海军军医大学学报  2022, Vol. 43 Issue (10): 1135-1142   PDF    
6周线上监督运动干预对不同类型冠心病患者的效果
王政1, 李佳佳1, 焦昆立2, 严健华2, 张婷婷2, 俞莞琦3, 陈楠4, 高玙4, 韩甲5, 孟舒2     
1. 上海体育学院运动健康学院, 上海 200438;
2. 上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院心血管内科, 上海 200092;
3. 上海交通大学医学院附属第六人民医院康复医学科, 上海 200233;
4. 上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院康复医学科, 上海 200092;
5. 上海健康医学院康复学院, 上海 201318
摘要: 目的 探究6周线上监督运动干预对不同类型冠心病(CAD)患者的效果与安全性。方法 入选两组共22例经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)后的CAD患者,其中非心肌梗死组11例、陈旧性心肌梗死组11例。所有入选患者均填写心脏康复问卷或量表,并行血液生物化学检测、运动功能测试和心肺运动试验(CPET)。在心血管内科医师的指导下,由治疗师每日定时线上监督患者进行运动。运动方案包含下肢抗阻训练与有氧运动。抗阻训练为坐站运动,每天2次,每次2~3组,每组20~30个;有氧训练为快步走,每天1次,每次30~60 min,按需间断休息。训练强度均为达到无氧阈对应的心率或自我疲劳感觉分级量表得分为13分。6周线上监督运动干预后,复测各指标并分析组内变化差异。结果 全部患者均按时间节点完成复测,未发生严重不良心血管事件。6周线上监督运动干预后,非心肌梗死组和陈旧性心肌梗死组的冠心病自我管理行为量表、冠心病教育问卷、体力活动阻碍量表得分均较干预前改善,陈旧性心肌梗死组的班杜拉运动自我效能量表得分较干预前提高(P均 < 0.05);非心肌梗死组和陈旧性心肌梗死组的6 min步行试验、坐站起立走测试、5次坐站测试、30 s坐站测试、1 min坐站测试均较干预前改善(P均≤0.05);非心肌梗死组和陈旧性心肌梗死组的低密度脂蛋白、甘油三酯均较干预前下降(P均 < 0.01)。CPET结果显示,与干预前相比,陈旧性心肌梗死组6周线上监督运动干预后的摄氧量与功率比值[(8.44±0.93)mL/(min·W)vs(9.05±0.77 mL/(min·W),P < 0.01]、每搏摄氧量[(9.85±1.91)mL vs(10.65±1.83)mL,P=0.01]、最大代谢当量(MET)值[(4.92±0.74)MET vs(5.22±0.76)MET,P=0.05]均提高,而非心肌梗死组上述指标在干预前后无明显变化。结论 6周线上监督运动是一种安全有效的干预方式,不仅能显著增强非心肌梗死组和陈旧性心肌梗死组患者的疾病认知与自我健康管理能力,也能改善两组患者的运动功能与血脂水平,且该干预方式能够显著改善陈旧性心肌梗死组患者的心肺功能。
关键词: 冠心病    线上干预    坐站运动    心肺功能    
Effect of 6-week online supervised exercise intervention on patients with different types of coronary artery disease
WANG Zheng1, LI Jia-jia1, JIAO Kun-li2, YAN Jian-hua2, ZHANG Ting-ting2, YU Wan-qi3, CHEN Nan4, GAO Yu4, HAN Jia5, MENG Shu2     
1. School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China;
2. Department of Cardiovasology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China;
3. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China;
4. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China;
5. College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of 6-week online supervised exercise intervention on patients with different types of coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods A total of 22 patients with CAD after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were enrolled in 2 groups, including 11 in non-myocardial infarction (non-MI) group and 11 in post-MI group. All enrolled patients were required to fill in the cardiac rehabilitation questionnaires or scales and underwent blood biochemical detection, motor function test and cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Under the guidance of cardiovascular physicians, the patients were asked for daily exercise by their therapists online. The exercise program consisted of resistance training of lower extremities and aerobic exercise. Resistance training was sit-to-stand training, twice a day for 2-3 sets per time, 20-30 in each set. Aerobic exercise was brisk walking, once a day for 30-60 min, and intermittent rest was permitted. Exercise intensity was either to reach the heart rate reflecting the anaerobic threshold or to score 13 on rating of perceived exertion scale. After 6-week online supervised exercise intervention, the indicators were re-tested, and the differences of intra-group changes were analyzed. Results All patients completed retests according to the timeline without any serious adverse cardiovascular events. After 6-week online supervised exercise intervention, the scores of CAD self-management scale, CAD education scale and barriers to physical activity scale were improved in the non-MI and post-PCI groups, and the scores of Bandura's exercise self-efficacy scale were improved in the post-MI group (all P < 0.05). The results of 6-min walk test, sit to stand test, 5 times sit to stand test, 30-s sit-to-stand test (STS) and 1-min STS were all improved in the non-MI and post-MI groups after the intervention (all P ≤ 0.05). Both groups had significant decreases in low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides (all P < 0.01). CPET results showed that the oxygen uptake to work rate ratio ([8.44±0.93] mL/[min·W] vs[9.05±0.77] mL/[min·W], P < 0.01), oxygen uptake/heart rate ([9.85±1.91] mL vs[10.65±1.83] mL, P=0.01) and maximal metabolic equivalent[MET] ([4.92±0.74] MET vs[5.22±0.76] MET, P=0.05) were all increased in the post-MI group after the intervention, while the above indicators had no significant change in the non-MI group. Conclusion The 6-week online supervised exercise is a safe and effective intervention. It can not only significantly enhance the disease knowledge and self-health management ability of patients in non-MI and post-MI groups, but also can remarkably improve their motor function and blood lipid level, and this intervention can significantly improve the cardiopulmonary function of patients in post-MI group.
Key words: coronary artery disease    online intervention    sit to stand exercise    cardiopulmonary function    

冠心病(coronary artery disease,CAD)是指冠状动脉粥样硬化使血管腔狭窄或阻塞造成心肌缺血、缺氧而引起的心脏病,是危害人类生命健康的主要疾病之一[1]。经皮冠状动脉介入术(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)是目前治疗CAD的主要血运重建手段,可有效改善血管狭窄、减轻患者症状、降低死亡率[2]。但PCI并不能从根本上减缓或逆转疾病进程,患者仍可能出现血管再狭窄、心绞痛复发、再发心肌梗死等问题[3]。以运动为基础的心脏康复(cardiac rehabilitation,CR)作为CAD二级预防的重要手段,可有效改善CAD患者的心脏功能,降低再住院率与死亡率[4-5]。CR分为3期,Ⅰ期为住院康复期,Ⅱ期为门诊康复期,Ⅲ期为家庭康复期[6]。然而,由于疫情影响及患者依从性等因素,CAD患者难以有规律地实施传统Ⅱ期CR模式,开发线上监督CR模式、制定Ⅱ期CR线上运动处方并评价其有效性和安全性成为互联网时代势在必行的举措。

本研究拟采用6周线上指导的运动干预方式[7],制定相关运动处方,通过观察干预前后的CR问卷或量表、运动功能、血液生物化学及心肺运动试验(cardiopulmonary exercise test,CPET)相关指标的变化,评价6周线上监督运动干预的Ⅱ期CR对不同类型CAD患者的临床效果和安全性。

1 对象和方法 1.1 研究对象

本研究通过上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院医学伦理委员会审批(XHEC-C-2020-078-1),并在中国临床试验注册中心注册(ChiCTR2000037435),受试者均签署知情同意书。采用方便抽样法,入选PCI后的CAD患者22例,其中非心肌梗死患者11例、陈旧性心肌梗死患者11例。

纳入标准:(1)年龄≥18岁;(2)非心肌梗死组是指经冠状动脉造影诊断为CAD并行PCI治疗,且未发生过心肌梗死事件的患者;(3)陈旧性心肌梗死组是因心肌梗死行PCI治疗后至少6个月的患者。排除标准:(1)发生心肌梗死6个月以内的患者;(2)NYHA心功能分级Ⅲ、Ⅳ级或合并恶性心律失常的患者;(3)合并影响患者正常运动的其他严重疾病(如脑血管疾病、肺部疾病、肝肾疾病等);(4)合并影响肢体活动的肌肉骨骼系统疾病(如肢体骨折、严重软组织损伤等),或有既往膝关节损伤史或无法完成坐站运动;(5)有精神疾患,认知、失语或听力等障碍,或拒绝配合的患者。

1.2 基线资料采集 1.2.1 问卷或量表测试

所有入选患者均填写冠心病自我管理行为量表(coronary artery disease self-management scale,CSMS)[8]、班杜拉运动自我效能量表(Bandura’s exercise self-efficacy scale,ESE)[9]、戈丁业余时间体力活动问卷(Godin-Shephard leisure-time physical activity questionnaire,GSLTPAQ)[10]、冠心病教育问卷(coronary artery disease education,CADE)[11]、冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入术后体力活动阻碍量表(barriers to physical activity scale in patients with coronary artery disease post-percutaneous coronary intervention)[12]

1.2.2 运动功能测试

包括6 min步行试验(6-minwalk test,6MWT)[13]、坐站起立走测试(time-up and go test,TUGT)[14]、5次坐站测试(5 timessit-to-stand test,FTSTS)[15]、30 s坐站测试(30-s sit-to-stand test,30-s STS)[16]、1 min坐站测试(1-min sit-to-stand test,1-min STS)[17]、握力测试(handgrip test,HG)[18]。所有测试均在1 d内完成,施测人员提前将测试编号放入密封信封中,患者随机抽取编号进行测试。HG和TUGT间隔1 min,6MWT与下一个将要进行的测试间隔30 min,3种坐站测试之间间隔5 min,以避免患者疲劳[18-19]

1.2.3 血液生物化学检查

检测血液中低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein,LDL)、高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein,HDL)、血清总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)、肌酸激酶(creatine kinase,CK)、肌酸激酶同工酶MB(creatine kinase-MB,CK-MB)、丙氨酸转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、肌酐(creatinine,Cr)、血尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、尿酸(uric acid,UA)水平。

1.2.4 CPET与数据分析[20-21]

使用COSMED测试系统与功率自行车对患者进行CPET。开机后对气体流量、气体成分、环境等参数定标。患者坐位下完成肺功能检查、静息心电图采集、血压测定,然后安全转移至功率自行车,静息3 min后以60 r/min的速率进行3 min无负荷热身运动,并以10~15 W/min功率递增,达到停止指征后停止测试。最后恢复5~10 min,完成检测。

肺功能指标包括用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC)、第1秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in first second,FEV1)、最大通气量(maximal voluntary ventilation,MVV),运动耐量指标包括最大代谢当量值(maximal metabolic equivalent,METmax)、最大摄氧量(maximal oxygen uptake,VO2 max)、无氧阈(anaerobic threshold,AT)、无氧阈最大摄氧量(AT VO2 max)、相对最大摄氧量[maximal oxygen uptake/body weight (kg),VO2/kg max]、无氧阈相对最大摄氧量(AT VO2/kg max),通气功能指标为二氧化碳通气当量(ventilatory equivalent of carbon dioxide,VE/VCO2),心血管功能指标包括最大心率(maximal heart rate,HRmax)、无氧阈最大心率(AT HRmax)、最高收缩压(peak systolic blood pressure,peak SBP)、摄氧量与功率比值(oxygen uptake to work rate ratio,∆VO2/∆WR)、每搏摄氧量(oxygen uptake/heart rate,VO2/HR)。

1.3 干预流程

根据基线测试结果,由心血管内科医师和心肺物理治疗师制定运动处方。非心肌梗死组与陈旧性心肌梗死组均采用AT对应的心率或自我疲劳感觉分级量表得分为13分进行抗阻(坐站)和有氧(快步走)运动。坐站运动每天2次,每次2~3组,每组20~30个;快步走为间歇性进行30~60 min,每天1次,按需间断休息。治疗师每日在管理群中定时发送运动提醒,受试者根据运动处方完成居家运动。干预6周后完成量表、运动功能、血液生物化学、CPET复测。

干预前向患者宣教安全注意事项,每日完成运动后在管理群中进行打卡与反馈。要求患者记录干预期间可能出现的不良心血管事件,如复发心绞痛、严重心律失常、心力衰竭、急性心肌梗死等。

1.4 统计学处理

应用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计学分析。通过Shapiro-Wilk方法对计量资料进行正态性检验。服从正态分布的计量资料以x±s表示,组内干预前后结果的比较采用配对样本t检验。计数资料以例数和百分数表示。检验水准(α)为0.05。

2 结果 2.1 患者基本情况分析

纳入非心肌梗死患者和陈旧性心肌梗死患者各11例,所有患者均接受双重抗血小板治疗(阿司匹林+替格瑞洛/氯吡格雷)。两组患者在研究周期内未发生严重不良心血管事件,均按要求的时间节点完成复测。两组患者基线资料见表 1

表 1 两组PCI后CAD患者的基线资料 Tab 1 Baseline information of 2 groups of CAD patients after PCI  

2.2 两组患者干预前后问卷或量表得分的变化

6周线上监督运动干预后,非心肌梗死组和陈旧性心肌梗死组的CSMS、CADE、冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入术后体力活动阻碍量表得分与干预前相比均改善(P均<0.05);非心肌梗死组的ESE得分与干预前相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),陈旧性心肌梗死组的ESE得分较干预前提高(P<0.01);两组的GSLTPAQ得分与干预前相比差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。见表 2

表 2 两组PCI术后CAD患者6周线上监督运动干预前后问卷或量表得分变化 Tab 2 Changes in questionnaire or scale scores of CAD patients after PCI in 2 groups before and after 6-week online supervised exercise intervention  

2.3 两组患者干预前后运动功能的变化

6周线上监督运动干预后,非心肌梗死组和陈旧性心肌梗死组的6MWT、TUGT、FTSTS、30-s STS、1-min STS与干预前相比均改善(P均≤0.05);两组患者HG与干预前相比差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。见表 3

表 3 两组PCI术后CAD患者6周线上监督运动干预前后运动功能变化 Tab 3 Changes of motor function of CAD patients after PCI in 2 groups before and after 6-week online supervised exercise intervention  

2.4 两组患者干预前后血液指标的变化

6周线上监督运动干预后,非心肌梗死组和陈旧性心肌梗死组的LDL、TG水平均较干预前下降(P均<0.01),陈旧性心肌梗死组的CK-MB水平较干预前下降(P=0.05),两组其他血液指标与干预前相比差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。见表 4

表 4 两组PCI术后CAD患者6周线上监督运动干预前后血液生物化学指标变化 Tab 4 Changes of blood biochemical indexes of CAD patients after PCI in 2 groups before and after 6-week online supervised exercise intervention  

2.5 两组患者干预前后CPET指标的变化

6周线上监督运动干预后,陈旧性心肌梗死组的∆VO2/∆WR、VO2/HR、METmax均改善(P均≤0.05),其他CPET指标无明显变化(P均>0.05);非心肌梗死组的CPET指标均无明显变化(P均>0.05)。见表 5

表 5 两组PCI术后CAD患者6周线上监督运动干预前后CPET指标变化 Tab 5 Changes of CPET indicators in CAD patients before and after 6-week online supervised exercise intervention  

3 讨论

6周线上监督运动干预可显著改善非心肌梗死与陈旧性心肌梗死患者的健康行为管理、疾病认知、体力活动阻碍水平、运动功能与血脂水平。陈旧性心肌梗死患者干预后运动自信程度也得到提高,心肺功能显著改善。本研究干预期间未发生不良事件,表明该干预方式安全。

量表评分结果显示两组患者干预后的CSMS与CADE量表得分均提高,冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入术后体力活动阻碍量表得分下降,提示Ⅱ期CR可显著改善非心肌梗死与陈旧性心肌梗死患者的疾病认知水平、疾病管理能力与体力活动阻碍程度。Barley等[22]将81例CAD患者随机分为个体化护理(线上访谈)与常规护理两组,干预6个月并随访1年,发现线上访谈组患者干预后的疾病认知水平与自我管理能力明显改善,这可能得益于管理人员对患者持续跟踪的线上监督干预模式加强了医患间的信息反馈与患者的自我管理能力[23-24]。本研究结果显示线上监督运动干预6周后,陈旧性心肌梗死患者的ESE得分明显提高,与Åhlund等[25]研究结果相同,表明心肌梗死患者经过运动CR干预后运动恐惧水平下降、运动自信程度明显增强。

运动功能测试是CR中检测患者功能状态的重要评估工具[26]。6MWT作为CR中评价CAD患者心功能的重要手段,常被用于临床评估与康复指导[13]。TUGT与坐站测试已被证明是CR中评价患者下肢肌力的有效工具,测试空间、时间限制少,简单易行[14, 26]。HG则主要应用于上肢肌力的评估[26]。运动功能评估结果显示,非心肌梗死和陈旧性心肌梗死患者干预后的6MWT、TUGT、坐站测试结果较干预前均有改善,而HG无明显变化,提示6周线上监督运动干预对两组患者的下肢功能影响更为显著,而研究表明下肢肌力是预测CAD患者运动耐量的有力因子,与全因死亡率和心血管疾病死亡率密切相关[27]

血液生物化学指标检测结果显示,两组患者干预后的LDL、TG水平下降,说明6周线上监督运动干预能够有效控制两组患者的血脂水平。运动是改善血脂水平的重要手段[28],Sjölin等[29]通过对19 136例心肌梗死患者进行回顾性研究发现,规律运动的患者在发病1年后LDL、TG水平下降;Senuzun等[30]发现12周的家庭运动CR可显著降低CAD患者的LDL水平。然而目前利于血脂控制的最佳运动干预周期尚不明确。Chen等[31]提出12周以上、每周60~90 min的运动计划是改善血脂水平的重要参考;Javaherian等[32]则认为运动时间与频率是影响血脂水平的重要因素,短期高频率运动对LDL水平改善明显,而TG水平改变则需要长时间持续运动。本研究结果表明6周运动干预可明显降低非心肌梗死和陈旧性心肌梗死患者的LDL、TG水平,说明短期运动方案干预能有效降低血脂水平。同时,陈旧性心肌梗死组的CK-MB水平下降,这可能受益于规律运动对心肌的保护作用,运动干预能增强血管内皮和平滑肌功能,促进血管舒张与侧支循环,改善缺血心肌的灌注,从而降低心肌受损水平[33]

CPET结果显示,6周线上监督运动干预后陈旧性心肌梗死组METmax、∆VO2/∆WR、VO2/HR提高,而非心肌梗死患者的CPET指标无明显改变。这提示采用本研究制定的CR运动处方并实施6周线上监督运动干预的方式可以有效提高陈旧性心肌梗死患者的运动耐量和心肺功能;而对于非心肌梗死CAD患者,该运动处方的强度和运动时间尚不足以观察到运动耐量和心肺功能的获益。El Missiri等[34]将60例心肌梗死患者随机分为6周干预组与12周干预组,采用同等强度的运动干预,结果发现两组患者的METmax、心率恢复能力与运动耐量时间均得到明显改善,但12周干预组的患者获益更加明显。这说明干预周期的选择对于心脏康复的效果至关重要。另外研究表明AT强度的运动是安全有效的,可以明显改善运动耐力[35-36]。Suzuki等[36]通过对152例CAD患者进行为期3个月AT强度的CR,发现干预后患者的心肺适能明显改善;而Tagashira等[37]通过对比AT强度与高于AT强度组的干预结果发现,后者的运动耐量改善更为明显。这提示针对非心肌梗死患者,可以制定高于AT强度的运动处方,其有效性和安全性值得继续探讨。综上所述,6周AT强度运动是陈旧性心肌梗死患者制定运动处方的合理参考。

鉴于干预安全性考量,急性心肌梗死患者的病情稳定程度相对较差,运动风险高,因此本研究未将该组患者进行合并研究,后续仍应对急性心肌梗死患者的家庭康复运动方案的合理制定展开针对性的研究。此外,本研究属于探索性研究,虽然样本采集受到疫情等客观因素影响,数量相对较少,但本研究结果(METmax、∆VO2/∆WR、VO2/HR)的效应量为0.4~0.7,较为理想,具有统计科学性,其实际应用的确切效果可通过今后大样本或多中心研究进行验证。

6周线上监督运动干预是安全、有效的,不仅明显提高了非心肌梗死CAD和陈旧性心肌梗死患者的疾病认知与自我健康管理能力,也显著改善了两组患者的运动功能和血脂水平;AT强度的抗阻运动加有氧运动的CR有助于改善陈旧性心肌梗死患者运动和心肺功能,而针对非心肌梗死CAD患者心肺功能的改善,其所适用的个体化运动处方仍需进一步探索。

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