第二军医大学学报  2021, Vol. 42 Issue (4): 385-390   PDF    
颈动脉斑块积分对冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞病变的预测价值
许智超Δ, 侯攀Δ, 唐文栋, 朱婷芳, 马超群, 李攀, 赵仙先     
海军军医大学(第二军医大学)长海医院心血管内科, 上海 200433
摘要: 目的 探讨颈动脉斑块积分和内中膜厚度对冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞(CTO)病变的预测价值。方法 选择在海军军医大学(第二军医大学)长海医院就诊、同时行颈动脉超声和首次冠状动脉血管造影检查的患者608例,根据冠状动脉血管造影结果将其分为CTO组(150例)和非CTO组(458例),比较两组患者的基线资料和颈动脉超声检查结果,并对冠状动脉CTO发生的危险因素进行单因素和多因素logistic回归分析。绘制ROC曲线分析颈动脉斑块积分、内中膜厚度及多个危险因素构成的综合预测变量对CTO的预测价值。结果 CTO组患者的年龄、男性比例、BMI、高血压病患者比例、血肌酐水平、颈动脉斑块检出率、两侧颈动脉斑块平均厚度、总斑块积分、平均内中膜厚度均高于非CTO组(P均 < 0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,高龄、高BMI、高血肌酐水平、高总斑块积分及高平均内中膜厚度是CTO发生的独立危险因素(P均 < 0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示颈动脉总斑块积分、平均内中膜厚度及综合预测变量(年龄、BMI、血肌酐、总斑块积分、平均内中膜厚度的联合参数)的AUC值(95% CI)分别为0.676(0.637~0.713)、0.633(0.593~0.671)和0.738(0.701~0.772),综合预测变量的AUC值与总斑块积分、平均内中膜厚度相比差异均有统计学意义(P均 < 0.05)。结论 颈动脉总斑块积分和平均内中膜厚度对冠状动脉CTO有一定预测价值,综合年龄、BMI、血肌酐、总斑块积分、平均内中膜厚度的联合参数对CTO的预测效能优于两者单独的预测效能。
关键词: 颈动脉    超声检查    斑块积分    冠状动脉疾病    动脉闭塞性疾病    
Predictive value of carotid plaque score in patients with chronic total occlusion of coronary artery
XU Zhi-chaoΔ, HOU PanΔ, TANG Wen-dong, ZHU Ting-fang, MA Chao-qun, LI Pan, ZHAO Xian-xian     
Department of Cardiovasology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University(Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the predictive value of carotid plaque score and intima-media thickness (IMT) in patients with chronic total occlusion (CTO) of coronary artery. Methods A total of 608 patients who underwent carotid artery ultrasonography and the first coronary angiography in Changhai Hospital of Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University) were divided into CTO group (150 cases) and non-CTO group (458 cases) according to the results of coronary angiography. Baseline data and carotid artery ultrasonography results were compared between the two groups, and the risk factors of coronary CTO were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to analyze the predictive values of carotid plaque score, IMT and comprehensive predictive variables composed of multiple risk factors for CTO. Results The age, proportion of male sex, body mass index (BMI), proportion of hypertension, serum creatinine level, detection rate of carotid plaque, mean thickness of bilateral carotid plaques, total plaque score and mean IMT in the CTO group were significantly higher than those in the non-CTO group (all P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that older age, high BMI, high serum creatinine level, high total plaque score and high mean IMT were independent risk factors for CTO (all P < 0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the area under curve (AUC) values (95% confidence interval[CI]) of total plaque score, mean IMT and comprehensive predictive variables (combined parameters of age, BMI, serum creatinine level, total plaque score, and mean IMT) were 0.676 (0.637-0.713), 0.633 (0.593-0.671) and 0.738 (0.701-0.772), respectively. The AUC value of comprehensive predictive variable was significantly different from those of total plaque score and mean IMT (both P < 0.05). Conclusion Carotid total plaque score and mean IMT have certain predictive value for coronary artery CTO. The combined parameter of age, BMI, serum creatinine, total plaque score and mean IMT is superior to the two alone in predicting CTO.
Key words: carotid arteries    ultrasonography    plaque score    coronary artery disease    arterial occlusive diseases    

冠状动脉慢性完全闭塞(chronic total occlusion,CTO)病变是指冠状动脉闭塞血管段前向血流为心肌梗死溶栓治疗(thrombolysis in myocardial infarction,TIMI)分级为0级且闭塞时间≥3个月的一类冠状动脉病变[1]。相较于普通的冠状动脉粥样硬化,CTO的病变更严重、病程更长、介入治疗难度更大、更易发生并发症、手术的成功率更低[2]。因此,如能尽早、快捷地诊断CTO,心血管科医师就能根据患者情况制订个体化治疗方案,更有利于患者的病情恢复。

颈动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉粥样硬化的发生机制相同[3-4],既往研究表明颈动脉内中膜厚度(intima-media thickness,IMT)及斑块形成与冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成密切相关[5-6],加之颈动脉的位置相对表浅,超声检查即可明确病变部位、大小、范围,因而颈动脉超声是一种良好的预测冠状动脉粥样硬化的检查手段。目前绝大多数研究着眼于颈动脉IMT和斑块积分(plaque score,PS)对普通冠心病的预测,但应用两者预测冠状动脉CTO的相关研究则较少。本研究通过比较冠状动脉CTO患者与非CTO患者的颈动脉IMT与PS,探讨颈动脉IMT和PS对冠状动脉CTO的预测价值,并分析CTO发生的危险因素及各指标对CTO的预测效能。

1 资料和方法 1.1 研究对象

本研究为单中心、回顾性观察研究。纳入2017年6月至2018年9月于海军军医大学(第二军医大学)长海医院就诊的有胸痛病史、同时接受颈动脉超声检查并首次行冠状动脉血管造影检查的患者,排除患有冠心病、急性冠状动脉综合征或曾行冠状动脉血运重建者,最终入组608例患者。本研究通过海军军医大学(第二军医大学)长海医院伦理委员会审批。

1.2 颈动脉超声检查

采用Philips IE33彩色超声系统(配备7.5 MHz探头)进行检查。患者取仰卧位,颈部转向一侧,扫描双侧颈总动脉(common carotid artery,CCA)、颈内动脉(internal carotid artery,ICA)和颈动脉分叉部(carotid artery bifurcation,CAB),测量指标包括平均内中膜厚度(mean intima-media thickness,mIMT)、斑块厚度、阻力指数(resistance index,RI)。

以血管长轴为准,在无斑块的节段测量颈动脉IMT,并在距CAB近端约1.0 cm处测量CCA远处的IMT[7],每侧至少测量3次,至少由2名超声科主治医师完成。颈动脉壁正常超声显像呈“双线样”三层回声,内膜层及外膜层均呈连续等回声光带,中膜层为一暗带,2条亮线之间的距离即为IMT[8],mIMT为双侧IMT的平均值。颈动脉斑块形成定义为IMT局灶性增厚(>50%)或IMT>1.5 mm[7]。颈动脉总PS定义为不考虑各个斑块的长度,将各个孤立性斑块的最大厚度(mm)相加,得到的两侧颈动脉PS之和[9]。所有超声检查人员对患者的血管造影结果均不知晓。

1.3 冠状动脉血管造影检查

所有患者在颈动脉超声检查后均行冠状动脉血管造影检查。检查过程由至少2名心血管内科主治及以上职称的医师完成,所有手术医师均不知晓患者术前颈动脉超声检查结果。根据冠状动脉血管造影结果将患者分为CTO组和非CTO组。

1.4 统计学处理

应用SPSS 24.0软件进行统计学分析。呈正态分布的计量资料以x±s表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验;呈偏态分布的计量资料以中位数(下四分位数,上四分位数)表示,两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料以例数和百分数表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。初步筛选冠状动脉CTO的危险因素,将所有可能的危险因素作为自变量进行多因素logistic回归分析,计算OR值及95% CI,分析CTO的独立危险因素。绘制ROC曲线,计算mIMT和总PS及综合预测值的AUC,评价三者对冠状动脉CTO的预测效能。检验水准(α)为0.05。

2 结果 2.1 患者基本资料

608例患者中,非CTO患者458例,CTO患者150例。其中CTO组男117例(78.0%)、女33例(22.0%),年龄33~88岁,平均(67.5±10.6)岁;非CTO组男293例(64.0%)、女165例(36.0%),年龄32~89岁,平均(64.0±10.8)岁。CTO组的年龄、男性患者比例、BMI、高血压病患者比例、血肌酐水平、颈动脉斑块检出率、两侧颈动脉斑块平均厚度、总PS、mIMT均高于非CTO组(P均<0.01),见表 1

表 1 CTO组与非CTO组患者基本资料比较 Tab 1 Comparison of basic data of patients between CTO group and non-CTO group

2.2 冠状动脉CTO发生的危险因素分析

单因素分析结果(表 2)显示,高龄、男性、高BMI、患有高血压病、高血肌酐水平、高总PS及高mIMT值与患者发生CTO有关(P均<0.05);进一步多因素logistic回归分析结果(表 2)显示,高龄、高BMI、高血肌酐水平、高总PS及高mIMT是发生CTO的独立危险因素(P均<0.05)。

表 2 冠状动脉CTO危险因素的单因素和多因素logistic回归分析结果 Tab 2 Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses of risk factors for coronary artery CTO patients

2.3 冠状动脉CTO的ROC曲线分析

绘制总PS和mIMT对冠状动脉CTO的ROC曲线,采用Delong法比较两者预测CTO的效能,结果显示总PS和mIMT的AUC值(95% CI)分别为0.676(0.637~0.713)和0.633(0.593~0.671),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。将多因素logistic回归分析得出的多个独立危险因素以“全部进入法”构建为综合预测值变量,绘制其对CTO的ROC曲线,得到的AUC值(95% CI)为0.738(0.701~0.772),与总PS和mIMT的AUC值相比差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。见图 1

图 1 总PS、mIMT、综合预测值(CPV)预测冠状动脉CTO的ROC曲线 Fig 1 ROC curves of total PS, mIMT and comprehensive predictive value (CPV) in predicting coronary artery CTO PS: Plaque score; mIMT: Mean intima-media thickness; CTO: Chronic total occlusion; ROC: Receiver operating characteristic; AUC: Area under curve.

3 讨论

动脉粥样硬化是一组主要累及大、中型肌弹力型动脉的血管病变,多为全身多处动脉同时受累。动脉粥样硬化病变从内膜开始,先后出现脂质积聚、纤维组织增生和钙质沉着,并有动脉中层逐渐退变、钙化,在此基础上继发斑块内出血、斑块破裂及局部血栓形成。冠状动脉发生粥样硬化可使冠状动脉管腔狭窄或闭塞,导致心肌缺血、缺氧或坏死而引起冠心病,这也是动脉粥样硬化导致器官病变的最常见类型。冠心病已经成为威胁人类健康的主要疾病之一。CTO是冠心病中一组较严重且并不少见的病变,其闭塞程度严重,临床症状不具备特异性,难以早期发现,甚至有些CTO患者仅在行冠状动脉血管造影时被发现[10]。此外,CTO患者多合并较多基础疾病[11],且介入手术难度大、耗时长、费用高、成功率低,都会直接导致患者接触放射线的时间更长,接受造影剂的剂量更大,术中、术后发生造影剂肾病等并发症的风险更高[12-14]。有研究表明,在行冠状动脉血管造影检查的患者中CTO患者占20%~30%,而在确诊冠心病的患者中CTO的检出率为30%~50%[15]。因此,CTO可谓是心血管系统疾病中的“无声杀手”,尽早发现并确诊对改善患者的生活质量及预后具有重要作用。目前确诊CTO的金标准仍然是冠状动脉血管造影检查,虽然其可明确冠状动脉病变,但操作复杂且为有创性检查,加之放射线的因素,因此不适用于CTO的粗筛和普遍检查。

近年来,国内外越来越多的研究证实,颈动脉与冠状动脉的病变往往是平行的[16-17],斑块形成及斑块厚度之和[18]、斑块回声[19]、斑块面积及斑块总体积[20]等颈动脉超声指标与冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块形成密切相关。Hansen等[21]的研究表明,伴有颈动脉粥样硬化疾病的患者发生急性心肌梗死的风险增高3倍以上;IMT每增加0.1 mm,患心脑血管疾病的风险将增加11%。Takiuchi等[22]指出,颈动脉粥样硬化可以作为预测冠心病的独立危险因素。而超声检查也因其无创、便捷、可重复性高等优点,广泛应用于心血管疾病的检查及诊断[23]。因此,颈动脉超声检查指标,尤其是IMT和PS可以作为预测冠状动脉病变及其严重程度的重要、便捷且无创的指标[24-25]

既往颈动脉超声检查对于冠状动脉病变的预测研究较多,但国内尚无颈动脉超声检查对冠状动脉CTO预测价值的研究。本研究通过对比CTO患者和非CTO患者的基线资料和颈动脉超声检查指标及进行多因素logistic回归分析,得出高龄、高BMI、患高血压病、高血肌酐水平、高总PS及高mIMT是发生CTO的独立危险因素(P均<0.05),表明颈动脉总PS和mIMT对于CTO具有预测价值,为临床上高度怀疑CTO的患者预测其冠状动脉病变提供了一种更为便捷、无创的新思路和新方法。同时,本研究通过进一步比较颈动脉总PS、mIMT及多个危险因素构成的综合预测变量(年龄、BMI、血肌酐、总PS、mIMT的联合参数)之间的AUC差异,证实综合预测变量对CTO的预测效能优于总PS、mIMT,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。因此,本研究结果表明颈动脉超声检查结果单独应用于CTO的预测价值有限,而将颈动脉超声检查结果(总PS和mIMT)结合年龄、BMI、血肌酐的综合预测则更为准确,完善了颈动脉超声检查指标对于CTO进行预测的流程与方法,对临床工作具有指导意义。

但值得注意的是,有学者指出,在没有明显动脉粥样硬化的情况下,与年龄相关的颈总动脉内膜和中层增厚也会发生在人和动物模型中[26],而颈动脉斑块可能代表与炎症、内皮功能障碍、氧化应激和平滑肌细胞增殖相关动脉粥样硬化的后期阶段[27]。因此,内、中膜增厚在生物学上与斑块不同,不是真正的动脉粥样硬化。相反,颈动脉斑块是动脉粥样硬化的一种独特表现,比mIMT更能预测心血管疾病[28]。既往有研究表明,与mIMT相比,颈动脉斑块在预测未来心肌梗死和检测冠心病方面具有更高的诊断准确性和价值[29-30]。然而,本研究结果显示,颈动脉总PS对CTO的预测虽然略优于mIMT,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。这可能与本研究的样本量小有关,同时本研究未对患者进行远期随访,缺少远期结局。因此这一结论尚待大样本的研究证实。

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