第二军医大学学报  2020, Vol. 41 Issue (8): 864-870   PDF    
二维超声心动图评价经导管主动脉瓣置入术后早期左心形态及收缩功能
周广为Δ, 李宁Δ, 费翔, 乔帆, 宋智钢, 陆方林, 徐志云     
海军军医大学(第二军医大学)长海医院心血管外科, 上海 200433
摘要: 目的 利用二维超声心动图监测并分析经导管主动脉瓣置入术(TAVI)术后早期患者心脏形态及功能状态。方法 选择2017年12月至2019年12月在我院心血管外科就诊并行TAVI的33例患者,收集患者年龄、性别、NYHA心功能分级、既往心脏外科手术史、美国胸外科医师学会(STS)评分、手术入路、并发疾病等基本资料,以及术前和术后早期(0~2个月)超声心动图检查数据。结果 33例患者中重度主动脉瓣狭窄(SAS)组20例,重度主动脉瓣反流(SAR)组8例,SAS合并SAR组(合并组)5例。术后早期SAS组1例患者2次因心律失常加重心力衰竭再次住院治疗,4例患者出现微量瓣周漏,1例患者出现大量瓣周漏;SAR组1例患者出现中度瓣周漏;合并组1例患者出现轻度瓣周漏。与术前相比,术后早期33例患者总体左心室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)、左心房容积(LAV)、最大主动脉瓣跨瓣压差(AVPGmax)均下降(P均 < 0.01),主动脉瓣有效瓣口面积(AVA)增加(P < 0.01),左心室射血分数(LVEF)、室间隔厚度(IVST)、后壁厚度(PWT)均未发生明显变化(P均>0.05);SAS组LVEF升高(P < 0.05),LAV、AVPGmax均下降(P < 0.05,P < 0.01),AVA增加(P < 0.01);SAR组LVEDV、LAV均下降(P均 < 0.01),IVST增加(P < 0.05);合并组LVEDV、LAV、AVPGmax均下降(P均 < 0.05),AVA增加(P < 0.01)。结论 对于SAS、SAR和SAS合并SAR患者,TAVI术后早期心脏逆重构、收缩功能均有不同程度改善。单纯SAR及合并SAS的高危患者可从TAVI获益。
关键词: 经导管主动脉瓣置入术    主动脉瓣狭窄    主动脉瓣关闭不全    超声心动描记术    左心形态    左心室收缩功能    
Two-dimensional echocardiography in evaluating left ventricular morphology and systolic function at early stage after transcatheter aortic valve implantation
ZHOU Guang-weiΔ, LI NingΔ, FEI Xiang, QIAO Fan, SONG Zhi-gang, LU Fang-lin, XU Zhi-yun     
Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University(Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
Abstract: Objective To monitor and analyze the cardiac morphology and functional status at early stage after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) by two-dimensional echocardiography. Methods A total of 33 patients with TAVI were selected from Dec. 2017 to Dec. 2019 in the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of our hospital. The age, gender, New York Heart Association (NYHA) cardiac function classification, previous cardiac surgery history, Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) score, surgical approach, complication, other basic data, as well as echocardiography data were collected before and after TAVI (0-2 months). Results Thirty-three patients met the inclusion criteria, including 20 patients with severe aortic stenosis (SAS group), eight patients with severe aortic regurgitation (SAR group), and five patients with SAS combined with SAR (combined group). In the early postoperative period, one patient in SAS group was hospitalized twice for heart failure aggravated by arrhythmia, four patients in SAS group had tiny perivalvular leakage and one patient had large perivalvular leakage; moderate perivalvular leakage occurred in one patient in SAR group, and mild perivalvular leakage occurred in one patient in the combined group. Compared with the preoperative values, early after operation 33 cases had decreased left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), left atrial volume (LAV), and maximum aortic valve pressure gradient (AVPGmax), increased effective aortic valve area (AVA) (all P < 0.01), and unchanged left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), interventricular septum thickness (IVST), and posterior wall thickness (PWT) significantly (all P>0.05). In SAS group, LVEF and AVA increased, while LAV and AVPGmax decreased significantly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). In SAR group, LVEDV and LAV decreased, while IVST increased significantly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). In combined group, LVEDV, LAV and AVPGmax decreased, while AVA increased significantly (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Conclusion Early after TAVI, the cardiac remodeling and systolic function are improved to different degrees in patients with SAS, SAR, and SAS combined with SAR. High risk patients with SAR alone or combined with SAS can benefit from TAVI.
Key words: transcatheter aortic valve implantation    aortic valve stenosis    aortic valve insufficiency    echocardiography    left heart morphology    left ventricular systolic function    

经导管主动脉瓣置入术(transcatheter aortic valve implantation,TAVI)技术的不断发展为重度主动脉瓣狭窄(severe aortic stenosis,SAS)伴高外科手术风险的患者提供了新的替代治疗手段。我国自2010年开展首例TAVI以来,已完成1 000余台TAVI,分布于13个省市的20多家医院[1]。国内目前上市的人工瓣膜有2种(均为自膨胀瓣膜),一种是Venus-A瓣膜,经股动脉途径置入,用于主动脉瓣狭窄为主要病变的患者;另一种为J-Valve瓣膜,经心尖置入,该瓣膜可以用于单纯主动脉瓣反流患者,也可用于单纯主动脉瓣狭窄患者。目前国内外中心均有尝试经股动脉途径置入人工瓣膜,但尚缺乏大规模临床研究支持[2-3]。超声心动图对于TAVI围手术期的评估极为重要,包括术前准确判定心脏的整体形态及功能状态,术中评估瓣膜置入后即刻瓣膜功能及综合评价心脏整体状态,术后早期及晚期随访监测心脏整体、人工瓣叶形态及功能状态。本研究利用二维超声心动图监测并分析TAVI术后早期患者心脏形态及功能状态。

1 资料和方法 1.1 研究对象

选择2017年12月至2019年12月在海军军医大学(第二军医大学)长海医院心血管外科就诊并行TAVI手术的患者作为研究对象。纳入标准:(1)符合症状性SAS的诊断标准。①自体主动脉瓣或人工主动脉瓣瓣口面积(aortic valve area,AVA)≤1.0 cm2或平均主动脉瓣跨瓣压差≥40 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa);②低流速、低跨瓣压差且左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)<50%的患者,多巴酚丁胺负荷试验后AVA≤1.0 cm2同时最大流速≥4 m/s亦为SAS;③对于低流速、低跨瓣压差但LVEF>50%的患者,若左心室壁显著增厚、左心室腔较小、每搏输出量(stroke volume,SV)<35 mL/m2同时血压正常时亦为SAS。(2)重度主动脉瓣反流(severe aortic regurgitation,SAR),通过半定量或定量方法对主动瓣反流进行分级。①左心室流出道内反流束形态多变,多为中心型,有时也为偏心型;②反流频谱信号致密;③反流频谱压差半降时间<200 ms;④缩流颈宽度>0.6 cm。患者LVEF正常或下降,伴重度左心室扩张(左心室舒张末期内径>55 mm)和劳力性心力衰竭症状。(3)美国胸外科医师协会(Society of Thoracic Surgeons,STS)评分≥4%(外科手术中高危)或经研究者判断其有外科手术禁忌证[4]。排除标准:(1)合并其他系统重大疾病且预期寿命不足1年者;(2)重度左心功能不全、LVEF<20%者;(3)合并其他瓣膜中至重度狭窄者。本研究符合《赫尔辛基宣言》原则[5],通过海军军医大学(第二军医大学)长海医院医学伦理委员会审批(CHEC2018-049)。

1.2 患者资料收集

收集患者基本资料,包括年龄、性别、NYHA心功能分级、既往心脏外科手术史、STS评分、手术入路、并发疾病(如高血压病、糖尿病、心律失常、慢性肺部疾病、慢性肾脏疾病、脑血管疾病)。记录患者术前和术后早期(0~2个月)超声心动图检查数据,包括LVEF、左心室舒张末期容积(left ventricular end-diastolic volume,LVEDV)、左心房容积(left atrial volume,LAV)、室间隔厚度(interventricular septum thickness,IVST)、左心室后壁厚度(post wall thickness,PWT)、最大主动脉瓣跨瓣压差(maximum aortic valve pressure gradient,AVPGmax)、AVA及术后人工主动脉瓣功能及瓣周漏情况。

1.3 TAVI手术方法

所有操作均在放射科导管室介入手术室完成,手术团队包括心血管外科医师3人、心血管内科医师2人、心脏超声检查医师1人及护士2人。术中应用Venus-A及J-Valve 2种自膨胀瓣膜系统,依据术前影像学检查结果评估最佳手术入路(经股动脉或经心尖途径)。术后经食道超声心动图评估瓣膜定位、功能及瓣周漏情况,采用LVEF评价左心室收缩功能,将LVEF<50%定义为左心室收缩功能降低。

1.4 超声心动图检查

采用Vivid E9/E95型彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,经胸探头M5S-D/M5Sc-D于TAVI术前、术后早期分别进行超声心动图检查,探头频率为1.4~4.6 MHz,检查内容包括M型、二维、连续多普勒、脉冲多普勒、彩色多普勒超声。

1.5 统计学处理

应用SPSS 21.0软件进行统计学分析。呈正态分布的计量资料以x±s表示,3组间比较采用方差分析,术前、术后资料的比较采用配对t检验;计数资料以例数和百分数表示,组间比较采用Fisher确切概率法。检验水准(α)为0.05。

2 结果 2.1 患者基线资料

2017年12月至2019年12月海军军医大学(第二军医大学)长海医院心血管外科共有36例患者进行TAVI手术,包括SAS(SAS组)22例、SAR(SAR组)9例、SAS合并SAR(合并组)5例,其中33例符合纳入标准,排除3例:SAS组1例术后出现心脏电-机械分离自动出院,1例合并中至重度左房室瓣狭窄;SAR组1例于术中自膨胀瓣膜与自体瓣环发生移位致使瓣膜未能顺利置入。33例患者中男20例(60.6%),女13例(39.4%),年龄为71~88岁,平均(77.24±5.07)岁。SAS组与SAR组各有1例患者既往有主动脉瓣膜置换术史,手术方式分别为主动脉瓣置换(aortic valve replacement,AVR)及Bentall手术(即应用带有人造心脏瓣膜的人造血管行主动脉瓣和升主动脉置换术),瓣膜类型均为生物瓣,分别因发生人工瓣膜狭窄及关闭不全采取经股动脉入路的TAVI(瓣中瓣)手术。SAS组、SAR组、合并组患者年龄、性别构成、NYHA心功能分级差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。SAS组7例患者有冠心病,SAR组5例,合并组4例,差异有统计学意义(P=0.01),进一步两两比较结果显示,SAR组冠心病发生率高于SAS组(P=0.02)。33例患者中9例(27.3%)经心尖途径置入J-valve瓣膜系统;24例(72.7%)经股动脉途径置入Venus-A瓣膜系统,包括SAS组18例,SAR组2例,合并组4例,3组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),进一步两两比较结果显示,SAS组经股动脉途径置入Venus-A瓣膜系统患者比例高于SAR组(P<0.01)。见表 1

表 1 3组患者基线资料 Tab 1 Baseline characteristics of patients in the three groups

2.2 TAVI术后二维超声心动图参数变化

33例患者中,术后早期仅1例SAS患者2次因心律失常加重心力衰竭再次住院治疗,其余32例均未因心源性病因再次入院。SAS组4例患者术后早期出现微量瓣周漏,1例大量瓣周漏;SAR组1例患者出现中度瓣周漏;合并组1例患者出现轻度瓣周漏。与术前相比,33例患者术后早期LVEDV、LAV、AVPGmax均下降(P均<0.01),AVA增大(P<0.01),LVEF、IVST、PWT未发生明显变化(P均>0.05)。SAS组术后早期LVEF升高,LAV、AVPGmax均下降,AVA增大,与术前相比差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01),而LVEDV、IVST及PWT与术前相比均无明显变化(P均>0.05)。SAR组术后早期LVEDV、LAV均下降,IVST增加,与术前相比差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01),而LVEF、PWT、AVPGmax、AVA与术前相比均无明显变化(P均>0.05)。合并组术后早期LVEDV、LAV、AVPGmax均下降,AVA增大,与术前相比差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01),而LVEF、IVST、PWT与术前相比均无明显变化(P均>0.05)。见表 2

表 2 各组患者TAVI术前、术后早期二维超声心动图参数 Tab 2 Echocardiographic changes before and after TAVI in each group  

2.3 LVEF<50%的患者TAVR术前、术后早期二维超声心动图参数比较

表 3,与术前相比,8例LVEF<50%的患者在TAVI术后早期LVEF升高,LVEDV、LAV、AVPGmax均下降,AVA增大,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。8例LVEF<50%的患者术后早期LVEF均较术前升高,SAS组4例(54% vs 45%、47% vs 37%、61% vs 43%、68% vs 32%)、SAR组3例(52% vs 38%、51% vs 34%、50% vs 45%)、合并组1例(53% vs 49%),其中术后早期SAS组仍有1例患者LVEF<50%(由37%提高至47%)。SAS组、SAR组、合并组LVEDV术后早期分别较术前下降35%、39%、49%。SAR组术后早期IVST、PWT分别比术前增加19%、16%;SAS组及合并组IVST、PWT则减小,SAS组IVST、PWT均比术前减小4%,合并组均减小23%。

表 3 LVEF<50%的患者TAVI术前、术后早期二维超声心动图参数比较 Tab 3 Comparison of echocardiographic changes of patients with LVEF < 50% before and after TAVI  

3 讨论

欧美心脏瓣膜指南均推荐TAVI为有外科手术禁忌的SAS患者的替代治疗手段[7-8]。然而,目前单纯主动脉瓣反流仍是TAVI的相对禁忌证,主要因为其瓣叶缺少钙化,不足以锚定人工主动脉瓣膜系统,并且瓣膜解剖结构变异大导致TAVI困难。基于超声心动图的数据显示,75岁以上人群中度以上主动脉瓣反流的发病率为2.85%,并且SAR发病率高于SAS,推断我国主动脉瓣膜病患者中主动脉瓣反流在老年人中更常见[9]。研究表明单纯主动脉瓣反流患者虽然左心室容量超负荷,但仍能够保持多年无症状、左心室收缩功能正常,但一旦出现症状表明已出现严重的心功能障碍;已有突出临床症状的主动脉瓣反流患者若未经治疗则预后不佳[10-11]。即使外科主动脉瓣置换术(surgical aortic valve replacement,SAVR)是主动脉瓣反流的标准治疗手段,但对于高龄、合并症较多的患者无法开展SAVR,或许可从TAVI这项新技术获益[12]。目前用于临床的TAVI支架系统主要针对主动脉瓣狭窄患者。应用于主动脉瓣反流的二代经导管置入瓣膜包括非专用瓣膜器械和专用瓣膜器械,后者有Jena Valve和J-valve(JC Medical)。Jena Valve的3个不透线的定位键具有荧光透视引导定位和特殊的夹持机制,使瓣膜的放置和固定不受原瓣膜钙化影响[13-14],极大程度提高了瓣膜定位的准确性。我国自主研发的J-valve使用独特的定位装置,分2个步骤释放瓣膜系统,很大程度提高了瓣膜系统定位的准确性和瓣膜系统释放之后的稳定性[15-16]。目前有多项大样本临床试验证实,应用于单纯主动脉瓣反流的新一代TAVI瓣膜系统比第一代瓣膜系统的瓣膜移位发生率低,术后瓣周漏和心血管死亡率也均降低[3, 17-19]

本研究33例患者中仅2例(6.1%)TAVI术后早期发生中至重度瓣周漏,其中SAS组1例为大量瓣周漏、SAR组1例为中度瓣周漏。尽管有研究结果提示这种大量瓣周漏仅发生在7%~24%的患者,并且随着时间的推移瓣周漏程度会逐渐减少而不是增加[21],但研究证实大量瓣周漏严重影响患者左心室功能及生存率[20],因此为了避免患者预后不佳,仍然对SAS组该例大量瓣周漏患者再次进行了TAVI手术即瓣中瓣手术,手术过程顺利,术后复查超声心动图未见明确瓣周漏。虽然大量瓣周漏在瓣膜手术后较少见,但是瓣周漏却很常见[23]。本研究中TAVI术后早期轻微瓣周漏的发生率为15.2%(5/33),这与既往研究结果[22]基本一致。

Cribier等[23-24]研究发现TAVI术后早期主动脉瓣跨瓣压差显著降低。本研究中SAS组与合并组术后早期AVPGmax均较术前降低,符合TAVI治疗的主要目的,随着术后负荷的降低左心室各项参数得以改善。

Clavel等[25]研究证明TAVI术后早期>60%的患者生活质量明显提高,部分左心衰竭患者的LVEF在术后早期明显改善,而术后早期LVEF无明显改善患者的LVEF在术后1年时比术后30 d明显提高。本研究3组患者中,在TAVI术后早期仅SAS组LVEF较术前提高(P<0.05),其余两组术后早期LVEF与术前相比差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。8例LVEF<50%的患者术后早期LVEF均较术前改善。因此,推测SAR组与合并组左心室收缩功能的恢复可能需要更长的时间才能达到与SAS组同样的效果。

主动脉瓣反流病因较多,包括心内膜炎、结缔组织病、瓣膜退化、先天性二叶畸形、主动脉根部扩张或升主动脉异常等。急性大量主动脉瓣反流可引起严重的肺部水肿、低血压、急性左心衰竭;慢性大量主动脉瓣反流可导致左心室容量和压力负荷增加,导致宽脉压和收缩期高血压,后者可引起后负荷增加从而导致进行性左心室容积增加和收缩功能不全[26],最终造成左房室瓣瓣环扩大、左房室瓣瓣膜继发性关闭不全,进一步出现左心房增大、肺动脉高压、右心功能不全等不良后果。本研究中SAS组术后早期LVEDV较术前并未发生明显变化(P>0.05),这与Giannini等[27]研究结果一致。SAR组与合并组TAVI术后早期LVEDV与术前相比均减小(P<0.05或P<0.01)。3组LAV均较术前减小(P<0.05或P<0.01)。此外,在LVEF<50%的患者中,3组LVEDV在TAVI术后早期均较术前下降。

Jilaihawi等[28]研究了主动脉瓣狭窄患者TAVI术后早期左心室壁厚度的变化趋势,结果显示TAVI术后30 d IVST较术前减小13%,相当于SAVR术后1年的随访结果;与之不同的是,Tzikas等[29]研究发现主动脉瓣狭窄患者TAVI术后1年左心室壁才发生显著逆重构。本研究结果与后者相近,术后早期SAS组与合并组IVST、PWT较术前均无明显变化;同样,LVEF<50%的患者中,SAS组和合并组术后早期IVST与PWT均较术前下降。然而,本研究中SAR组术后早期IVST较术前增厚(P<0.05),LVEF<50%的患者中SAR组术后早期IVST、PWT均较术前增加。Lindman等[30]研究证实,TAVI术后30 d内和术后1年期间左心室均发生了显著的室壁厚度变薄,更重要的是,这种早期发生显著逆重构的患者1年内再次住院率降低50%。所以,TAVI或SAVR术后左心室壁厚度的恢复与心脏收缩、舒张功能改善息息相关[27, 31-32]

总之,对于SAS、SAR和SAS合并SAR患者,TAVI术后早期心脏逆重构、收缩功能均有不同程度改善。但由于本研究样本量小、随访时间短,研究结果可能存在偏倚。今后需扩大样本、延长随访时间及增加SAR组与合并组术后随访结果,以进一步证实TAVI不仅适用于SAS,对部分高危患者同样有显著疗效。

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