第二军医大学学报  2022, Vol. 43 Issue (1): 72-79   PDF    
急诊血管内治疗同期颈动脉支架植入对颈动脉串联病变的临床疗效
吴燕敏, 林定来, 易婷玉, 林晓晖, 陈荣城, 潘志南, 郑秀芬, 陈文伙     
福建医科大学附属漳州市医院神经内科脑血管病介入科,漳州 363000
摘要: 目的 探讨颈动脉串联病变患者在急诊血管内治疗同期行颈动脉支架植入的可行性及安全性,以及急诊颈动脉支架植入对患者预后的影响。方法 回顾性连续纳入我科2015年5月至2021年4月收治的符合纳入、排除标准的131例发病24 h内行急诊血管内治疗的颈动脉串联病变患者。根据急诊血管内治疗中是否同期行颈动脉支架植入将患者分为支架植入组(93例)和无支架植入组(38例),比较两组患者基线资料及术后90 d预后良好(改良Rankin量表评分≤2分)率与死亡率、急性期责任血管再闭塞率和症状性颅内出血(sICH)发生率。根据术后90 d预后情况将患者分为预后良好组(67例)及预后不良组(64例),对术后90 d预后的影响因素进行单因素分析,并进一步采用多因素logistic回归分析确定预后良好的独立影响因素。结果 与无支架植入组相比,支架植入组患者年龄较大、罹患糖尿病者占比较高、入院时美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分较低、术后90 d预后良好率较高,差异均有统计学意义(P均 < 0.05);而术后90 d死亡率、术后sICH发生率、责任血管再闭塞率相较无支架植入组差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。与预后不良组相比,预后良好组患者更年轻、入院时NIHSS评分较低、术后C臂CT检查有高密度影的患者占比较低、颅内出血和sICH发生率均较低、支架植入率较高,差异均有统计学意义(P均 < 0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄较低(OR=0.931,95% CI 0.886~0.979,P=0.005)、未发生sICH(OR=0.069,95% CI 0.008~0.628,P=0.018)及术后C臂CT检查未见高密度影(OR=0.187,95% CI 0.060~0.589,P=0.004)是急诊行血管内治疗的颈动脉串联病变患者预后良好的独立预测因素,未行支架植入是预后不良的独立预测因素(OR=4.583,95% CI 1.476~14.228,P=0.008)。结论 对于颈动脉串联病变患者,在急诊血管内治疗同期行颈动脉支架植入是安全、可行的,并且急诊颈动脉支架植入是患者预后良好的独立预测因素。
关键词: 颈动脉串联病变    血管内治疗    颈动脉支架植入    预后    症状性颅内出血    
Carotid artery stenting during procedure of emergency endovascular treatment in patients with carotid artery tandem lesions: a clinical efficacy analysis
WU Yan-min, LIN Ding-lai, YI Ting-yu, LIN Xiao-hui, CHEN Rong-cheng, PAN Zhi-nan, ZHENG Xiu-fen, CHEN Wen-huo     
Neurovascular Intervention Division, Department of Neurology, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou 363000, Fujian, China
Abstract: Objective To explore the feasibility and safety of carotid artery stenting during the procedure of emergency endovascular treatment in patients with carotid artery tandem lesions, and to analyze the effect of emergency carotid artery stenting on prognosis. Methods A total of 131 consecutive patients with carotid artery tandem lesions, who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and underwent emergency endovascular treatment within 24 h of the onset in our division from May 2015 to Apr. 2021, were retrospectively included. They were divided into stenting group (93 cases) and non-stenting group (38 cases) according to whether undergoing carotid artery stenting during the procedure of emergency endovascular treatment. The baseline data, good prognosis (modified Rankin scale score≤2) rate and mortality 90 d after operation, acute reocclusion rate and incidence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) were compared between the 2 groups. According to the prognosis 90 d after operation, the patients were divided into good prognosis group (67 cases) and poor prognosis group (64 cases). The influencing factors of prognosis 90 d after operation were analyzed by univariate analysis, and the independent influencing factors of good prognosis were determined by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Compared with the non-stenting group, the patients in the stenting group were older, with higher proportion of diabetes mellitus, had a lower National Institutes of Health stroke scale (NIHSS) score on admission and a higher rate of good prognosis 90 d after operation, showing significant differences (all P < 0.05); and there were no significant differences in mortality 90 d after operation, incidence of sICH after operation or reocclusion rate (all P>0.05). Compared with the poor prognosis group, the patients in the good prognosis group were younger, had a lower NIHSS score on admission, fewer hyperdense area on C-arm computed tomography (CT) after operation, lower incidence rates of intracranial hemorrhage and sICH and a higher stenting rate, showing significant differences (all P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that younger age (odds ratio [OR]=0.931, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.886-0.979, P=0.005), no sICH (OR=0.069, 95% 0.008-0.628, P=0.018) and no postoperative hyperdense area on C-arm CT (OR=0.187, 95% CI 0.060-0.589, P=0.004) were independent factors in predicting good prognosis of patients with carotid artery tandem lesions after emergency endovascular treatment, and no stenting was an independent factor in predicting poor prognosis (OR=4.583, 95% CI 1.476-14.228, P=0.008). Conclusion Carotid artery stenting during the procedure of emergency endovascular treatment is safe and feasible in patients with carotid artery tandem lesions. Emergency carotid artery stenting is an independent factor in predicting good prognosis.
Key words: carotid artery tandem lesions    endovascular treatment    carotid artery stent implantation    prognosis    symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage    

颈动脉串联病变定义为颈内动脉颅外段重度狭窄或闭塞伴颅内动脉(颈动脉颅内段和/或大脑中动脉M1、M2段及大脑前动脉A1段等)闭塞,其病因包括大动脉粥样硬化、夹层及栓塞,其中大动脉粥样硬化为常见病因[1-2],在急性前循环大血管闭塞患者中病因为大动脉粥样硬化者占比高达20%左右[3-5]。颈动脉串联病变患者在时间窗内行阿替普酶静脉溶栓的获益小[6],并且行急诊血管内治疗的预后较单纯前循环颅内大动脉闭塞患者更差,症状性颅内出血(symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage,sICH)发生率及死亡率更高[7],因此在临床随机对照试验研究中此类患者常被排除在外。有临床试验及meta分析显示,颈动脉串联病变患者行血管内治疗比静脉溶栓标准药物治疗获益更大[8-10],但关于颈动脉串联病变的处理策略如处理顺序是顺行还是逆行、是否急诊行颈动脉支架植入、抗栓方案等仍有争议[11-14]。本研究通过回顾性分析于我科行急诊血管内治疗的颈动脉串联病变患者资料,探讨颈动脉串联病变患者进行急诊颈动脉支架植入的安全性及可行性。

1 资料和方法 1.1 研究对象

回顾性连续选择我科2015年5月至2021年4月收治的发病24 h内行急诊血管内治疗的颈动脉串联病变患者223例。纳入标准:(1)年龄≥18岁;(2)经数字减影血管造影检查证实颈动脉串联病变为狭窄性或夹层性串联;(3)Alberta脑卒中计划早期计算机断层扫描评分(Alberta Stroke Program early computed tomography score,ASPECTS)≥6分;(4)发病6~24 h的患者在行血管内治疗前计算机断层扫描血管成像(computed tomography angiography,CTA)及计算机断层扫描灌注成像(computed tomography perfusion,CTP)和/或多模态MRI检查提示梗死核心体积 < 70 mL、缺血半暗带体积≥15 mL、梗死核心体积/缺血半暗带体积比值≥1.8,符合DEFUSE 3研究标准[15];(5)患者术前改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin scale,mRS)评分≤2分[5];(6)发病至股动脉穿刺时间≤24 h;(7)患者或其直系亲属签署手术知情同意书。排除标准:(1)影像学检查提示大脑组织大面积梗死(梗死体积不小于大脑中动脉供血区域的1/3或≥70 mL);(2)栓塞性颈动脉串联病变;(3)已知有出血倾向或活动性出血病史;(4)严重肾功能异常;(5)有明确的造影剂过敏史。本研究方案通过福建医科大学附属漳州市医院伦理委员会审批(2021-LWB-204)。

1.2 研究方法

根据急诊血管内治疗同期是否行颈动脉支架植入,将患者分为支架植入组和无支架植入组。记录患者的基线资料及临床资料,包括年龄、性别、高血压史、糖尿病史、高脂血症史、吸烟史、心房颤动史、既往短暂性脑缺血发作史、入院时美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health stroke scale,NIHSS)评分、术前ASPECTS、Org 10172急性脑卒中治疗试验(Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment,TOAST)病因分型[16]、是否行静脉溶栓、发病至血管再通时间、侧支循环代偿情况及术后即刻C臂CT检查有无高密度影等。

1.2.1 血管内治疗

在行血管内治疗前根据时间窗及出血风险,参照《中国急性缺血性脑卒中诊治指南2014》[17]静脉溶栓标准,对符合静脉溶栓适应证且无禁忌证的患者予阿替普酶0.9 mg/kg静脉溶栓。

根据患者配合度选择在全身麻醉或镇静局部麻醉下进行血管内治疗,大部分患者在取栓前行造影检查以评估侧支循环代偿情况。根据造影结果将侧支循环代偿分为0~4级,其中0~2级为代偿不良,3~4级为代偿良好[18]。颈动脉串联病变的处理方式采用我科总结的PEARS(protect-expand-aspiration-revascularization-stent)技术(半前向技术)或逆行技术[14, 19]。对于颈内动脉近端狭窄需要行球囊扩张术的患者,使用Aviator球囊扩张导管(直径4 mm,长度30 mm或40 mm;直径5 mm,长度30 mm或40 mm)(美国强生医疗公司)进行扩张,颈动脉支架植入者使用的支架有Precise(直径8 mm,长度40 mm或30 mm)(美国强生医疗公司)、Wallstent(直径7 mm或9 mm,长度50 mm、40 mm或30 mm)(美国波士顿科学公司)、XACT(直径7~9 mm或8~10 mm,长度40 mm)(美国雅培公司)或Acculink(直径7~10 mm或6~8 mm,长度40 mm)(美国雅培公司)。对于需要行机械取栓的患者,均使用Solitaire AB支架(直径4 mm,长度20 mm;直径4 mm,长度15 mm;直径6 mm,长度30 mm)(美国柯惠医疗公司)进行机械取栓。部分患者使用Navein(美国柯惠医疗公司)或Catalyst(美国史赛克公司)中间导管进行抽吸取栓。同期行颈动脉支架植入的标准:(1)颈动脉起始段球囊扩张后狭窄处可见不稳定斑块或夹层,或观察5 min后可见狭窄处血管壁明显回缩;(2)术后行C臂CT检查时造影剂渗出不明显或未见明显大面积低密度灶或脑水肿。

1.2.2 围手术期管理/抗血小板药物管理

所有患者无论是否行静脉溶栓或血管成形术,术中均予替罗非班负荷剂量15 μg/kg静脉推注,再予0.1~0.15 μg/(kg·min)持续静脉泵入[20],术后即刻行C臂CT检查观察是否有高密度影,并根据高密度影情况调整替罗非班的泵入速度。术后24 h内复查头颅CT,对于无颅内出血患者予负荷剂量双联抗血小板聚集药物拜阿司匹林300 mg+氯吡格雷300 mg,与替罗非班重叠应用6 h,然后根据患者的恢复情况及CT复查结果逐渐减量并维持至术后24 h;对于有颅内出血的患者停用替罗非班且不予抗血小板聚集药物治疗。所有患者术后1周内复查头颅MRI、磁共振血管成像(magnetic resonance angiography,MRA)或CTA评估梗死灶情况及责任血管开通情况。

1.2.3 效果评估及随访

血管成功再通定义为血流保持通畅且远端血流达到改良脑梗死溶栓(modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction,mTICI)分级2b级及以上[21]。根据Heidelberg分类标准,sICH定义为头颅CT检查证实为新发颅内出血所致的神经功能恶化且NIHSS评分增加≥4分[22]。急性支架内血栓形成或责任血管再闭塞通过造影、彩色多普勒超声、MRA或CTA检查证实。手术操作相关并发症包括血管破裂、异位栓塞、动脉夹层等。

随访评估时间为术后90 d,使用电话或门诊方式进行随访。未置入支架者行头颅MRI平扫+MRA及颈动脉彩色多普勒超声检查以评估术后梗死灶及颅内外动脉情况,支架植入患者行头颅MRI平扫+颈动脉CTA和/或颈动脉彩色多普勒超声检查以评估术后梗死灶、颅内外动脉及支架情况。使用mRS评分评价患者的日常生活能力,预后良好定义为mRS评分≤2分,预后不良定义为mRS评分为3~6分,其中死亡为6分[23]

1.3 统计学处理

应用SPSS 18.0软件进行统计学分析。符合正态分布的计量资料以x±s表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验;非正态分布的计量资料以中位数(下四分位数,上四分位数)表示,两组间比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验;计数资料以例数和百分数表示,两组间比较采用χ2检验、连续校正χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法。将单因素分析中P < 0.05的变量及可能影响预后的因素纳入多因素logistic回归分析,确定良好预后的独立影响因素。检验水准(α)为0.05。

2 结果 2.1 支架植入组与无支架植入组患者临床资料比较

共131例颈动脉串联病变患者入组,其中支架植入组93例,男80例、女13例,年龄为39~91岁,平均年龄为(70.5±10.8)岁;无支架植入组38例,男34例、女4例,年龄为35~85岁,平均年龄为(66.0±11.6)岁。与无支架植入组相比,支架植入组患者年龄较大、罹患糖尿病者占比较高、入院时NIHSS评分较低,差异均有统计学意义(P均 < 0.05);两组患者在性别、吸烟史、高血压史、高脂血症史、心房颤动史、糖尿病史、既往短暂性脑缺血发作史、是否行静脉溶栓、TOAST病因分型、侧支循环代偿情况、术后CT检查有无高密度影、ASPECTS、发病至血管再通时间等方面差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。见表 1

表 1 支架植入组与无支架植入组颈动脉串联病变患者的临床资料 Tab 1 Clinical data of patients with carotid artery tandem lesions in stenting and non-stenting groups

支架植入组及无支架植入组的术后即刻血管成功再通率均较高[分别为94.6%(88/93)和92.1%(35/38)],差异无统计学意义(P=0.885,表 1);两组共有8例患者未达到血管成功再通,其中3例为颈动脉夹层所致闭塞而未能成功开通。支架植入组中使用Precise支架者7例、Acculink支架18例、XACT支架7例,其他61例均使用Wallstent支架。

支架植入组与无支架植入组的颅内出血发生率、责任血管再闭塞率差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。无支架植入组术后sICH发生率高于支架植入组[18.4%(7/38)vs 8.6%(8/93)],但差异无统计学意义(P=0.109)。与无支架植入组相比,术后90 d支架植入组预后良好率较高[57.0%(53/93)vs 36.8%(14/38),P=0.036],死亡率虽较低[14.0%(13/93)vs 26.3%(10/38)]但差异无统计学意义(P=0.092)。见表 1

2.2 预后良好组与预后不良组临床资料比较

预后良好组67例,男62例、女5例,年龄为35~90岁,平均年龄为(65.9±10.8)岁;预后不良组64例,男52例、女12例,年龄为40~91岁,平均年龄为(72.6±10.6)岁。与预后不良组对比,预后良好组患者更年轻、入院时NIHSS评分较低、术后C臂CT检查有高密度影的患者占比较低(P均 < 0.05)。两组在性别、吸烟史、糖尿病史、高血压史、高脂血症史、心房颤动史、既往短暂性脑缺血发作史、是否行静脉溶栓、TOAST病因分型、侧支循环代偿情况、ASPECTS、发病至血管再通时间方面差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。预后良好组颅内出血、sICH发生率和死亡率均低于预后不良组,而支架植入率高于预后不良组(P均 < 0.05)。见表 2

表 2 预后良好组和预后不良组颈动脉串联病变患者的临床资料 Tab 2 Clinical data of patients with carotid artery tandem lesions in good and poor prognosis groups

2.3 颈动脉串联病变患者术后90 d预后影响因素的多因素分析

多因素logistic回归分析显示,年龄较低(OR=0.931,95% CI 0.886~0.979,P=0.005)、未发生sICH(OR=0.069,95% CI 0.008~0.628,P=0.018)及术后C臂CT检查未见高密度影(OR=0.187,95% CI 0.060~0.589,P=0.004)是急诊行血管内治疗的颈动脉串联病变患者术后90 d预后良好的独立预测因素;而未行支架植入是术后90 d预后不良的独立预测因素(OR=4.583,95% CI 1.476~14.228,P=0.008)。

3 讨论

颈动脉串联病变的治疗策略目前尚无统一标准,特别是关于最佳的治疗方式(顺行或逆行)的选择、急诊还是延迟行颈动脉支架植入、术后的抗血小板治疗方案决策、异位栓塞、责任血管再闭塞、sICH等问题一直未能解决。本研究结果提示,颈动脉串联病变患者在急诊血管内治疗同期行急诊颈动脉支架植入是安全、可行的,能够改善患者临床预后。支架植入组血管成功再通率达94.6%,术后90 d预后良好率达57.0%,虽然血管成功再通率在两组间差异无统计学意义,但均稍优于无支架植入组(分别为92.1%和36.8%),也优于DEFUSE 3研究结果(分别为78%、45%)[15]及DAWN研究结果(分别为77%、49%)[24];然而术后sICH发生率(8.6%)及术后90 d死亡率(14.0%)与无支架植入组(分别为18.4%和26.3%)相比略低但差异均无统计学意义,并且与DEFUSE 3研究结果(分别为7%、14%)[15]及DAWN研究结果(分别为6%、19%)[24]基本相符。然而有学者认为急性期处理闭塞的颅内动脉、延迟行颈动脉支架植入能通过减少抗血小板药物的使用降低颅内出血的风险[25]。本研究根据术后90 d预后情况进行分组分析,预后良好组的支架植入率高于预后不良组,并且多因素logistic回归分析显示颈动脉支架植入是预后良好的独立预测因素,与Kim等[26]的研究结果一致。本研究中,预后不良组术后C臂CT检查有高密度影的患者占比较预后良好组高,多因素logistic回归分析结果也提示术后C臂CT高密度影与良好预后呈负相关。本团队既往研究发现血管内治疗后血管成功再通的急性缺血性脑卒中患者出现术后C臂CT高密度影往往提示预后不良且易发生颅内出血[27]。因此,对于颈动脉串联病变患者,急诊血管内治疗同期行颈动脉支架植入是安全的,支架植入在改善患者预后的同时不会增加颅内出血风险,是预后良好的独立预测因素。关于抗血小板聚集治疗是否会增加出血的风险目前尚无定论,有的研究表明抗血小板聚集治疗对脑卒中患者是安全的[1, 28];也有研究结果显示其会增加脑卒中患者sICH的发生风险,尤其是在使用阿替普酶静脉溶栓的患者中更甚[29]

本研究中患者的治疗方式使用半前向技术(PEARS技术)或逆行技术,2020年之前的患者根据术后颈动脉狭窄程度及血管再通能否达到mTICI分级2b级及以上,选择是否行急诊颈动脉支架植入。随着技术的进步、器械的更新及我科术后患者管理经验的累积,2020年及之后就诊的患者均予同期急诊颈动脉支架植入术,且均选择编织密网Wallstent支架。主要基于以下考虑:(1)使用编织密网Wallstent支架充分重建颈动脉有利于术后血压控制,尤其对于术后出血风险较高的患者可将血压控制在较低水平而不易发生颅内低灌注缺血;(2)编织密网Wallstent支架径向支撑力较弱且网眼密,不易挤压斑块使斑块从网眼脱落,避免了引起异位栓塞或颅内动脉再闭塞;(3)颈动脉狭窄处扩张充分且支架表面光滑不易形成血栓,对于已发生颅内出血或颅内出血风险高的患者可不予抗血小板聚集或仅使用单一抗血小板聚集药物。本组患者使用半前向或逆行技术基于此手术方式治疗后血管成功再通率高、再通时间短、异位栓塞率低[19]。与顺行技术相比,采用逆行技术优先处置颅内血管病变,对于存在前、后交通动脉病变的患者颅内血流再通时间更短。研究显示采用逆行技术可获得较顺行技术更高的预后良好率,另外采用逆行技术在颈动脉病变处理过程中和恢复颈动脉血流时发生异位栓塞的风险较低[14, 30]。然而有meta分析显示,采用顺行与逆行2种治疗方式的患者临床结局及sICH发生率差异均无统计学意义[31]

研究表明颈动脉串联病变患者在急诊血管内治疗同期行急诊颈动脉支架植入后存在较高的责任血管再闭塞率[32]。而本研究中患者术后责任血管再闭塞率较低,仅有1例夹层性病变患者发生责任血管再闭塞。除该患者外,有5例患者彩色多普勒超声或CTA检查发现支架内血栓形成但未发生责任血管再闭塞,考虑与患者术中血管狭窄处充分扩张及使用替罗非班抗血小板聚集治疗有关。

本研究131例患者中有10例为颈动脉夹层性串联病变,其他均为狭窄性串联病变,而8例未达到血管成功再通的患者中3例是颈动脉夹层性串联病变,说明夹层性病变仍是血管内治疗的难点,但研究表明颈动脉夹层性病变患者行血管内治疗后90 d预后良好率优于药物治疗者[33]。尽管大部分颈动脉串联病变是大动脉粥样硬化所致,但其临床进展与颈动脉夹层性串联病变并无明显差异[34]。快速血运重建对于改善颈动脉串联病变患者的神经功能非常重要,被认为是目前首选的治疗方法[35],并且同期颈动脉支架植入联合抗栓治疗相较单纯取栓治疗更能提高血管再通率及改善预后[1]

本研究有以下局限性:(1)本研究是单中心回顾性病例对照研究,而非随机对照研究,存在病例选择偏倚,但本研究患者选择及手术操作一致性尚好,亦保证了资料的一致性。(2)我科早期基于术后即刻C臂CT高密度影即渗出情况决定是否行支架植入(渗出明显、病情较严重者不选择支架植入),因此本研究存在支架植入患者选择偏倚。(3)本研究患者根据术后第2天CT检查结果决定术后抗栓方案是采用双联抗血小板聚集药物还是单一抗血小板聚集药物或不予抗血小板聚集药物,故抗栓方案并无一致性。(4)近期行近端支架植入的患者均选择Wallstent支架,未能对其他支架的植入效果进行评价。

综上所述,对于颈动脉串联病变患者,急诊血管内治疗同期行颈动脉支架植入是安全、可行的,且颈动脉支架植入是患者获得良好预后的独立预测因素。但该结果需要前瞻性随机对照试验研究进一步证实。

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