第二军医大学学报  2020, Vol. 41 Issue (5): 574-577   PDF    
新疆绝经后2型糖尿病女性患者脂质代谢与骨密度的关系
赵会荣1, 李思源2, 李军1, 王双3, 石艳秋4, 李佳佳1, 高群1     
1. 新疆石河子大学医学院第一附属医院内分泌代谢科, 石河子 832000;
2. 新疆地方与民族高发病教育部重点实验室, 石河子 832000;
3. 上海市杨浦区中心医院内分泌代谢科, 上海 200090;
4. 浙江萧山医院心血管内科, 杭州 311200
摘要: 目的 探讨新疆绝经后2型糖尿病(T2DM)女性患者脂质代谢与骨密度(BMD)的关系。方法 纳入136例新疆绝经后女性,并分为糖耐量正常伴骨量正常组(对照组,26例)、糖耐量正常伴骨量异常组(骨量异常组,28例)、T2DM伴骨量正常组(T2DM组,27例)及T2DM伴骨量异常组(55例)。记录各组年龄、身高等基线资料,采用罗氏全自动生物化学分析仪测定血钙、血磷、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C),用双能X线测定腰椎L1~L4、股骨颈、髋关节BMD。结果 T2DM伴骨量异常组患者年龄、绝经年限均高于对照组(Z均=-2.54,P均 < 0.05),骨量异常组、T2DM组各项基线指标与对照组相比差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。T2DM组和T2DM伴骨量异常组的空腹血糖(Z=-4.08、-5.87,P均 < 0.01)和糖化血红蛋白(Z=-4.59、-6.33,P均 < 0.01)水平均高于对照组;T2DM伴骨量异常组的脂质代谢指标三酰甘油低于对照组(Z=-2.01,P < 0.05)。骨量异常组和T2DM伴骨量异常组腰椎L1~L4(Z=-6.23、-6.84,P均 < 0.01)、股骨颈(Z=-5.32、-4.30,P均 < 0.01)、髋关节(Z=-5.44、-5.00,P均 < 0.01)BMD均低于对照组。调整年龄、绝经年限混杂因素影响后行偏相关分析结果显示,82例绝经后T2DM女性患者的腰椎L1~L4、股骨颈、髋关节BMD与BMI(r=0.209、0.623、0.265,P=0.015、0.002、0.002)、三酰甘油(r=0.298、0.233、0.273,P < 0.001、P=0.007、P=0.001)呈正相关,股骨颈、髋关节BMD与HDL-C呈负相关(r=-0.191、-0.200,P=0.027、0.021)。结论 在新疆绝经后T2DM女性患者中,HDL-C升高及三酰甘油降低与BMD下降有关,这可能促进了骨质疏松症的发生。
关键词: 绝经后女性    2型糖尿病    脂质代谢    骨密度    
Relationship between lipid metabolism and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Xinjiang
ZHAO Hui-rong1, LI Si-yuan2, LI Jun1, WANG Shuang3, SHI Yan-qiu4, LI Jia-jia1, GAO Qun1     
1. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China;
2. Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China;
3. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Central Hospital of Yangpu District, Shanghai 200090, China;
4. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou 311200, Zhejiang, China
Abstract: Objective To explore the relationship between lipid metabolism and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Xinjiang. Methods A total of 136 postmenopausal women in Xinjiang were included and divided into four groups:normal glucose tolerance with normal bone mass group (control group, 26 cases), normal glucose tolerance with abnormal bone mass group (abnormal bone mass group, 28 cases), T2DM with normal bone mass group (T2DM group, 27 cases), and T2DM with abnormal bone mass group (55 cases). The age, height and other baseline data of each group were recorded. Blood calcium, blood phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), triacylglycerol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured by Roche automatic biochemical analyzer. The BMD of L1-L4, femoral neck and hip joint were measured by dual energy X-ray. Results The age and menopause years of T2DM with abnormal bone mass group were significantly higher than those of the control group (both Z=-2.54, both P < 0.05). There were no significant difference in baseline indexes between abnormal bone mass group or T2DM group and control group (all P>0.05). The fasting blood glucose (Z=-4.08, -5.87, both P < 0.01) and hemoglobin (Z=-4.59, -6.33, both P < 0.01) levels in T2DM group and T2DM with abnormal bone mass group were higher than those in the control group; the lipid metabolism index triacylglycerol in T2DM with abnormal bone mass group was lower than that in the control group (Z=-2.01, P < 0.05). The BMD of L1-L4 (Z=-6.23, -6.84, both P < 0.01), femoral neck (Z=-5.32, -4.30, both P < 0.01), and hip joint (Z=-5.44, -5.00, both P < 0.01) in abnormal bone mass group and T2DM with abnormal bone mass group were lower than those in the control group. After adjusting the influence of age and menopause years, the results of partial correlation analysis showed that L1-L4, femoral neck and hip joint BMD were positively correlated with body mass index (r=0.209, 0.623, 0.265, P=0.015, 0.002, 0.002) and triacylglycerol (r=0.298, 0.233, 0.273, P < 0.001, P=0.007, P=0.001), femoral neck and hip joint BMD were negatively correlated with HDL-C (r=-0.191, -0.200, P=0.027, 0.021) in 82 postmenopausal women with T2DM. Conclusion The elevated HDL-C and decreased triacylglycerol are associated with decreased BMD, which may promote the occurrence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with T2DM in Xinjiang.
Key words: postmenopausal women    type 2 diabetes mellitus    lipid metabolism    bone density    

骨质疏松症(osteoporosis,OP)是一种全身性骨疾病,其特点是骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)降低,骨折风险增加[1]。绝经后女性是OP的高发人群,与雌激素缺乏有关[2]。2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)是一种以慢性高血糖为特征的全身性疾病,OP作为T2DM的常见并发症常伴有脂质代谢异常[3-4]。然而有关绝经后T2DM女性患者脂质代谢与BMD关系的研究鲜有报道。本研究探讨了新疆绝经后T2DM女性患者脂质代谢与BMD的关系,旨在为绝经后T2DM女性患者OP和脂质代谢异常的治疗提供理论依据。

1 对象和方法 1.1 研究对象

选择2018年9月至2019年6月新疆石河子大学第一附属医院门诊收治的绝经后女性136例为研究对象。排除标准:(1)患有各种可能直接或间接影响骨代谢的疾病;(2)患有免疫系统疾病及1型糖尿病;(3)患有严重的心、肝、肾疾病;(4)患有影响维生素D和钙吸收的消化道疾病;(5)有影响正常骨代谢的药物使用史;(6)恶性肿瘤;(7)其他先天性OP。T2DM诊断依据1999年WHO T2DM诊断标准[5]:有糖尿病症状且随机血糖≥11.1 mmol/L或空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L或口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)2 h血糖≥11.1 mmol/L。按照1994年WHO诊断标准[6]判断BMD,骨量正常指BMD较健康同性别峰值骨量低1个标准差(standard deviation,SD),即T值>-1.0 SD;骨量异常包括骨量减少(-2.5 SD<T值≤-1.0 SD)和OP(T值≤-2.5 SD)。本研究通过新疆石河子大学第一附属医院伦理委员会审批,所有参与者均签署知情同意书。

1.2 研究方法

依据T2DM病史或OGTT结果及双能X线测定的BMD将研究对象分为糖耐量正常伴骨量正常组(对照组,26例)、糖耐量正常伴骨量异常组(骨量异常组,28例)、T2DM伴骨量正常组(T2DM组,27例)及T2DM伴骨量异常组(55例)。记录各组患者的年龄、身高、体质量、腰围、臀围及绝经年限,计算BMI和腰臀比。BMI=体质量(kg)/[身高(m)]2,腰臀比=腰围(cm)/臀围(cm)。禁食12 h,于次日清晨抽取肘静脉血5 mL。采用罗氏全自动生化分析仪(型号Modular DPP-H7600)测定骨代谢指标血钙、血磷、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)及糖脂代谢指标空腹血糖、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)。采用HPLC测定糖化血红蛋白(hemoglobin,HbA1c),采用Prodigy型双能X线测定腰椎L1~L4、股骨颈、髋关节BMD。

1.3 统计学处理

应用SPSS 20.0软件进行统计学分析。呈正态分布的计量资料以x±s表示,两组间比较采用两独立样本t检验;呈偏态分布的计量资料以中位数(下四分位数,上四分位数)表示,两组间比较采用两独立样本Mann-Whitney U检验。采用偏相关系数分析新疆绝经后T2DM女性患者脂质代谢与BMD的关系。检验水准(α)为0.05。

2 结果 2.1 各组基线指标比较

表 1,T2DM伴骨量异常组患者年龄、绝经年限均高于对照组(Z均=-2.54,P均<0.05),骨量异常组、T2DM组各项基线指标与对照组相比差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。

表 1 各组基线指标比较 

2.2 各组糖脂代谢、骨代谢生物化学指标比较

表 2,T2DM组和T2DM伴骨量异常组的空腹血糖(Z=-4.08、-5.87,P均<0.01)和HbA1c(Z=-4.59、-6.33,P均<0.01)水平均高于对照组;T2DM伴骨量异常组的脂质代谢指标三酰甘油低于对照组(Z=-2.01,P<0.05)。

表 2 各组糖脂代谢、骨代谢生物化学指标比较

2.3 各组不同部位BMD比较

表 3,骨量异常组和T2DM伴骨量异常组腰椎L1~L4(Z=-6.23、-6.84,P均<0.01)、股骨颈(Z=-5.32、-4.30,P均<0.01)、髋关节(Z=-5.44、-5.00,P均<0.01)BMD均低于对照组。

表 3 各组不同部位BMD比较 

2.4 绝经后T2DM女性患者脂质代谢与BMD的相关性

调整年龄、绝经年限混杂因素影响后行偏相关分析结果显示,82例绝经后T2DM女性患者的腰椎L1~L4、股骨颈、髋关节BMD与BMI(r=0.209、0.623、0.265,P=0.015、0.002、0.002)和三酰甘油(r=0.298、0.233、0.273,P<0.001、P=0.007、P=0.001)呈正相关;股骨颈、髋关节BMD与HDL-C呈负相关(r=-0.191、-0.200,P=0.027、0.021);腰椎L1~L4、股骨颈、髋关节BMD与LDL-C无关(r=-0.063、-0.047、-0.063,P=0.472、0.593、0.467)。

3 讨论

OP的高发病率、高致残率给人们带来沉重的经济负担[7],绝经后T2DM女性因雌激素水平迅速下降导致骨量减少,是发生OP的高危人群[2, 8]。本研究对新疆绝经后女性的脂质代谢指标进行比较,结果显示T2DM伴骨量异常组的三酰甘油水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),提示绝经后T2DM合并OP女性患者存在脂质代谢异常,其原因可能与绝经后雌激素减少有关。

国内外有关脂质代谢与BMD关系的研究结果并不一致。Chang等[9]研究发现,中年妇女三酰甘油水平越高其发生非创伤性骨折的风险增加。Maghbooli等[10]对伊朗绝经后妇女调查发现,血清HDL-C水平与BMD呈负相关。张红等[11]研究发现,绝经前后女性胆固醇水平与BMD无相关性。Ghadiri-Anari等[12]研究发现,绝经后妇女的LDL-C水平与BMD无关。本研究通过分析新疆绝经后T2DM女性患者脂质代谢与BMD的关系,发现在调整了年龄、绝经年限混杂因素影响后股骨颈、髋关节BMD与HDL-C呈负相关,腰椎L1~L4、股骨颈、髋关节BMD与三酰甘油呈正相关,提示高三酰甘油是OP的保护因素,高HDL-C是OP的危险因素,也表明脂质代谢紊乱与BMD减少可能存在相关性,但目前机制仍不明确。脂质代谢紊乱导致BMD下降可能与以下因素有关:(1)血脂异常患者的过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ表达增加[13],导致骨髓基质细胞向脂肪细胞分化,从而使成骨细胞分化减少引起骨量减少。(2)血脂异常可使一氧化氮合成减少[14],导致血栓形成、血管内皮受损、骨髓微循环障碍,引起骨量减少。(3)骨血管内皮细胞中脂质、脂蛋白通过氧化修饰抑制成骨细胞活性。(4)可能与胆固醇生物合成途径有关。

综上所述,新疆绝经后T2DM女性患者脂质代谢紊乱与BMD下降有关,提示在今后OP的防治中应注重调脂药物的应用,这不仅可以预防OP的发生而且可以降低心血管疾病的发病率。OP是一种遗传、环境因素共同作用的疾病,在今后的研究中需进一步扩大样本量,在不同区域、不同种族间开展多中心研究,以探究OP的发生机制。

参考文献
[1]
MANOLAGAS S C. Birth and death of bone cells:basic regulatory mechanisms and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis[J]. Endocr Rev, 2000, 21: 115-137.
[2]
刘丽晶. 绝经后骨质疏松症患者性激素、细胞因子及骨代谢指标的变化及关系[J]. 医学信息, 2016, 29: 366-367.
[3]
NAPOLI N, CHANDRAN M, PIERROZ D D, ABRAHAMSEN B, SCHWARTZ A V, FERRARI S L, IOF Bone and Diabetes Working Group. Mechanisms of diabetes mellitus-induced bone fragility[J]. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2017, 13: 208-219. DOI:10.1038/nrendo.2016.153
[4]
NAPOLI N, SCHWARTZ A V, BLACK D M; Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study Research Group. Reply to: indications of increased vertebral fracture risk in patients with type 2 diabetes[J/OL]. J Bone Miner Res, 2018, 33: 183. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.3322.
[5]
ALBERTI K G, ZIMMET P Z. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1:diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation[J]. Diabet Med, 1998, 15: 539-553. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S
[6]
KANIS J A. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis:synopsis of a WHO report[J]. Osteoporos Int, 1994, 4: 368-381. DOI:10.1007/BF01622200
[7]
WANG P, ABDIN E, SHAFIE S, CHONG S A, VAINGANKAR J A, SUBRAMANIAM M. Estimation of prevalence of osteoporosis using OSTA and its correlation with sociodemographic factors, disability and comorbidities[J/OL]. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2019, 16: 2338. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16132338.
[8]
CHEN H, LI X, YUE R, REN X, ZHANG X, NI A. The effects of diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy on bone and mineral metabolism in T2DM patients[J]. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2013, 100: 272-276. DOI:10.1016/j.diabres.2013.03.007
[9]
CHANG P Y, GOLD E B, CAULEY J A, JOHNSON W O, KARVONEN-GUTIERREZ C, JACKSON E A, et al. Triglyceride levels and fracture risk in midlife women:Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN)[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2016, 101: 3297-3305. DOI:10.1210/jc.2016-1366
[10]
MAGHBOOLI Z, KHORRAMI-NEZHAD L, ADABI E, RAMEZANI M, ASADOLLAHPOUR E, RAZI F, et al. Negative correlation of high-density of lipoprotein-cholesterol and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Iranian women with vitamin D deficiency[J]. Menopause, 2018, 25: 458-464. DOI:10.1097/GME.0000000000001082
[11]
张红, 谭小红, 罗湘杭, 胡平安. 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇对绝经前、后正常女性骨密度影响初探[J]. 实用预防医学, 2007, 14: 1021-1023. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-3110.2007.04.018
[12]
GHADIRI-ANARI A, MORTEZAⅡ-SHOROKI Z, MODARRESI M, DEHGHAN A. Association of lipid profile with bone mineral density in postmenopausal women in Yazd province[J]. Int J Reprod Biomed (Yazd), 2016, 14: 597-602. DOI:10.29252/ijrm.14.9.597
[13]
高飞, 杨静, 师天燕, 李伟. 绝经女性血脂与腰椎骨密度关系的研究[J]. 中南医学科学杂志, 2012, 40: 480-483. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-1116.2012.05.012
[14]
张振强, 王丛笑, 贾亚泉, 宋军营, 刘学芳, 吕欢欢, 等. 高脂血症对模型大鼠血管内皮细胞及血管调节因子的影响[J]. 河南大学学报(医学版), 2013, 32: 51-53.