引用本文
薛晓成, 姜海燕, 陈晓平, 张燚, 佘会元. 新型冠状病毒肺炎流行期间发热门诊就诊情况初步分析[J]. 第二军医大学学报, 2020, 41(8): 828-831
XUE Xiao-cheng, JIANG Hai-yan, CHEN Xiao-ping, ZHANG Yi, SHE Hui-yuan. Visits of fever clinic during the epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019: a preliminary analysis[J]. Academic Journal of Second Military Medical University, 2020, 41(8): 828-831 (in Chinese with English abstract)
新型冠状病毒肺炎流行期间发热门诊就诊情况初步分析
薛晓成
1Δ, 姜海燕
2Δ, 陈晓平
1, 张燚
1, 佘会元
3
1. 海军军医大学(第二军医大学)附属公利医院耳鼻咽喉科, 上海 200135;
2. 海军军医大学(第二军医大学)附属公利医院预防保健科, 上海 200135;
3. 海军军医大学(第二军医大学)附属公利医院感染科, 上海 200135
收稿日期: 2020-03-04 接受日期: 2020-04-07
基金项目: 上海市医学重点专科项目(ZK2019C06),上海市浦东新区卫生系统重点学科群建设资助(PWZxq2017-04),上海市浦东新区卫生系统学科带头人项目(PWRd2018-05),上海市浦东新区卫生和计划生育委员会科研项目(PW2017F-5),上海市浦东新区公利医院拔尖人才项目(GLRb2018-02),上海市浦东新区公利医院青年英才项目(GLRq2017-05).
△共同第一作者(Co-first authors).
摘要: 目的 观察新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)流行期间发热门诊就诊情况及COVID-19的发病特点。方法 收集海军军医大学(第二军医大学)附属公利医院2020年1月15日至2020年2月29日发热门诊患者数据(包括COVID-19患者数据),进行流行病学描述性分析。结果 2020年1月15日至2020年2月29日在我院就诊的2193例患者中,以呼吸系统感染最多(97.08%),其次是消化系统感染、泌尿系统感染。疑似COVID-19患者81例,确诊COVID-19患者10例。疑似COVID-19患者中男38例(46.91%)、女43例(53.09%),确诊患者中男4例、女6例;疑似COVID-19患者发病年龄集中在20~69岁(83.95%),确诊的10例COVID-19患者年龄均≥50岁;疑似患者职业主要为公司职员(31例,38.27%)和退休人员(14例,17.28%),确诊的10例患者中8例为退休人员;疑似患者中15例(18.52%)居住地为湖北省,52例(64.20%)有流行病学史,确诊患者中7例居住地为湖北省,全部确诊患者均有流行病学史;疑似和确诊患者的发病周期主要集中在2020年1月21日至2020年2月10日。疑似患者临床表现主要为发热(66例,81.48%)和咳嗽(50例,61.73%),查血常规示白细胞正常65例(80.25%),淋巴细胞正常49例(60.49%)、降低24例(29.63%),13例(16.05%)患者胸部CT有COVID-19特征性表现;在10例确诊患者中,主要临床表现同样为发热(9例)和咳嗽(8例),血常规检查10例白细胞均正常,6例淋巴细胞正常、4例降低,7例患者胸部CT有COVID-19特征性表现。结论 COVID-19以中老年退休人员为主,流行病学时间特点显著,家庭聚集现象明显。
关键词:
新型冠状病毒肺炎 发热门诊 流行病学 临床特征
Visits of fever clinic during the epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019: a preliminary analysis
XUE Xiao-cheng
1Δ, JIANG Hai-yan
2Δ, CHEN Xiao-ping
1, ZHANG Yi
1, SHE Hui-yuan
3
1. Department of Otolaryngology, Gongli Hospital, Naval Medical University(Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200135, China;
2. Department of Prevention and Health Care, Gongli Hospital, Naval Medical University(Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200135, China;
3. Department of Infectious Diseases, Gongli Hospital, Naval Medical University(Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200135, China
Supported by Key Medical Program of Shanghai (ZK2019C06), Key Discipline Group Construction Program of Pudong New District Health System of Shanghai (PWZxq2017-04), Academic Leader Project of Pudong New District Health System of Shanghai (PWRd2018-05), Scientific Research Project of Shanghai Pudong New District Health and Family Planning Commission (PW2017F-5), Outstanding Talent Project of Gongli Hospital of Shanghai Pudong New District (GLRb2018-02), and Youth Talent Project of Gongli Hospital of Shanghai Pudong New District (GLRq2017-05).
Abstract: Objective To observe the visits of fever clinic during the epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the epidemic characteristics of COVID-19, so as to analyze the disease development trend. Methods The clinical data of fever outpatients (including covid-19 patients) in Gongli Hospital affiliated to Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University) from Jan. 15, 2020 to Feb. 29, 2020 were collected for epidemiological descriptive analysis. Results Among the 2 193 patients visiting our hospital between Jan. 15, 2020 and Feb. 29, 2020, 97.08% had respiratory system infection, followed by digestive system infection and urinary system infection. Eighty-one suspected cases and 10 confirmed cases of COVID-19 were identified. Among the suspected cases, there were 38 males (46.91%) and 43 females (53.09%). Among the confirmed cases, four were males and six were females. The onset age of the suspected cases ranged from 20 to 69 years old (83.95%), and all the 10 confirmed patients were ≥ 50 years old. The suspected patients were mainly employees (31 cases, 38.27%) and retirees (14 cases, 17.28%). Among the 10 confirmed patients, eight cases were retirees. Of the suspected cases, 15 (18.52%) had lived in Hubei province and 52 (64.20%) had an epidemiological history. Of the confirmed cases, seven had lived in Hubei province and all had an epidemiological histories. The onset cycles of suspected and confirmed cases were mainly from Jan. 21, 2020 to Feb. 10, 2020. The main clinical symptoms of the suspected cases were fever (66 cases, 81.48%) and cough (50 cases, 61.73%). The blood routine showed normal white blood cell (65 cases, 80.25%), normal lymphocyte (49 cases, 60.49%) and decreased lymphocyte (24 cases, 29.63%). Chest CT showed COVID-19 characteristics in 13 cases (16.05%). Among the 10 confirmed patients, the main clinical manifestations were also fever (nine cases) and cough (eight cases). The blood routine showed normal white blood cells (10 cases), normal lymphocytes (six cases) and decreased lymphocytes (four cases). Chest CT showed COVID-19 characteristics in seven cases. Conclusion COVID-19 is more common in middle-aged and elderly retirees, with significant epidemiological and family clustering characteristics.
Key words:
coronavirus disease 2019 fever clinics epidemiology clinical characteristics
新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19)患者常出现发热、乏力及呼吸道症状(如干咳、气促和呼吸困难等),严重者可快速进展为呼吸衰竭、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、脓毒症休克、难以纠正的代谢性酸中毒和出凝血功能障碍及多器官功能衰竭[1]。该病人群感染率高,截至2020年2月28日24时,上海市共确诊337例,累计排除疑似病例2 366例[2]。本研究对海军军医大学(第二军医大学)附属公利医院发热门诊就诊情况和COVID-19发病情况进行分析,以期为COVID-19的防治提供依据。
1 资料和方法
1.1 数据来源
收集2020年1月15日至2020年2月29日我院发热门诊患者就诊数据,包括发热门诊就诊病例总数和疾病谱,以及COVID-19疑似患者和确诊患者的数量及其性别、年龄、职业、居住地、流行病学史、发病周期、临床表现、实验室检查和影像学检查资料。
1.2 诊断方法及标准
对每例发热患者详细进行调查记录症状、体征和流行病学史等,常规体格检查、化验血常规,做出临床诊断;对疑似COVID-19者均再次确认流行病学史,常规行胸部CT检查,有指征者进一步行严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)核酸检测。COVID-19的诊断依据《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案(试行第六版)》[1]。
1.3 统计学处理
使用Microsoft Excel 2016进行数据整理,采用GraphPad Prism 3.0软件进行统计学分析,计数资料以例数和百分数表示。
2 结果
2.1 发热病例疾病谱
2020年1月15日至2020年2月29日就诊于我院发热门诊患者共2 193例,其中呼吸系统疾病2 129例(97.08%),消化系统疾病45例(2.05%),泌尿系统感染7例(0.32%),其他部位感染12例(0.55%)。呼吸系统疾病中1 762例(80.35%)为急性上呼吸道感染,181例(8.25%)流行性感冒,95例(4.33%)肺部感染,81例(3.69%)疑似COVID-19,10例(0.46%)确诊COVID-19。
2.2 疑似、确诊COVID-19患者基本特征
81例疑似COVID-19患者中男38例(46.91%)、女43例(53.09%),患者年龄主要集中在20~69岁(68例,83.95%),职业主要为公司职员(31例,38.27%)和退休人员(14例,17.28%),15例(18.52%)居住地为湖北省,52例(64.20%)有流行病学史。10例确诊的COVID-19患者中男4例、女6例,患者年龄均≥50岁(包括1例合并高血压、心功能不全、肺气肿、肾功能不全等基础疾病的88岁男性患者),主要为退休人员(8例),居住地以湖北省为主(7例),有8例患者分布于2个家庭,10例患者都有明确流行病学史。疑似和确诊患者的发病日期主要集中在2020年1月21日至2020年2月10日。见表 1。
表 1
(Tab 1)
表 1 发热门诊中疑似、确诊COVID-19患者的基本特征
Tab 1 Basic characteristics of suspected and confirmed COVID-19 patients in the fever clinic
n |
Characteristic |
Total N=91 |
Suspected COVID-19 N=81 |
Confirmed COVID-19 N=10 |
Gender |
|
|
|
Male |
42 |
38 |
4 |
Female |
49 |
43 |
6 |
Age (year) |
|
|
|
0-9 |
2 |
2 |
0 |
10-19 |
6 |
6 |
0 |
20-29 |
10 |
10 |
0 |
30-39 |
22 |
22 |
0 |
40-49 |
18 |
18 |
0 |
50-59 |
12 |
10 |
2 |
60-69 |
13 |
8 |
5 |
70-79 |
5 |
3 |
2 |
≥80 |
3 |
2 |
1 |
Professional |
| |
|
Service sector |
10 |
9 |
1 |
Employee |
32 |
31 |
1 |
Teacher |
6 |
6 |
0 |
Doctor |
4 |
4 |
0 |
Student |
10 |
10 |
0 |
Retired person |
22 |
14 |
8 |
Others |
7 |
7 |
0 |
Place of residence |
| |
|
Hubei |
22 |
15 |
7 |
Shanghai |
35 |
33 |
2 |
Others |
34 |
33 |
1 |
Historical epidemiology |
| |
|
Yes |
62 |
52 |
10 |
No |
29 |
29 |
0 |
Cycle (by date of onset) |
| |
|
January 15 to 20, 2020 |
7 |
4 |
3 |
January 21 to 31, 2020 |
34 |
28 |
6 |
February 1 to 10, 2020 |
36 |
35 |
1 |
February 11 to 20, 2020 |
11 |
11 |
0 |
February 21 to 29, 2020 |
3 |
3 |
0 |
COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019 |
|
表 1 发热门诊中疑似、确诊COVID-19患者的基本特征
Tab 1 Basic characteristics of suspected and confirmed COVID-19 patients in the fever clinic
|
2.3 疑似、确诊COVID-19患者的症状、实验室及影像学资料分析
81例疑似COVID-19患者主要临床表现为发热(66例,81.48%)和咳嗽(50例,61.73%);血常规示白细胞计数正常65例(80.25%),淋巴细胞绝对值正常49例(60.49%),淋巴细胞绝对值降低24例(29.63%);13例(16.05%)胸部CT有COVID-19特征性表现。确诊的10例COVID-19患者主要临床表现同样为发热(9例)和咳嗽(8例);血常规检查示白细胞计数正常10例,淋巴细胞绝对值正常6例,淋巴细胞绝对值降低4例;7例胸部CT有COVID-19特征性表现。见表 2。
表 2
(Tab 2)
表 2 发热门诊中疑似、确诊COVID-19患者的症状、实验室检查及影像学资料分析
Tab 2 Symptoms, laboratory tests and imaging analysis of suspected and confirmed COVID-19 patients in the fever clinic
n |
Index |
Total N=91 |
Suspected COVID-19 N=81 |
Confirmed COVID-19 N=10 |
Symptom |
|
|
|
Fever |
75 |
66 |
9 |
Cough |
58 |
50 |
8 |
Sore throat |
13 |
12 |
1 |
Fatigue |
11 |
9 |
2 |
Others |
32 |
30 |
2 |
Laboratory test (L-1, ×109) |
|
|
|
WBC count 3.5-9.5 |
75 |
65 |
10 |
WBC count>9.5 |
13 |
13 |
0 |
WBC count<3.5 |
3 |
3 |
0 |
LYM count 1.1-3.2 |
55 |
49 |
6 |
LYM count>3.2 |
8 |
8 |
0 |
LYM count<1.1 |
28 |
24 |
4 |
Chest CT |
|
|
|
Characteristic changes |
20 |
13 |
7 |
Ordinary inflammation |
35 |
35 |
0 |
Other changes |
24 |
24 |
0 |
Normal |
12 |
9 |
3 |
COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; WBC: White blood cell; LYM: Lymphocyte; CT: Computed tomography |
|
表 2 发热门诊中疑似、确诊COVID-19患者的症状、实验室检查及影像学资料分析
Tab 2 Symptoms, laboratory tests and imaging analysis of suspected and confirmed COVID-19 patients in the fever clinic
|
3 讨论
与往年相同,每到冬春交际都是发热门诊就诊高峰期。但与往年不同的是,2019年底至2020年初,为控制COVID-19疫情的蔓延,各级医院将所有发热患者均引导至发热门诊就诊,其中不乏有诸如急性扁桃体炎、急性支气管炎患者,使发热门诊就诊人数较往年急剧增加。
通常,发热病例最常见的病因是上呼吸道感染,随着2003年严重急性呼吸综合征(severe acute respiratory syndrome,SARS)疫情的有效控制,是否保留和如何保留发热门诊成为学者关注的问题[3]。但2009年甲型H1N1流感和2013年人感染H7N9禽流感的防控成效都充分表明发热门诊能够及时、有效地对呼吸道感染病例进行监测[4]。发热门诊医师专业的警惕性,使得一些疑似的传染性疾病可以第一时间得到甄别,为采取有效的防控措施争取了宝贵的时间。
2020年1月20日上海市确诊首例COVID-19病例后每日的新确诊病例数逐渐增加,至1月30日单日新增病例高达27例,此后有下降趋势[5]。中国疾病预防控制中心CVOID-19应急响应机制流行病学组研究认为,COVID-19的发病流行曲线总体呈暴发流行模式,2019年12月发病的病例,可能为小范围暴露传播模式,2020年1月开始进展为扩散传播模式[6]。这种暴发流行的时间规律与前期调查结论一致,即新型冠状病毒从一种未知的野生动物传染到人,继而实现在人与人之间的传播[7-9]。研究还发现,无合并症患者的粗病死率约为0.9%;有合并症患者的病死率高出很多,且以高龄患者居多,其中心血管疾病为10.5%,糖尿病为7.3%,慢性呼吸道疾病为6.3%,高血压为6.0%,恶性肿瘤为5.6%[6]。从我院确诊COVID-19患者的年龄来看,10例确诊COVID-19患者年龄均≥50岁,多为退休人群,且多伴有基础疾病,如心脑血管疾病、肺功能不全及糖尿病等。其中1例88岁的确诊患者同时合并高血压、心功能不全、肺气肿、肾功能不全等基础疾病,该患者于2020年1月22日在我院就诊并收入重症医学科负压病房,经SARS-CoV-2核酸检测确诊后转入定点医院进一步治疗,但治疗无效死亡,为上海市首例死亡COVID-19患者。本组10例确诊患者中7例居住地为湖北,8例患者分布在2个不同家庭,且10例全部有流行病学史,为典型的聚集性发病。发病日期主要集中在2020年1月21日至2020年2月10日,与中国疾病预防控制中心COVID-19应急响应机制流行病学组研究结果[6]基本一致。
COVID-19主要的临床表现为发热、咳嗽、乏力,少数伴有鼻塞、流涕、咽痛、肌痛和腹泻等症状,重型患者可进展多器官功能衰竭[1]。本研究中,81例疑似COVID-19患者和10例确诊COVID-19患者的临床表现主要为发热和咳嗽。COVID-19实验室检查早期外周血白细胞计数正常或减少,淋巴细胞计数减少,部分患者可出现肝酶、乳酸脱氢酶、肌酶和肌红蛋白增高,部分危重型患者可见肌钙蛋白增高[1]。本研究中,疑似和确诊COVID-19患者血常规检查主要表现为白细胞计数正常和淋巴细胞计数正常或降低,与Guan等[10]研究结果基本一致。影像学检查早期呈现多发小斑片影及间质改变,以肺外带明显,进而发展为双肺多发磨玻璃影、浸润影,严重者可出现肺实变,胸腔积液少见[1]。Guan等[10]的研究中840例患者在入院时接受了胸部CT检查,其中76.4%表现为肺炎,这意味着CT诊断COVID-19的准确率为76.4%。本研究10例确诊COVID-19患者中,7例患者出现肺部多发磨玻璃影。以上结果提示,有相当一部分患者存在无临床表现、实验室和影像学检查均正常的情况,这也为COVID-19疫情的防控增加了难度。
目前为止,虽然我国采取了积极的应对措施,COVID-19流行趋势已逐渐下降,但疫情尚未结束。一些重要的科学问题亟待解决,包括动物宿主的识别、传染期的确定、传播途径的识别、药物和疫苗的研发等。上海市作为开放的千万人口级城市,随着复工后大量人员流动与接触,增加了SARS-CoV-2的传播风险,必须落实好医院、社区、劳动场所、公共场所的疑似病例筛查和处置。
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