第二军医大学学报  2021, Vol. 42 Issue (4): 349-354   PDF    
68Ga-PSMA PET-CT在前列腺癌诊断及临床决策中的应用价值
程超1, 温健男1,2, 左长京1     
1. 海军军医大学(第二军医大学)长海医院核医学科, 上海 200433;
2. 北部战区总医院第一派驻门诊部, 沈阳 110001
摘要: 影像学检查是前列腺癌不可或缺的重要诊断手段。以68镓(68Ga)标记的靶向前列腺特异性膜抗原(PSMA)分子探针为示踪剂的PET-CT(68Ga-PSMA PET-CT)是近年进入临床应用的影像学新技术,其诊断效能优异,对前列腺癌原发灶和转移灶的诊断、临床决策指导、生化复发的检出、预后评估等具有独特价值,并且在实现诊疗一体化方面前景广阔。68Ga-PSMA PET-CT与MRI等常规影像检查方法优势互补,欧洲泌尿外科学会指南已推荐将68Ga-PSMA PET-CT应用于前列腺癌术后生化复发的患者。随着临床经验的积累和认识的深入,68Ga-PSMA PET-CT在前列腺癌诊断及临床决策中将发挥更大的作用。
关键词: 前列腺肿瘤    前列腺特异性膜抗原    68    正电子发射断层显像计算机体层摄影术    
Role of 68Ga-PSMA PET-CT in diagnosis and clinical decision-making of prostate cancer
CHENG Chao1, WEN Jian-nan1,2, ZUO Chang-jing1     
1. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University(Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China;
2. The First Outpatient Department, General Hospital of PLA Northern Theater Command, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
Abstract: Imaging examination is an indispensable and important diagnostic method for prostate cancer. 68Gallium labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen targeted positron emission tomography-computed tomography (68Ga-PSMA PET-CT) is a new imaging technique that has been applied in clinic in recent years. Its popularization and application benefit from the excellent diagnostic efficacy, unique value in the diagnosis of primary and metastatic prostate cancer, clinical decision-making guidance, biochemical recurrence detection and prognosis evaluation, and the broad prospect in realizing the integration of diagnosis and treatment of tumor. Based on the complementary advantages of 68Ga-PSMA PET-CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), European Association of Urology guidelines have recommended 68Ga-PSMA PET-CT for patients with biochemical recurrence after prostatectomy. With the accumulation of clinical experience and in-depth understanding of clinicians, 68Ga-PSMA PET-CT will play a greater role in the diagnosis and clinical decision-making of prostate cancer.
Key words: prostatic neoplasms    prostate-specific membrane antigen    68gallium    positron emission tomography-computed tomography    

我国前列腺癌发病率虽然低于欧美国家,但近年呈不断增高态势,统计数据显示,2015年全国前列腺癌新发病例约7.20万例,居男性恶性肿瘤发病谱第6位[1]。准确诊断和分期/再分期对于评估前列腺癌病情、指导临床决策、监测疗效具有重要意义。超声、CT、MRI、骨扫描等常规影像学手段的价值已经得到临床认同,但与精准诊疗的需求尚存在明显差距。前列腺特异性膜抗原(prostate-specific membrane antigen,PSMA)是跨细胞膜表面的一种Ⅱ型糖蛋白,在前列腺癌细胞膜的表达显著高于非病变前列腺组织并随着前列腺癌的进展、转移和复发而增加,是前列腺癌影像学诊断和精准治疗的重要靶点。68镓(68Ga)标记的靶向PSMA分子探针PET-CT(68Ga-PSMA PET-CT)在前列腺癌中显示出优良的诊断效能,得到迅速推广应用[2]。本文回顾相关文献,分析68Ga-PSMA PET-CT在前列腺癌诊断、临床决策指导和预后评估方面的应用价值,讨论取得的进展及面临的问题,为进一步推广应用及解决临床问题提供参考。

1 68Ga-PSMA PET-CT对前列腺癌的诊断价值 1.1 前列腺癌原发灶的诊断

68Ga-PSMA PET-CT于2012年首次应用于临床,已被证明在前列腺癌的诊断方面效能优异。研究者发现68Ga-PSMA PET-CT对前列腺癌患者的诊断灵敏度达84%,当前列腺特异性抗原(prostate-specific antigen,PSA)水平<2.2 ng/mL和≥2.2 ng/mL时诊断灵敏度分别为60%和100%[3]。一项纳入35项研究共3 910例患者的meta分析结果显示,68Ga-PSMA PET-CT诊断前列腺癌的合并灵敏度和特异度分别为90%(95% CI 86%~93%)和90%(95% CI 82%~96%),对前列腺癌进行临床分期的合并灵敏度和特异度分别为93%(95% CI 86%~98%)和96%(95% CI 92%~99%),对生化复发的前列腺癌重新分期的合并灵敏度和特异度分别为76%(95% CI 74%~78%)和42%(95% CI 27%~58%)[4]

68Ga-PSMA PET-CT在原发性前列腺癌病灶范围的显示方面有较高价值。Fendler等[5]分析了经穿刺活检病理确诊的21例前列腺癌患者的68Ga-PSMA PET-CT和根治性切除术后大体病理资料,发现基于6节段模型将前列腺大体标本分割后,各节段肿瘤组织所占比例与该节段的最大标准摄取值(maximum standard uptake value,SUVmax)显著相关,并且组织病理学阳性节段的SUVmax高于阴性节段SUVmax(11.8±7.6 vs 4.9±2.9,P<0.01);ROC曲线分析结果显示SUVmax区分组织病理学阳性节段和阴性节段的AUC为0.84,以最佳截断值6.5作为SUVmax阈值时,其诊断组织病理学阳性的灵敏度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为67%、92%、72%、97%、42%;此外,68Ga-PSMA PET-CT诊断精囊、包膜受侵犯的准确率也较高,分别为86%、71%。

1.2 前列腺癌淋巴结转移的诊断

一项纳入233例前列腺癌患者的研究发现,以前列腺大体标本及所清扫淋巴结的病理结果为金标准,淋巴结转移患者与非转移患者原发灶68Ga-PSMA PET-CT的中位SUVmax差异有统计学意义(9.2 vs 7.2,P=0.020);68Ga-PSMA PET-CT对术前盆腔淋巴结转移的诊断效能比3.0 T多参数磁共振成像(multi-parameter MRI,mpMRI)更优,对可疑转移淋巴结诊断的准确率高于mpMRI(18.0% vs 9.4%,P=0.023),阳性预测值和阴性预测值也高于mpMRI(分别为66.7% vs 59.1%、84.3% vs 78.7%)[6]

Wu等[7]纳入13项研究共1 597例前列腺癌患者的meta分析结果显示,在检测淋巴结转移方面,68Ga-PSMA PET-CT比MRI诊断效能更优,前者合并ROC AUC、灵敏度和特异度分别为0.92、65%(95% CI 49%~79%)和94%(95% CI 88%~97%),后者分别为0.83、41%(95% CI 26%~57%)和92%(95% CI 86%~95%)。Kim等[8]纳入6项研究共298例初诊前列腺癌患者的meta分析结果显示,68Ga-PSMA PET-CT诊断前列腺癌淋巴结转移的合并灵敏度和特异度分别为71%(95% CI 59%~81%)和95%(95% CI 87%~99%)。

上述研究结果证实了68Ga-PSMA PET-CT对前列腺癌淋巴结转移具有重要的诊断价值。然而,Rischpler等[9]的研究发现,在68Ga-PSMA PET-CT上,交感神经节如子宫颈、腹腔、骶神经节等也经常呈现摄取现象,没有经验的读片医师易将其误诊为转移淋巴结,需结合形态、摄取特征进行鉴别。

1.3 前列腺癌远处转移的诊断

骨骼和远处淋巴结是M1期前列腺癌患者最常见的转移靶组织。约70%的晚期前列腺癌患者会发生骨转移,骨转移不但与预后不良密切相关,也会引发骨骼相关事件及远处转移灶症候群[10]68Ga-PSMA PET-CT在前列腺癌骨转移的诊断上有明显优势。一项meta分析比较了68Ga-PSMA PET-CT、18氟(18F)/11碳(11C)-胆碱(choline)PET-CT、18F-氟化钠(NaF)PET-CT、MRI和核素骨扫描对前列腺癌骨转移的诊断效能,结果显示,基于患者诊断时上述5种方法的合并灵敏度分别为97%、87%、96%、91%和86%,合并特异度分别为100%、99%、97%、96%和95%,ROC AUC分别为1.00、0.99、0.99、0.98和0.95;基于单个病灶诊断时,上述5种方法的合并灵敏度分别为88%、80%、97%、81%和68%[11]

1.4 前列腺癌生化复发的诊断

生化复发会影响前列腺癌切除术后患者的预后和生活质量,其早期发现和正确评估对改善患者预后至关重要。68Ga-PSMA PET-CT对前列腺癌生化复发有较高的诊断效能。Fendler等[12]纳入635例前列腺癌生化复发患者的多中心前瞻性研究发现,68Ga-PSMA PET-CT基于患者诊断的总阳性预测值为92%(95% CI 88%~95%),可对其中74.8%(475/635)的患者复发灶溯源定位;在PSA<0.5、0.5~<1.0、1.0~<2.0、2.0~<5.0、≥5.0 ng/mL亚组,复发灶检出率分别为38%、57%、84%、86%和97%;不同级别读片医师的评估者间重复性均较强,Fleiss Kappa系数为0.65~0.78。一项纳入21项研究共3 202例患者的meta分析比较了11C-choline、18F-氟西洛韦恩(fluciclovine,FACBC)与68Ga-PSMA PET-CT对前列腺癌生化复发的诊断效能,三者的合并灵敏度分别为80.9%(95% CI 70.4%~88.3%)、79.7%(95% CI 51.9%~93.4%)和76.4%(95% CI 68.3%~82.9%),合并特异度分别为84.1%(95% CI 70.2%~92.2%)、61.9%(95% CI 41.1%~79.0%)和99.8%(95% CI 97.5%~100%)[13]

Miksch等[14]对116例前列腺根治性切除术后生化复发但尚未接受雄激素剥夺治疗或放射治疗的患者行68Ga-PSMA PET-CT检查,结果发现最常见的生化复发灶源依次为原位复发、淋巴节转移和骨转移,68Ga-PSMA PET-CT阳性患者经挽救性治疗后有高达75%(27/36)的患者出现PSA水平下降。

2 68Ga-PSMA PET-CT与常用影像学方法诊断效能的比较

经直肠前列腺超声、CT、MRI、核素骨扫描等常规检查对前列腺癌的诊断效能不足,对低水平PSA患者尤甚[15]。核素骨扫描是诊断前列腺癌骨转移最常用的影像方法,Uslu-Beşli等[16]回顾分析了28例转移高危前列腺癌患者的骨扫描与68Ga-PSMA PET-CT资料,结果显示基于患者诊断时,前者灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为72.7%、52.9%、60.7%,后者分别为90.9%、100.0%、96.4%;基于转移灶诊断时,前者灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为76.2%、80.9%、79.8%,后者分别为85.7%、100%、95.4%。该研究结果提示,对于骨扫描检查阴性的转移高危患者,68Ga-PSMA PET-CT可能存在增益价值。Lengana等[17]的研究也显示出相似结果,骨扫描诊断前列腺癌骨转移灶的灵敏度和准确度分别为73.1%和84.1%,而68Ga-PSMA PET-CT的灵敏度和准确度高达96.2%和99.1%,且后者对溶骨性和骨髓侵犯的骨转移灶均有较高的检出率。

一项比较了68Ga-PSMA PET-CT与mpMRI对复发性前列腺癌诊断效能的研究显示,基于患者诊断时,两者的检出率分别为88.4%和69.8%;基于病灶诊断时,两者分别检出75和53个病灶[18]。Franklin等[6]和Wu等[7]的研究结果也分别证实68Ga-PSMA PET-CT对前列腺癌淋巴结转移的诊断效能优于mpMRI和MRI。

18F-choline PET-CT亦是前列腺常用的正电子核素显像方法。Hoffmann等[19]回顾分析了65例因PSA升高拟诊前列腺癌患者的资料,其中25例接受68Ga-PSMA PET-CT检查,40例接受18F-choline PET-CT检查,结果接受68Ga-PSMA PET-CT检查的患者中有84%呈阳性,所有高级别前列腺癌患者原发灶SUVmax均>12.0,且与Gleason评分呈正相关。68Ga-PSMA PET-CT鉴别低级别(Gleason评分≤7a)和高级别(Gleason评分≥7b)前列腺癌时,SUVmax最佳截断值为5.4,以5.4作为SUVmax阈值鉴别低级别和高级别前列腺癌的灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别高达84%、100%、88%;18F-choline PET-CT鉴别低级别和高级别前列腺癌时,SUVmax最佳截断值为6.5,以6.5作为SUVmax阈值鉴别低级别和高级别前列腺癌的灵敏度、特异度、准确度分别为61%、92%、70%。Emmett等[20]对前列腺根治性切除术后生化复发患者的前瞻性研究发现,盆腔MRI、18F-choline PET-CT、68Ga-PSMA PET-CT对前列腺癌复发的检出率分别为28%(25/88)、32%(29/91)和42%(13/31);三者对前列腺癌原位复发的检出率分别为21.5%(19/88)、13%(12/91)和19%(6/31),对异位复发的检出率分别为8%(7/88)、19%(17/91)和32%(10/31)。

3 68Ga-PSMA PET-CT指导前列腺癌临床决策的价值

68Ga-PSMA PET-CT可以为前列腺癌的临床决策提供价值独到的信息。Tan等[21]研究根治性前列腺切除术后生化复发的亚洲病例,68Ga-PSMA PET-CT在全身CT扫描阳性的55例患者中另检出106个病灶,基于患者的总检出率为80.0%(44/55),其中56.8%(25/44)患者改变了治疗方案。Ferraro等[22]回顾分析116例中高危前列腺癌患者的资料发现,68Ga-PSMA PET-CT基于患者的诊断灵敏度高达97%,有36%的患者采用PSMA PET-CT检查比MRI检查发现了更多病灶,27%的患者改变了治疗方案。Grubmüller等[23]回顾117例根治性前列腺切除术后低水平PSA生化复发患者的资料,其中67例患者68Ga-PSMA PET-CT呈阳性而MRI或CT呈阴性,这些患者中有50例患者改变了治疗方案。Farolfi等[24]对119例根治性前列腺切除术后生化复发患者(PSA为0.20~0.50 ng/mL)行68Ga-PSMA PET-CT,30.3%(36/119)的患者因此改变了治疗方案。Morawitz等[25]的研究也得到相似的结果。

前列腺活检穿刺是术前确诊前列腺癌的金标准,68Ga-PSMA PET-CT对穿刺靶点定位有指导价值。Rahbar等[26]的研究中,6例经活检确诊的高危前列腺癌患者在根治性前列腺切除术前均行68Ga-PSMA PET-CT,将每例切除的前列腺大体标本分为12个节段,与影像资料逐一对比发现,68Ga-PSMA PET-CT基于节段定性诊断前列腺癌的灵敏度和特异度均为92.0%,阳性预测值为96.0%,阴性预测值为85.0%;真阳性节段的中位SUVmax高于真阴性节段(11.0±7.8 vs 2.7±0.9,P<0.01);以4.0作为SUVmax阈值时,诊断的灵敏度、特异度和准确度分别为88.0%、86.5%和87.5%。

68Ga-PSMA PET-CT还有助于前列腺癌适形放射治疗靶区的准确勾画。Bettermann等[27]以根治性前列腺切除术大体标本的逐层病理切片为对照金标准,在mpMRI及68Ga-PSMA PET-CT图像上勾画肿瘤区域并进行比较分析,结果发现病理切片上勾画的肿瘤体积中位数为10.4 mL,68Ga-PSMA PET-CT上勾画的肿瘤体积中位数为10.8 mL,mpMRI上勾画的肿瘤体积中位数为4.5 mL,其中前两者一致性更高,而mpMRI显著低估了基于病理的肿瘤体积;以病理诊断结果为金标准,68Ga-PSMA PET-CT的灵敏度和特异度分别为86%和87%,mpMRI的灵敏度和特异度分别为58%和94%,两者联合诊断的灵敏度和特异度分别为91%和84%。Artigas等[28]68Ga-PSMA PET-CT图像作为靶区勾画的依据,对20例生化复发患者共30个寡转移灶进行治疗,随访1个月及4个月时生化应答率(PSA水平减半率)分别为15%和70%,1年及2年的无进展生存率分别为79%和53%,2年无雄激素剥夺治疗生存率为74%。该结果证明68Ga-PSMA PET-CT在前列腺癌寡转移灶外照射治疗方面有指导价值。

4 68Ga-PSMA PET-CT评估前列腺癌预后的价值

68Ga-PSMA PET-CT在前列腺癌预后评估方面亦有较高价值。Roberts等[29]对71例经穿刺活检确诊后行68Ga-PSMA PET-CT及根治性前列腺切除术患者的研究发现,基于68Ga-PSMA PET-CT的病灶摄取参数是预测活检标本Gleason评分、手术病理标本Gleason评分较活检标本Gleason评分升级、基于手术标本病理的T及N分期、手术切缘阳性和无进展生存期的良好指标;尤其在活检标本Gleason评分≤3+4的患者中,高摄取患者(原发灶SUVmax≥8)无进展生存期缩短的风险是低摄取患者(原发灶SUVmax<8)的5.48倍。Grubmüller等[30]研究发现,基于68Ga-PSMA PET-CT的参数在预测去势抵抗性前列腺癌患者的总生存期方面存在增益价值。

5 小结与展望

68Ga-PSMA PET-CT临床应用过程中也面临一些问题和挑战。(1)虽然68Ga-PSMA PET-CT较常规影像学技术诊断前列腺癌的灵敏度更高、特异度更强,但越来越多的研究发现它在其他多种肿瘤甚至交感神经节中也可能显像,影响前列腺癌诊断的特异性。(2)对于PSMA阴性的病灶,是结合氟代脱氧葡萄糖(fludeoxyglucose,FDG)还是其他分子探针以明确诊断有待进一步探讨。(3)68Ga-PSMA PET-MRI在前列腺癌原发灶和生化复发的诊断方面也显示出较高的价值,其与68Ga-PSMA PET-CT的优劣问题需要紧密结合临床更深入地研究。(4)68Ga-PSMA PET-CT对前列腺癌患者的生存时间、生活质量是否带来实际获益,有待进一步证实。(5)68Ga-PSMA PET-CT成本较高、配备较少,MRI等常规影像检查相对便宜、配备广泛、容易获得,在临床应用中应根据实际情况选择。

随着68Ga-PSMA PET-CT应用的推广及与临床更密切的结合,68Ga-PSMA PET-CT在前列腺癌生化复发中的应用已被写入欧洲泌尿外科学会指南,将来有望写入更多前列腺癌的相关诊疗指南或规范之中。目前,多种靶向PSMA的新探针已经实现了临床转化和初步应用,如18F-PSMA-1007、2-(3-{1-羧基-5-[(6-[18F]氟-吡啶-3-羰基)-胺基]-戊基}-脲基)-戊二酸(2-(3-{1-carboxy-5-[(6-[18F]fluoro-pyridine-3-carbonyl)-amino]-pentyl}-ureido)-pentanedioic acid,18F-DCFPyL)等18F标记药物半衰期适中、图像质量高、方便配送、适合推广,而99m锝(99mTc)-联肼尼克酰胺(hydrazinonicotinic acid,HYNIC)-PSMA适合于普及率更高的单光子发射计算机断层显像技术。68Ga-PSMA PET-MRI则整合了新探针与mpMRI的优势,为临床提供更精准、便捷的一站式服务。在诊疗一体化方面,68Ga-PSMA PET-CT是指导177镥(177Lu)-PSMA治疗及预测疗效的高效手段。这些新技术的发展顺应了前列腺癌精准诊疗的需求[31]。近年我国核医学发展迅速,68Ga-PSMA PET-CT新技术在前列腺癌诊疗中发挥了重要作用[32],并将应用于多学科诊疗中,推动相关新技术与临床更密切的结合,造福患者。

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