyngitis (n=302, 53.45%), followed by acute pharyngitis (n=169, 29.91%), acute tonsillitis (n=48, 8.50%), chronic tonsillitis (n=25, 4.42%), pharyngeal foreign body (n=7, 1.24%), etc. Laryngeal diseases accounted for 9.55% (167/1 748), with 5 kinds of diagnosis, and the highest incidence of diagnosis was chronic laryngitis (n=95, 56.89%), followed by acute laryngitis (n=68, 40.72%), etc. Head and neck diseases accounted for 2.23% (39/1 748), with 8 kinds of diagnosis, and the highest incidence of diagnosis was cervical lymphadenitis (n=18, 46.15%), followed by maxillofacial trauma (n=5, 12.82%), temporomandibular joint disturbance syndrome (n=5, 12.82%), etc. Conclusion Under the complex and hostile environment, there are many kinds of otorhinolaryngology head and neck diseases among officers and solders stationed on an island, and most of the diseases are complicated.
Key words: military personnel    island    otorhinolaryngologic diseases    head and neck diseases    epidemiology    

岛礁远离祖国大陆,地处边防一线,自然环境恶劣,守礁官兵不仅要承担繁重的战备任务,更要接受高温、高湿、高盐、强辐射、多台风等恶劣环境的挑战,这些都将对他们的身心健康产生一定的影响。提升卫勤保障能力、保障守礁官兵的身心健康对于提高部队战斗力具有重要的战略意义。本研究调查了2018年6月至2020年6月某岛礁医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科门诊所有官兵的就诊信息,分析守礁官兵耳鼻咽喉头颈部疾病的构成情况和流行病学特征,探讨岛礁复杂环境下耳鼻咽喉头颈部疾病的发生规律,为制订针对性的卫勤保障方案、提高守礁官兵健康水平提供依据。

1 资料和方法 1.1 调查对象和方法

调查对象为2018年6月至2020年6月在某岛礁医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科门诊就诊的所有官兵,排除因非耳鼻咽喉头颈疾病而就诊者。收集信息包括性别、年龄、主诉、病情概要、就诊时间和诊断结果。参照国际疾病分类第十一次修订本(International Classification of Diseases 11th revision,ICD-11)[1]进行疾病编码分类,按耳部、鼻部、咽部、喉部及头颈部疾病进行分类,并统计各个部位所见疾病及构成比。

1.2 统计学处理

采用Excel软件对原始数据进行登记录入、整理及分类统计,采用GraphPad Prism 8软件绘图。计量资料以x±s表示,计数资料以例次和百分数表示。

2 结果 2.1 病种特征分析

2018年6月至2020年6月某岛礁医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科门诊共有1 748例次官兵就诊,占岛礁医院总就诊例次的3.79%(1 748/46 121)。就诊官兵中男1 724例次、女24例次,年龄18~60(26.77±5.69)岁。由表 1可见,在1 748例次就诊记录中,耳部疾病共487例次(27.86%),诊断疾病24种,最常见的为急性外耳道炎(20.53%),其次为慢性外耳道炎(14.37%)、耵聍栓塞(11.50%)、耳鸣(9.03%)、真菌性外耳道炎(6.98%)、急性中耳炎(6.57%)、外耳道湿疹(5.95%)、耳聋(4.11%)、眩晕(3.70%)、耳部皮脂腺囊肿(3.29%)等;鼻部疾病共459例次(26.26%),诊断疾病14种,最常见的为慢性鼻炎(31.59%),其次为变应性鼻炎(29.63%)、鼻中隔偏曲(7.84%)、鼻出血(7.41%)、慢性鼻窦炎(7.19%)、急性鼻炎(5.45%)、急性鼻窦炎(4.14%)、急性鼻前庭炎(3.49%)、鼻骨骨折(1.31%)等;咽部疾病共565例次(32.32%),诊断疾病12种,最常见的为慢性咽炎(53.45%),其次为急性咽炎(29.91%)、急性扁桃体炎(8.50%)、慢性扁桃体炎(4.42%)、咽部异物(1.24%)等;喉部疾病共167例次(9.55%),诊断疾病5种,最常见的为慢性喉炎(56.89%),其次为急性喉炎(40.72%)、急性会厌炎(1.20%)等;头颈部疾病共39例次(2.23%),诊断疾病8种,最常见的为颈部淋巴结炎(46.15%),其次为颌面创伤(12.82%)、颞下颌关节紊乱综合征(12.82%)、急性腮腺炎(7.69%)、颈部创伤(7.69%)等;其他部位疾病3种,包括急性上呼吸道感染、口腔溃疡、睡眠相关呼吸障碍,累计31例次(1.77%)。

表 1 耳鼻咽喉头颈外科门诊就诊官兵各部位常见疾病 

在耳鼻咽喉头颈外科门诊1 748例次就诊记录中,诊断疾病占前20位的分别为慢性咽炎(302例次,17.28%)、急性咽炎(169例次,9.67%)、慢性鼻炎(145例次,8.30%)、变应性鼻炎(136例次,7.78%)、急性外耳道炎(100例次,5.72%)、慢性喉炎(95例次,5.43%)、慢性外耳道炎(70例次,4.00%)、急性喉炎(68例次,3.89%)、耵聍栓塞(56例次,3.20%)、急性扁桃体炎(48例次,2.75%)、耳鸣(44例次,2.52%)、鼻中隔偏曲(36例次,2.06%)、真菌性外耳道炎(34例次,1.95%)、鼻出血(34例次,1.95%)、慢性鼻窦炎(33例次,1.89%)、急性中耳炎(32例次,1.83%)、外耳道湿疹(29例次,1.66%)、急性鼻炎(25例次,1.43%)、慢性扁桃体炎(25例次,1.43%)和耳聋(20例次,1.14%)。

2.2 变应性鼻炎流行病学特征

岛礁气候依据降水量大小可划分为雨季与旱季,雨季为每年的5月至11月,旱季为每年的12月至次年4月,变应性鼻炎就诊例次呈明显的雨季、旱季波动起伏规律(图 1)。

图 1 变应性鼻炎月就诊官兵例次变化趋势图

3 讨论

岛礁地处热带海洋季风气候,高温、高湿、高盐、强辐射、多台风,自然环境恶劣,年均气温22~28 ℃,年均湿度在80%以上,守礁官兵处于边防一线,条件较为艰苦[2-3]。本研究通过调查发现,岛礁官兵耳鼻咽喉头颈部疾病存在独有的流行病学特征,分析如下。

耳部疾病占耳鼻咽喉头颈外科门诊就诊例次的27.86%,以外耳道疾病(急慢性外耳道炎、耵聍栓塞等)最为多见。耵聍分布于外耳道软骨部,由耵聍腺和皮脂腺分泌的物质组成,含有多种抗菌蛋白及多肽,如溶菌酶、乳铁蛋白、β-防御素等[4-5]。耵聍作为保护屏障有防水、抗真菌、抗细菌的特性,在防止机械损伤和微生物入侵方面发挥重要作用[6-7]。耳部疾病高发原因主要有以下几个:(1)高温、高湿的岛礁环境抑制外耳道耵聍的分泌,降低了外耳道局部的抵抗力。(2)高温、高湿刺激外耳道,引起耳痒等不适感,岛礁官兵可能通过挖耳缓解不适,但挖耳方式不正确会造成外耳道皮肤损伤,继发感染。(3)岛礁官兵游泳训练较多,水进入外耳道并浸泡皮肤、破坏角质层,改变了局部微环境,如不洁的水进入耳内易诱发感染。(4)高湿的环境易使耵聍凝聚成块,贴覆于外耳道壁不易排出;有的官兵习惯性在出汗、洗澡后使用棉签清理耳朵内水分,将耵聍机械性内推向鼓膜,久之即形成耵聍栓塞。(5)耳鸣大多发生在打靶后,由强烈的噪声引起,多为自限性,一般1周内缓解。以上因素造成了岛礁耳部疾患发病率高,据此提出以下建议:(1)改变不良的挖耳习惯,避免使用锐利器械、棉签挖耳,减少挖耳次数。(2)游泳训练前注意泳池的消毒,训练中注意佩戴防水耳塞,训练结束后注意及时排空外耳道内水分。排空外耳道内水分的正确方法为一侧耳朵朝下,蹦跳几下,棉签置于外耳道口并吸出残余水分,保持外耳道干畅。(3)参加射击训练及处于噪声环境(如场站、电站)下的官兵注意佩戴防噪声耳塞,尽量避免久处噪声环境。

鼻部疾病占耳鼻咽喉头颈外科门诊就诊例次的26.26%,其中慢性鼻炎、变应性鼻炎占多数。其原因主要有以下几个:(1)岛礁补给困难,新鲜蔬菜水果匮乏,官兵无法从食物中获取足够维生素。维生素在维持鼻黏膜上皮的完整、腺体的分泌、特异性和非特异性免疫防御功能上发挥重要作用,维生素缺乏时鼻黏膜腺体分泌减少,纤毛脱落,局部防御功能下降,易发生感染[8]。(2)岛礁战备压力大,官兵执勤之余缺乏娱乐活动,大部分官兵抽烟。烟雾影响鼻黏膜上皮纤毛的摆动,导致血管舒缩障碍,同时腺体的分泌功能也受到影响,促进鼻腔炎症的发生、发展[9-10]。(3)鼻腔黏膜和鼻腔生理功能的维持主要依靠自主神经系统调控,需要特定的温度、湿度;当环境温度、湿度突然改变,如执勤官兵由高温、高湿的室外返回低温、低湿的空调间,温度和湿度变化幅度超出血管、腺体、神经的调节范围,将导致鼻腔黏膜和鼻腔功能紊乱,出现一系列鼻部炎症症状,如鼻塞、流清涕、打喷嚏等。长期处于这种环境将导致炎症迁延不愈,演变为慢性鼻炎[11]。(4)过敏性疾病如变应性鼻炎具有明显的发病规律,即旱季就诊例次较少,雨季就诊例次明显升高。岛礁上雨季空气湿度加大,雨量增多,蟑螂、恙螨等大量繁殖,植物花粉颗粒、真菌孢子增多,过敏原数量大量增加,使季节变应性鼻炎发病率升高[12-13]。基于上述分析,提出以下建议:(1)勤洗衣被,经常晾晒,室内保持干爽,除螨、剿灭蟑螂,杀灭动物性过敏原;雨季非执勤时患有变应性鼻炎的官兵尽量减少室外活动。(2)避免周围环境温度和湿度的骤然波动,执勤后返回室内,空调温度不宜调至过低,可逐步低幅调节室温。(3)增加维生素摄入,可口服维生素类制剂。(4)戒烟,增加业余活动,加强体育锻炼,增强抵抗力,以减少炎症性疾病的发生。

咽部疾病和喉部疾病分别占耳鼻咽喉头颈外科门诊就诊例次的32.32%和9.55%,以急慢性咽喉炎为主。原因主要有如下几个:(1)岛礁终年高温,雨后及晚上气温下降快,官兵未及时增加衣物致受凉;一些官兵执勤后喜吹冷空调、洗凉水澡而引发急性上呼吸道感染,这是造成急性咽喉炎常见原因[14]。(2)岛礁官兵普遍抽烟,是引发急慢性咽喉炎最常见的原因[15-16]。(3)官兵日常训练中,用声频繁,发音响度大、音调高,未掌握正确的发音技巧,同时训练中体内水分流失较严重,未及时补充充足的水分而导致咽喉部干燥、疼痛,这些都是导致咽喉部急慢性炎症出现的常见原因[17-18]。据此提出以下建议:(1)关注天气变化,适量增减衣物,避免上呼吸道感染的发生。(2)训练结束后不宜立即洗凉水澡,休息时空调温度不可调至过低。(3)戒烟。(4)训练中及时补充水分,养成正确的发声习惯,注意声带休息。

头颈部疾病及其他类型疾病较为少见。其中颌面创伤5例次、颈部创伤3例次,均于作业中出现,应加强相关的防护措施,提高防范意识。颞下颌关节紊乱综合征5例次,均为大量嚼食槟榔后出现。经调查发现,有的官兵有大量嚼食槟榔的习惯,大多就诊于口腔科,相关的数据仍需进一步统计调查。长期嚼食槟榔会增加患口腔癌、下咽癌、食管癌的风险[19-21],应在官兵中普及嚼食槟榔的危害相关知识,教育广大官兵摒弃陋习。

本次流行病学调查结果提示,岛礁官兵耳鼻咽喉头颈部疾病种类繁多,表现各异,病情多较复杂。根据流行病学调查结果针对性制订科学合理的卫勤保障方案,对维护守礁官兵的身心健康水平、提高部队战斗力具有重要意义。

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