第二军医大学学报  2021, Vol. 42 Issue (1): 28-34   PDF    
成人Xp11.2易位/转录因子E3基因融合相关性肾细胞癌患者临床特征单中心分析
田霞1, 王剑2, 康钦钦1, 白辰光3, 郝强1*     
1. 海军军医大学(第二军医大学)长海医院影像医学科, 上海 200433;
2. 海军军医大学(第二军医大学)长征医院消化内科, 上海 200003;
3. 海军军医大学(第二军医大学)长海医院病理科, 上海 200433
摘要: 目的 探讨成人Xp11.2易位/转录因子E3基因融合相关性肾细胞癌(Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC)的临床表现、影像学表现与治疗效果。方法 收集2014年9月至2019年7月海军军医大学(第二军医大学)长海医院收治的经病理确诊的43例成人Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC患者的临床资料,对患者一般情况、临床症状、影像学资料、手术方式、病理资料及预后进行回顾性分析。结果 43例Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC患者中男24例、女19例,年龄25~77岁,平均年龄为(47.5±15.2)岁。首发症状为肉眼血尿5例,腰腹部不适6例,转移部位症状表现1例;健康体检时发现、无明显症状者31例。影像学上,病灶最大径1.1~9.5 cm,平均为(5.1±2.7)cm;病灶为类圆形29例,不规则形14例;边界清楚、有假包膜37例,边界不清晰6例;病变多出现密度或信号不均质改变,主要表现为出血(21例)、囊变或坏死(24例)及钙化(11例);中度至明显强化30例,轻度强化13例,其中乳头状强化23例;肾周侵犯10例,远处转移8例。43例患者中15例行腹腔镜根治性肾切除术,13例行腹腔镜肾部分切除术,7例行智能臂辅助腹腔镜肾部分切除术,5例行开放根治性肾切除术,1例行开放肾局部切除术,1例行肾穿刺活检术,1例行转移性椎管肿瘤清除术。43例患者的TFE3免疫组织化学染色检测及3例患者的TFE3荧光原位杂交检测结果均为阳性;免疫组织化学染色检测结果显示碳酸酐酶Ⅸ(CAⅨ;74.4%,32/43)、亲和素-生物素-过氧化物酶复合物(ABC;93.0%,40/43)、CD10(93.0%,40/43)、希佩尔林道蛋白(VHL;72.1%,31/43)、低分子量细胞角蛋白(CAM5.2;83.7%,36/43)阳性表达率较高,Ki-67阳性率为1%~60%(平均为9.7%)。除6例失访外,其余37例患者术后随访11~68个月,平均(47.4±17.5)个月。随访期间5例患者出现肿瘤全身多发转移,其中3例死亡,2例使用靶向药物治疗后病情无明显进展、患者仍存活;1例患者术后出现复发。结论 Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC患者临床表现主要为血尿及腰腹部不适,健康体检时发现及无症状者较多,影像学表现多样,确诊依赖组织病理检测。外科手术尤其根治性肾切除术是Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC患者的首选治疗方法。大部分患者预后良好,少数患者术后出现复发或转移。
关键词: Xp11.2易位/转录因子E3基因融合相关性肾细胞癌    肾肿瘤    成年人    诊断    
Clinical characteristics of adult patients with renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocation/transcription factor E3 gene fusion: a single-center study
TIAN Xia1, WANG Jian2, KANG Qin-qin1, BAI Chen-guang3     
1. Department of Radiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University(Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China;
2. Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University(Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200003, China;
3. Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University(Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
Abstract: Objective To explore the clinical features, imaging features and treatment outcomes of renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocation/transcription factor E3 gene fusion (Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC) in adult patients. Methods The clinical data of 43 adult patients with Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC confirmed by pathology from Sep. 2014 to Jul. 2019 in Changhai Hospital of Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University) were collected. The general information, clinical symptoms, imaging data, surgical approaches, pathological data and prognosis of the patients were retrospectively analyzed. Results Among the 43 Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC cases, there were 24 males and 19 females, aged from 25 to 77 years, with an average age of (47.5±15.2) years. The main clinical manifestations included gross hematuria (five cases), lumbar and abdominal discomfort (six cases), and the symptom caused by tumor metastasis (one case); the other 31 cases were found during physical examination without obvious symptoms. The diameter of the tumor was 1.1-9.5 cm (average[5.1±2.7] cm). The lesions were round-like in 29 cases and irregular in 14 cases, and 37 cases had distinct borders and pseudocapsules around the tumors, six cases with poorly-defined borders. Most of the lesions showed heterogeneous changes in density or signal, mainly manifested as hemorrhage (21 cases), cystic degeneration or necrosis (24 cases) and calcification (11 cases). There were moderate to marked enhancement in 30 cases, mild enhancement in 13 cases, including papillary enhancement in 23 cases. Perirenal invasion appeared in 10 cases and distant metastases in eight cases. Among the 43 patients, 15 patients underwent laparoscopic radical nephrectomy, 13 patients underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, seven patients underwent intelligent arm-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, five patients underwent open radical nephrectomy, one patient underwent open partial nephrectomy, one patient underwent renal biopsy, and one patient underwent resection of metastatic spinal canal tumor. The results of immunohistochemistry in 43 patients and fluorescence in situ hybridization in three patients were all positive for TFE3. High positive expression rates of carbonic anhydrase Ⅸ (CAⅨ; 74.4%, 32/43), avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC; 93.0%, 40/43), CD10 (93.0%, 40/43), von Hippel-Lindau (VHL; 72.1%, 31/43) and low-molecular-weight cytokeratin (CAM5.2; 83.7%, 36/43) were found through immunohistochemistry staining. The positive expression rate of Ki-67 ranged from 1% to 60%, with an average of 9.7%. Except for six patients who were lost to follow-up, the other 37 patients were followed up for 11-68 months, with an average of (47.4±17.5) months. During the follow-up period, five patients had multiple metastases, of which three patients died, and two patients had no significant progress after treatment with targeted drugs and were still alive; one patient had postoperative recurrence. Conclusion The main clinical manifestations of adult Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC patients are hematuria and umbar and abdominal discomfort. More patients are asymptomatic and found in physical examination. Imaging manifestations are diverse. The final confirmed diagnosis of Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC relies on pathological examination. Surgery, especially radical nephrectomy, is the first choice for Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC patients. Most patients have ideal prognosis, and a few patients have recurrence or metastasis after surgery.
Key words: renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocation/transcription factor E3 gene fusion    kidney neoplasms    adult    diagnosis    

Xp11.2易位/转录因子E3(transcription factor E3,TFE3)基因融合相关性肾细胞癌(renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocation/TFE3 gene fusion,Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC)是一种临床罕见的肾脏恶性肿瘤,其发生源于Xp11.2染色体位点上TFE3基因断裂,并与富含脯氨酸的有丝分裂检查点控制因子(proline-rich mitotic checkpoint control factor,PRCC)、富含脯氨酸和谷氨酰胺的剪接因子(splicing factor proline- and glutamine-rich,PSF)、网格蛋白重链(clathrin heavy chain,CLTC)、含非POU结构域的八聚体结合基因(non-POU-domain-containing octamer binding,NonO)等相关基因发生平衡易位形成新的TFE3 融合基因,导致融合型TFE3蛋白的过度表达[1]。2004年,WHO肾脏肿瘤组织将Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC病理学分类列为RCC的一个独立亚型[2]。既往研究指出,Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC主要累及儿童和青少年,约占儿童和青少年肾癌的33.3%[3];在成年人中发病率较低,占成人肾癌的0.5%~1.5%[4]。但近年来不断有成人Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC病例报道。由于该病临床症状及影像学表现缺乏特异性,确诊较为困难,对于此类型肾癌的研究和认识明显落后于其他亚型肾癌。本研究对2014年9月至2019年7月海军军医大学(第二军医大学)长海医院收治的43例成人Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC患者的临床资料进行总结、分析,以期提高对该病的临床诊治水平。

1 资料和方法 1.1 临床资料来源

收集2014年9月至2019年7月海军军医大学(第二军医大学)长海医院收治的经成人Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC患者的临床资料,共43例。纳入标准:(1)发病年龄≥18岁;(2)经术后病理确诊。对患者的一般情况、临床症状、影像学资料、治疗方法、病理资料、预后等进行录入、分析和总结。

1.2 影像学检查及图像分析

43例患者中,40例行CT平扫+增强检查,1例行MRI平扫检查,8例行MRI平扫+增强检查;6例同时行CT和MRI检查。由2名影像科主治医师分别记录病灶位置、大小、形态、边缘、均匀度、内部特征、强化程度与特点、侵犯或转移情况。病灶形态主要分为类圆形和不规则形;肿瘤均匀度需记录病灶内部囊变或坏死、出血、钙化情况;内部特征包括CT密度和MRI信号高低;强化程度分为明显强化、中度强化和轻度强化,强化特点分为乳头状强化、非乳头状强化;局部侵犯或转移包括肾周侵犯、淋巴结转移、静脉癌栓或远处脏器转移等。

1.3 手术治疗方法

20例患者接受根治性肾切除术(15例行腹腔镜根治性肾切除术,5例行开放肾切除术),21例患者接受肾部分切除术(13例行腹腔镜肾部分切除术,7例行智能臂辅助腹腔镜肾部分切除术,1例行开放肾局部切除术),其中2例患者因出现肾静脉、下腔静脉癌栓同时行静脉癌栓取出术。2例患者未行肾脏手术,其中1例行肾穿刺活检术、1例行转移性椎管肿瘤清除术。

1.4 组织病理H-E染色、免疫组织化学染色及荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)检测

43例患者术后标本行常规组织病理H-E染色及免疫组织化学染色,其中3例同时行FISH检测。免疫组织化学染色检测指标包括TFE3、碳酸酐酶Ⅸ(carbonic anhydrase Ⅸ,CAⅨ)、Ki-67、转化相关蛋白53(transformation-related protein 53,P53)、亲和素-生物素-过氧化物酶复合物(avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex,ABC)、CD10、配对盒基因8(paired box gene 8,Pax-8)、α-甲酰基辅酶A消旋酶(α-methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase,P504s)、希佩尔林道蛋白(von Hippel-Lindau,VHL)、CD147、低分子量细胞角蛋白(low-molecular-weight cytokeratin,CAM5.2)、钙黏蛋白6。FISH检测使用TFE3基因断裂重组检测试剂盒(美国Empire Genomics公司)。

1.5 术后随访

术后随访截至2020年5月,随访内容包括患者存活情况、肿瘤复发和转移、靶向药物使用情况等。

1.6 统计学处理

应用SPSS 18.0软件对数据进行统计分析。计量资料以x±s表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验。计数资料以例数和百分数表示。检验水准(α)为0.05。

2 结果 2.1 患者基本情况

本组43例患者中男24例、女19例,年龄25~77岁,平均年龄为(47.5±15.2)岁。男性患者平均年龄为(48.0±14.7)岁,女性为(46.9±16.2)岁,两组患者年龄差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。首发症状为肉眼血尿5例,腰腹部不适6例,转移部位症状(骨痛)1例;健康体检时发现、无明显症状者31例。有症状患者平均年龄为(49.9±16.4)岁,无症状患者平均年龄为(46.6±14.9)岁,两组患者年龄差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后病理TNM分期:T1N0M0期1例,T2N0M0期22例,T3N0M0期11例,T3N2M0期2例,T4N2M0期1例,T4N0M1期1例,T4N2M1期4例,T4N3M1期1例。

2.2 影像学表现

病灶位于右肾28例,其中右肾上极8例、右肾中部5例、右肾下极14例、累及右肾全肾1例;左肾15例,其中左肾上极7例、左肾中部2例、左肾下极6例。病灶最大径1.1~9.5 cm,平均为(5.1±2.7)cm。类圆形29例,不规则形14例。边界清楚、有假包膜37例,边界不清晰6例。密度或信号不均29例,其中出血21例(图 1A)、囊变或坏死24例、钙化11例(图 1B)。CT平扫中,高或稍高密度20例、等密度2例、低密度5例、高低混杂密度13例。MRI平扫中,T1加权像稍高或等高信号7例、等低信号1例、高低混杂信号1例(图 1C);T2加权像等高信号1例、高低混杂信号5例(图 1D)、稍低信号3例。CT和MRI增强扫描中,明显强化22例、中度强化8例、轻度强化13例;乳头状强化23例(图 1E)、非乳头状强化20例。出现肾周侵犯10例(图 2A2B);远处转移8例,包括腹膜后淋巴结转移2例、腹腔转移1例、肺转移2例、肾静脉及下腔静脉转移2例(图 2C2D)、骨转移1例。影像学报告误诊4例,分别为畸胎瘤1例,嫌色细胞癌1例,乏脂肪血管平滑肌脂肪瘤1例,骨髓瘤浸润1例。

图 1 成人Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC患者影像学表现 Fig 1 Image findings of adult Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC patients A: Female, 28 years old, Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC in the left upper kidney pole. Plain CT showed flocculent hemorrhagic foci (arrows). B: Female, 70 years old, Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC in right kidney. Plain CT showed quasi-circular calcification (arrow). C: Female, 57 years old, Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC in the right lower kidney pole. MR T1-weighted imaging showed mixed signal of the tumor (arrow). D: Female, 57 years old, Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC in the right lower kidney pole. MR T2-weighted imaging showed mixed signal of the tumor (arrow). E: Female, 28 years old, Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC in the left upper kidney pole. Enhanced CT showed papillary enhancement nodule of the tumor (arrow). Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC: Renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocation/transcription factor E3 gene fusion; CT: Computed tomography; MR: Magnetic resonance.

图 2 1例成人Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC患者伴随肾外影像学表现 Fig 2 Extrarenal image findings of an adult Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC patient Male, 35 years old, Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC in the right upper kidney pole. A: MR T2-weighted imaging showed inhomogeneous low signal of the tumor with perirenal invasion (arrow); B: MR T1-weighted imaging showed low signal of the tumor with perirenal invasion (arrow); C, D: Cortex medullary junction phase (C) and parenchymal phase (D) enhanced MR T1-weighted imaging showed heterogeneous enhancement of the tumor with tumor thrombus in renal vein and inferior vena cava (arrows). Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC: Renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocation/transcription factor E3 gene fusion; MR: Magnetic resonance.

2.3 病理表现 2.3.1 大体标本

大体标本表现为实性或囊实性,切片多呈灰色、淡黄色或暗红色,可伴有囊变、坏死、出血、钙化等。

2.3.2 H-E染色结果

切片经H-E染色后,显微镜下观察可见肿瘤组织主要表现为乳头状、巢状或腺泡状结构混合生长。肿瘤细胞呈圆形或椭圆形,细胞核大、深染、异型明显,胞质透亮,部分嗜酸性染色丰富(图 3A),部分病例可伴灶状出血、坏死。

图 3 1例成人Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC患者肿瘤组织H-E染色和免疫组织化学染色结果 Fig 3 H-E and immunohistochemistry staining results of the tumor tissues of an adult Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC patient Female, 60 years old. A: H-E staining showed the tumor tissues were arranged in irregular glandular and lenticular structures. The tumor cells were round and oval, with large nuclei, visible nucleoli and red cytoplasm. B: Immunohistochemistry staining showed strongly positive result of TFE3. Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC: Renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocation/transcription factor E3 gene fusion; H-E: Hematoxylin-eosin.

2.3.3 免疫组织化学染色及FISH检测结果

免疫组织化学染色检测中TFE3表达阳性是诊断Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC的重要基础,本组43例患者TFE3免疫组织化学染色均为阳性表达(图 3B)。其他免疫组织化学染色标志物阳性表达情况分别为:CAⅨ(74.4%,32/43)、P53(7.0%,3/43)、ABC(93.0%,40/43)、CD10(93.0%,40/43)、Pax-8(11.6%,5/43)、P504s(9.3%,4/43)、VHL(72.1%,31/43)、CD147(41.9%,18/43)、CAM5.2(83.7%,36/43)、钙黏蛋白6(41.9%,18/43)。Ki-67阳性率为1%~60%,平均为9.7%。3例患者进行TFE3基因断裂重组FISH检测,均为阳性(图 4),发生细胞分离比例分别为63.0%(63/100)、17.0%(17/100)、15.0%(15/100)。

图 4 1例成人Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC患者FISH检测结果(1 000×) Fig 4 FISH result of an adult Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC patient (1 000×) Male, 41 years old, FISH result showed 63 cells isolated out of 100 cells indicating a positive result of the detection for TFE3 gene disruption and recombination. Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC: Renal cell carcinoma associated with Xp11.2 translocation/transcription factor E3 gene fusion; FISH: Fluorescence in situ hybridization.

2.4 术后随访

术后对患者存活情况、肿瘤复发和转移、靶向药物使用情况进行随访。除6例失访外,其余37例患者随访11~68个月,平均(47.4±17.5)个月。1例患者术后出现肿瘤复发,5例患者术后发生全身多发转移。5例术后全身多发转移患者中,3例患者于术后23、31、54个月死亡;另2例患者使用靶向药物治疗,分别随访50个月和57个月,病情无明显进展,患者仍存活。

3 讨论

Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC是一种特殊病理学分类的肾细胞癌独立亚型,该类型肾癌的发病率、疾病进展和预后在儿童和成人中均相差很大[5]。目前普遍认为Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC好发于儿童及青少年,在成人中发病率整体较低,女性发病率高于男性[3-4, 6-7]。但不同文献报道的发病率差异较大,可能与诊断策略及病例选择有关。亦有学者认为成人Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC发病率被严重低估[8]。本研究回顾分析了43例成人Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC患者资料,男性患者多于女性(24例vs 19例),与既往研究[6]不同。但成人不同性别发病率的差异需要大样本研究才能准确判定。

Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC病因仍不明确,部分儿童及青少年患者有化疗史,因此化疗可能是其危险因素[9]。成人Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC患者在幼年时可能已发生基因突变,直到成年后因疾病进展出现相关症状才被发现[10]。总体上,Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC与常见肾癌相比预后差。但在儿童及青少年患者中Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC大多表现为惰性,进展较为缓慢,经治疗后预后较好[11]。在成人患者中,其常表现为侵袭性强、疾病进展快、预后差的特点[12]

Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC临床表现与其他类型肾癌相比无明显特异性,但较少出现典型的“血尿、腰痛、腹部肿块”肾癌三联征,有较大比例患者发现时无明显症状,同时也存在患者因出现转移部位症状就诊[13]。本组43例患者中,11例主要临床表现为单独发生的肉眼血尿或腰腹部不适,1例出现转移部位症状(骨痛),31例患者在健康体检时发现、无明显临床症状。无症状患者平均年龄略低于有症状患者,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

通过影像学检查发现,本组患者中病灶累及右肾多于左肾(28:15),右肾尤以右肾下极为著。病灶多表现为类圆形或不规则形,大多肿瘤边界清楚、有假包膜(86.0%,37/43)。CT或MRI影像上,病变多出现密度或信号不均质改变,可表现为出血(48.8%,21/43)、囊变或坏死(55.8%,24/43)、钙化(25.6%,11/43)。在增强扫描中,本组所有病例均出现强化,强化程度不尽相同,有23例出现乳头状强化。以上影像学表现和既往研究[14]较为一致。常规CT或MRI检查缺乏特异性征象,对鉴别诊断价值有限。如临床常见的肾透明细胞癌,其CT表现亦可出现低密度或混杂密度,同时可伴有囊变、坏死,但其钙化少见,增强扫描可表现为“快进快出”特点。但是不能否认影像学技术在术前评估及肿瘤分期中的重要价值。通过回顾分析我们还发现,本组43例Xp11.2 RCC影像学报告出现4例误诊情况,分别误诊为畸胎瘤1例,嫌色细胞癌1例,乏脂肪血管平滑肌脂肪瘤1例,骨髓瘤浸润1例。有学者认为,平均CT值增强量对比及功能MRI可能对判断肾癌的病理亚型有一定帮助[15]

Xp11.2 RCC在H-E染色中无特异性表现,确诊较为困难。TFE3免疫组织化学染色阳性是诊断Xp11.2 RCC的重要依据,具有较高的灵敏度和特异度,但仍存在一定的假阳性和假阴性。FISH可在基因水平检测到TFE3易位,是确诊Xp11.2 RCC的金标准[16]。但受限于技术难度大、费用昂贵等,该方法难以广泛开展。故目前免疫组织化学染色仍然是诊断Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC的重要方法。免疫组织化学染色除检测标志性TFE3蛋白外,还可检测其他标志物(如CAⅨ、ABC、CD10、VHL、CD147、CAM5.2、钙黏蛋白6等)协助诊断。本组病例中,43例患者全部完成免疫组织化学染色检测,其中3例同时完成FISH检测,TFE3结果均为阳性,免疫组织化学染色检测中CAⅨ(74.4%,32/43)、ABC(93.0%,40/43)、CD10(93.0%,40/43)、VHL(72.1%,31/43)、CAM5.2(83.7%,36/43)阳性表达率较高。

Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC对免疫治疗、放疗、化疗等均不敏感,手术治疗是Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC首选方法。成人患者根据肿瘤大小、部位及肿瘤分期等,可采用保留肾单位手术或根治性肾切除术。本组43例患者中除2例未行肾脏手术(1例行肾穿刺活检术,1例行转移性椎管肿瘤清除术)外,20例患者接受根治性肾切除术,21例患者接受肾部分切除术,其中2例患者因出现肾静脉、下腔静脉癌栓同时行静脉癌栓取出术。本研究大部分患者预后情况良好,少数患者术后出现肿瘤复发及全身转移。近年研究发现,对于失去手术机会的Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC患者,使用索拉非尼、舒尼替尼等靶向药物有望延长其无疾病进展生存期[17-18]。本研究中2例患者因术后转移使用靶向药物治疗,经随访,病情无明显进展,患者仍存活。

虽然成人Xp11.2/TFE3 RCC发病率并不高,但其起病隐匿,多数人发病时无明显症状,且进展迅速,需引起临床、影像和病理医师的重视。目前对该类肿瘤的发病机制、临床特点、生物学特性等方面的认识仍不全面,且临床中还存在一定误诊率,需要进一步研究以加深对该疾病的认识,提高诊治水平。

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