第二军医大学学报  2020, Vol. 41 Issue (8): 880-884   PDF    
超声内镜引导下胆管引流在恶性胆管梗阻中的研究进展
蒋琪1, 周玮1, 邹多武2, 李兆申1     
1. 海军军医大学(第二军医大学)长海医院消化内科, 上海 200433;
2. 上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院消化内科, 上海 200025
摘要: 恶性胆管梗阻(MBO)因胆汁排泄障碍引起梗阻性黄疸,可能导致胆管炎、脓毒血症、肝衰竭等并发症,甚至危及患者生命,胆管引流是解除症状、改善患者生活质量的有效手段。目前,对于无手术机会的MBO患者,经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)置入金属支架是姑息性治疗的一线方法。近年来,对ERCP失败的MBO,超声内镜引导下胆管引流(EUS-BD)技术逐渐被接受,认为是优于经皮经肝穿刺胆管引流术(PTBD)的替代方法。有证据表明,由经验丰富的术者操作,对于远端MBO患者,EUS-BD甚至可以作为一线治疗方法替代ERCP。本文就EUS-BD在MBO中的研究进展进行综述。
关键词: 超声内镜    内镜逆行胰胆管造影术    胆管引流术    经皮经肝穿刺胆管引流术    恶性胆管梗阻    
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage in malignant biliary obstruction: research progress
JIANG Qi1, ZHOU Wei1, ZOU Duo-wu2, LI Zhao-shen1     
1. Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University(Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China;
2. Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
Abstract: Malignant biliary obstruction (MBO) leads to obstructive jaundice as a result of bile excretion disorder, which may cause complications such as cholangitis, sepsis, hepatic failure and even life-threatening. Biliary drainage is an effective mean to relieve symptoms and improve patients' quality of life. At present, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the first-line palliative treatment for MBO patients without surgical opportunity. In recent years, endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) has been gradually accepted as an alternative to percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) in MBO with failed ERCP. The available evidence suggests that EUS-BD might even replace ERCP as the first-line procedure in patients with malignant distal biliary obstruction by experienced surgeons. This paper reviews the research progresses of EUS-BD in MBO.
Key words: endoscopic ultrasound    endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography    biliary drainage    percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage    malignant biliary obstruction    

恶性胆管梗阻(malignant biliary obstruction,MBO)通常是指胰腺、胆管、壶腹部、肝门部等部位的原发或转移癌引起的胆管梗阻,早期多无特异表现,随病程延长可出现腹痛、黄疸、腹部包块等症状,但此时疾病已属晚期,绝大多数丧失外科手术机会,解除胆管梗阻是改善患者生活质量的主要方法[1]。内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)因创伤小、并发症发生率低、可重复操作等优点,是目前首选的姑息性治疗MBO的方法[2-3]。然而,有3%~10%的患者因为壶腹部肿瘤侵犯或术后解剖结构改变等原因导致ERCP失败或无法进行ERCP[4-5],经皮经肝穿刺胆管引流术(percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage,PTBD)是这部分患者的替代治疗方法,但是诸如出血、胆瘘、胆管炎等并发症的发生率较高,并且受肝内胆管扩张程度的限制,外接引流也极大影响了患者的生活质量[6-8]

超声内镜引导下胆管引流(endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage,EUS-BD)技术于2001年首次被报道,其后超声内镜引导下胆管十二指肠吻合术(endoscopic ultrasound-guided choledochoduodenostomy,EUS-CDS)、超声内镜引导下肝胃吻合术(endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy,EUS-HGS)、超声内镜引导下对接技术(endoscopic ultrasound-guided rendez-vous,EUS-RV)、超声内镜引导下顺行途径技术(endoscopic ultrasound-guided antegrade transpapillary stent placement,EUS-AG)等方法的出现使EUS-BD的安全性和有效性得到了有效验证和进一步提高。EUS-CDS和EUS-HGS是目前应用于MBO治疗的2种主要方法。

1 EUS-BD技术 1.1 EUS-CDS

EUS-CDS基本操作步骤为在十二指肠球部通过超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasound,EUS)观察到扩张的胆总管,并在EUS引导下进行穿刺、吸取胆汁,确认位置后注射造影剂显影胆道;随后放置导丝,循导丝逆行进入胆管,然后利用探条、球囊、扩张器、针型切开刀等扩张穿刺道;最后在胆管和十二指肠球部之间放置塑料或金属支架,实现胆汁引流。通常胃肠道解剖正常的远端胆管梗阻患者可选择此术式。在2001年Giovannini等[9]首次报道了此术式。一项包含16项研究528例MBO患者的meta分析显示,该术式的总体成功率为90.9%,并发症发生率为16.5%,主要并发症包括胆瘘、出血、胆管炎、胰腺炎等[10]。此外,多项研究探讨了不同支架在EUS-CDS中的应用。Park等[11]对32例MBO患者行EUS-BD治疗,一组(16例)采用一步法置入改良的混合金属支架,无穿刺道扩张,另一组(16例)采用常规方法置入全覆膜金属支架,2组操作及临床成功率均无明显差异,但一步法操作时间更短(10 min vs 15 min,P=0.007),且早期并发症发生率相对较低(6.3% vs 31.3%),但差异无统计学意义(P=0.172)。Kunda等[12]对57例MBO患者行EUS-CDS,利用Hot AXIOSTM系统置入双蘑菇头金属支架(lumen-apposing metal stent,LAMS),操作成功率为98.2%,临床成功率为94.7%,操作相关并发症发生率为7%,再干预率为9.3%。El Chafic等[13]开展的一项多中心研究发现,随访>4周MBO患者中置入轴向定位支架和LAMS的患者再干预率低于常规置入LAMS的患者(11.8% vs 50.0%,P=0.02)。以上研究结果表明,新型支架及其系统在临床成功率方面与常规支架无明显差异,在技术上是可行、安全、有效的。一步法可以简化操作流程,在一定程度减少了早期并发症,但其长期疗效有待大样本临床试验验证。

1.2 EUS-HGS

Burmester等[14]于2003年首次报道了EUS-HGS,其操作步骤与EUS-CDS相似,但穿刺点为经胃壁穿刺至扩张的左肝内胆管,操作时须注意的2个关键点:(1)应穿刺EUS显像从左上至右下的胆管,以降低穿刺风险及导丝进入难度;(2)需有足够体积的肝实质,以降低支架移位等并发症的发生率。EUS-HGS的适应证不限于远端胆管梗阻,也可用于近端胆管梗阻和手术后(Whipple、Roux-en-Y术等)解剖结构改变等情况。肝胃之间存在大量腹水或胃癌晚期被认为是EUS-HGS的禁忌证。EUS-HGS的总体成功率为82%,并发症发生率为23%,并发症主要包括胆瘘、感染、支架功能障碍、出血等[15-16]。肝门部胆管完全梗阻是该方法的一个重要挑战,因为常规操作只能引流左肝内胆管,不能引流右肝内胆管。为了克服这个局限,Ogura等[17]对11例右肝内肝管或肝门部恶性梗阻患者进行了右肝内胆管引流,采用双金属支架法,其中7例用不覆膜金属支架连接左右肝管,覆膜金属支架连接左肝管与胃,4例用不覆膜金属支架桥接右肝管和右肝实质,覆膜金属支架连接不覆膜金属支架末端与胃或十二指肠,均实现了右肝内胆管的引流,至随访结束未发现相关并发症。但该研究也强调此方法操作难度大,应由经验丰富的内镜医师在设备完善的内镜中心进行,以应对可能发生的各种并发症。Minaga等[16]回顾性分析了30例肝门部恶性梗阻患者EUS-BD治疗的结果,其中28例患者行EUS-HGS治疗,2例行EUS-CDS治疗,30例患者操作成功率为96.7%,临床成功率为75.9%,并发症发生率为33%,操作相关并发症发生率为10%,支架功能障碍的发生率为23.3%,支架中位通畅时间为62.5 d,患者中位生存期为64 d。末端裸露的覆膜金属支架相较于全覆膜金属支架可有效降低支架功能障碍的发生率(0/13 vs 2/7),并且胆瘘等并发症发生率也较常规支架低[18]

1.3 EUS-RV和EUS-AG

EUS-RV技术于2004年被首次报道[19],是在EUS引导下通过胃或十二指肠穿刺至扩张的胆管形成临时瘘管,然后导丝经瘘管、胆管、十二指肠乳头进入十二指肠肠腔,在该导丝的引导下行常规ERCP治疗。EUS-AG操作步骤与EUS-RV相似,不同之处在于导丝插入后支架直接沿导丝顺行放置到梗阻处。这2种方法的关键点在于导丝能否通过胆管狭窄段及十二指肠乳头,并且EUS-RV在操作过程中需要由EUS转换为十二指肠镜。EUS-RV的先决条件是十二指肠镜可以到达十二指肠乳头,但EUS-AG不受该限制。目前相关研究较少,一项多中心前瞻性研究显示EUS-RV成功率为80%,并发症发生率为15%[20];EUS-AG多用于少数术后解剖结构改变的良性疾病[21],或与EUS-HGS联合用于MBO[22],总体成功率为83%,并发症发生率为10%,主要并发症包括术后胰腺炎、出血、腹膜炎等[20-22]

2 EUS-BD技术之间与其他技术的对比 2.1 EUS-BD与PTBD

Sportes等[23]开展的一项EUS-HGS与PTBD多中心回顾性研究发现,31例MBO患者接受EUS-HGS治疗,20例MBO患者接受PTBD治疗,2组患者的中位生存期、临床成功率、并发症发生率均无明显差异,但EUS-HGS组再干预率、住院天数均明显低于PTBD组。Téllez-Ávila等[24]的研究认为,EUS-BD在临床成功率(P=0.04)、并发症发生率(P=0.04)、住院费用(P=0.03)等方面优于PTBD。一项针对EUS-BD和PTBD的meta分析显示,EUS-BD的成功率和操作相关并发症发生率均优于PTBD[10]。但也有研究认为,EUS-BD与PTBD有相似的成功率、并发症发生率及住院费用[25]。另一项meta分析认为,在经验丰富的内镜中心,与PTBD相比EUS-BD临床缓解率更高、并发症发生率和再干预率更低[26]。尽管目前的研究支持EUS-BD的证据略有区别,但均认为EUS-BD优于PTBD或与PTBD相当,因此,对于ERCP失败的MBO患者来说EUS-BD可能优于PTBD。

2.2 EUS-BD与ERCP

Paik等[27]对125例MBO患者进行了多中心随机临床试验,其中64例接受EUS-BD治疗(包括32例行EUS-CDS治疗、32例行EUS-HGS治疗),另61例患者接受ERCP治疗,结果显示2组操作成功率与临床成功率均无明显差异,EUS-BD组术后并发症发生率、术后胰腺炎发生率、再干预率、6个月内支架通畅率等均优于ERCP组(6.3% vs 19.7%,P=0.03;0 vs 14.8%,P=0.001;15.6% vs 42.6%,P=0.001;85.1% vs 48.9%,P=0.001),并且在术后12周EUS-BD组患者有更好的生活质量。Logiudice等[28]对3项针对EUS-BD和ERCP的随机对照试验[27, 29-30]进行meta分析发现,在远端MBO患者中,由经验丰富的术者操作,EUS-BD显示出与ERCP相似的操作成功率、临床成功率、并发症发生率和支架通畅率,但EUS-BD在支架功能障碍方面优于ERCP,表明在经验丰富的内镜中心EUS-BD可能成为远端MBO患者的一线治疗方法。

2.3 EUS-CDS与EUS-HGS

Uemura等[31]对10项研究共434例ERCP失败MBO患者进行的meta分析发现,EUS-CDS与EUS-HGS的操作成功率和临床成功率无明显差异,胆管炎、出血、气腹、支架移位、腹膜炎等并发症的发生率均无明显差异,建议可以根据患者胃肠道解剖结构或梗阻部位选择合适的手术方式。Minaga等[32]对47例MBO患者进行了前瞻性对照研究,结果显示EUS-CDS和EUS-HGS 2种方法的成功率和并发症发生率无明显差异,EUS-CDS组并发症包括胆管炎2例、支架阻塞1例、支架移位1例,EUS-HGS组并发症包括腹膜炎1例、胰腺炎1例、支架阻塞4例。该研究认为在ERCP失败的MBO患者中,EUS-CDS与EUS-HGS在操作成功率、并发症发生率、支架通畅率、生存期等方面均无明显差异,提示在穿刺前做好超声评估,如果其中一种方法难度较大可选择另一种方法。也有研究认为,EUS-CDS的并发症发生率低于EUS-HGS(20% vs 29%,P=0.01),是一种更安全的EUS引导下引流方式[33]

3 小结

对于无外科手术机会的MBO患者选择何种引流方式,适应证的把握及技术的熟练程度是关键,目前ERCP仍然是首选。在经验丰富的内镜中心,对于ERCP失败的MBO患者EUS-BD可能优于PTBD,EUS-CDS与EUS-HGS之间并没有明显差异。对于单一引流方式没有效果的MBO患者,可以采取多种联合方法,近期有研究发现ERCP联合EUS-BD治疗近端MBO取得了较好的效果[34]。随着各种新方法、支架及系统的出现,EUS-BD展现了良好的应用前景,但它仍是有创操作,可能存在胆汁性腹膜炎、胆瘘、出血、胆管炎、支架功能障碍等并发症,并且其操作相对复杂、学习曲线长[10]。因此,EUS-BD的安全性和有效性还需大样本临床研究验证。

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