第二军医大学学报  2020, Vol. 41 Issue (11): 1279-1283   PDF    
以与血压升高无关的发作性头晕为表现的不典型原发性醛固酮增多症5例分析
张海玲, 方玲, 陶沂, 毕晓莹     
海军军医大学(第二军医大学)长海医院神经内科, 上海 200433
摘要: 目的 总结以与血压升高无关的发作性头晕为表现的不典型原发性醛固酮增多症(PA)的神经系统表现、诊治及预后。方法和结果 对2016年至2019年我科确诊的5例以发作性头晕为表现的不典型PA患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。5例患者中男1例、女4例,年龄50~95岁,均以反复头晕起病,病程20 d~1年,发作频次为每月0.5次至每天1~2次不等,每次持续数秒至30 min,可伴头痛、视物旋转、恶心、耳鸣、乏力、多汗、心悸等,面色可发红或自觉头面部发热感,体位变化或活动时明显,发作间歇期无明显不适。2例患者有高血压病史,3例患者入院后24 h动态血压监测发现血压波动。5例患者入院血钾均在正常参考值范围内,2例头晕发作时测血钾降低。肾上腺CT增强检查仅1例提示左侧肾上腺增生,余4例未见明显异常。5例患者血浆醛固酮与肾素活性比值均升高,结合肾上腺CT结果诊断为PA。5例患者均予螺内酯治疗,临床定期随访,头晕明显好转。结论 以反复发作性头晕为主要表现且头晕发作与血压升高无关的不典型PA少见,临床医师需提高认识。要仔细了解高血压病史并进行醛固酮测定,以避免误诊和漏诊。低钾血症灵敏度和特异度较低,已不能作为筛查PA的良好指标。
关键词: 发作性头晕    原发性醛固酮增多症    醛固酮    高血压        
Atypical primary aldosteronism with paroxysmal dizziness but without elevation of blood pressure: an analysis of five cases
ZHANG Hai-ling, FANG Ling, TAO Yi, BI Xiao-ying     
Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University(Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
Abstract: Objective To summarize the neurologic manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of atypical primary aldosteronism (PA) with paroxysmal dizziness which is not associated with elevated blood pressure. Methods and Results The clinical data of five patients diagnosed as atypical PA with paroxysmal dizziness but without elevation of blood pressure were retrospectively analyzed. Among the five patients, one was male and four were females, aged 50-95 years, with onset of paroxysmal dizziness. The disease duration was 20 d to 1 year, with the frequency ranged from 0.5 times per month to 1-2 times a day, lasting for a few seconds to 30 min every time, with concomitant symptoms including headache, vertigo, nausea, tinnitus, fatigue, hyperidrosis, palpitation, etc. The complexion may turn red or the head and face may feel febrile consciously, especially during the posture changes or the activity, and there was no obvious discomfort during interictal period. Two patients had a history of hypertension, and three patients had blood pressure fluctuations after 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. The serum potassium of the five patients was in the normal range on admission, and it was decreased in two patients with dizziness onset. Adrenal contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed left adrenal hyperplasia in one case and no significant abnormalities in the other four cases. The aldosterone renin ratio (ARR) increased, and PA was diagnosed by combining the result of adrenal computed tomography. All the five patients were treated with spironolactone, and their dizziness was significantly improved after regular clinical follow-up. Conclusion Atypical PA with paroxysmal dizziness but without elevated blood pressure is rare, and further study is needed to better understand the disease. To avoid misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis, the history of hypertension should be inquired, and the aldosterone should be valued. Hypokalemia could not be used as a good indicator for PA screening due to low sensitivity and specificity.
Key words: paroxysmal dizziness    primary aldosteronism    aldosterone    hypertension    potassium    

头晕是神经科最常见的症状。发作性头晕的常见病因包括短暂性脑缺血发作等中枢性眩晕和耳石症等周围性眩晕,近年来焦虑状态引起的头晕也越来越受到重视,但表现为发作性头晕的内科疾病往往易被忽略而造成误诊,影响治疗。原发性醛固酮增多症(primary aldosteronism,PA)是指肾上腺皮质分泌过量醛固酮,导致体内潴钠、排钾、血容量增多,肾素-血管紧张素系统活性受抑而引起的临床综合征[1],临床主要表现为高血压伴低钾血症。越来越多的证据表明PA患者发生脑血管事件的风险增加[2-3]。然而,当不伴有PA典型症状如高血压、低钾血症时,PA并不易被发现和诊断,以发作性头晕为主要症状的PA更为少见,多在神经内科就诊,临床往往误诊为焦虑状态、后循环缺血、脑供血不足等,造成反复住院、反复治疗无效,增加患者痛苦和医疗负担。本研究总结了我院收治的5例以不伴血压升高的发作性头晕为主要症状、误诊为其他疾病的不典型PA患者的临床特点,以期提高对此类疾病的认识,减少误诊。

1 方法和结果 1.1 病例资料

病例1,女,95岁,因“反复发作体位性头晕5个月余,再发10 d”于2016年9月5日入院。表现为坐位时出现发作性头晕,伴视物旋转、站立不稳、头痛、面色发红、恶心、乏力,卧位缓解。体位改变时症状明显,5个月内共发作4次,每次持续时间约20 min。既往有高血压病史20余年,血压最高160/100 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),目前口服氯沙坦钾,血压控制于150/90 mmHg。头颅MRI检查示双侧基底节及脑放射冠腔隙性梗死灶;老年脑改变。曾诊断为“脑供血不足”,予“丹参”等输液治疗后效果欠佳。动态血压监测示24 h平均血压为133/59 mmHg,最高收缩压222 mmHg,最高舒张压180 mmHg。

病例2,女,50岁,因“发作性头晕1年余”于2017年7月26日入院。表现为安静休息时突发头晕、头胀痛,头面部及全身出汗,胸闷、心悸,30 min后好转,每日发作1~2次,每日均有发作,活动后体位变化时多见,发作间期无不适。既往有高血压病史。头颅MRI增强检查未见明显异常。动态血压监测示24 h平均血压为123/80 mmHg,最高收缩压164 mmHg,最高舒张压99 mmHg。门诊诊断为“高血压病,自主神经功能紊乱”,予草酸艾司西酞普兰等抗抑郁药物治疗无明显效果。

病例3,女,52岁,因“左侧耳鸣5个月余,发作性头晕2个月”于2018年7月30日入院。表现为左侧间断性低调耳鸣,2个月前坐位时感头晕,无明显视物旋转,但眼前发黑,持续20 min后自行缓解,发作时无耳鸣加重,无听力下降;1个月前再发类似症状1次。诊断为“后循环缺血”,否认既往病史。头颅MRI检查示双侧半卵圆中心多发腔隙性梗死灶,磁敏感加权成像(susceptibility weighted imaging,SWI)序列显示双侧基底节区、双侧颞叶、左侧枕叶多发陈旧性小缺血灶。

病例4,男,65岁,因“发作性头晕20 d”于2018年8月30日入院。表现为夜间睡眠中突发头晕、自身旋转感,不敢睁眼,起床后觉行走不稳、全身乏力,持续约2 min后减轻,于急诊测血压146/82 mmHg。后头晕反复发作,每次数秒至数分钟不等,伴或不伴有视物旋转,下午及受热时多发,伴多汗、心悸,偶有恶心。否认既往病史。头颅MRI检查示双侧额叶及基底节区多发腔隙性梗死灶,头颅磁共振血管成像(magnetic resonance angiography,MRA)及颈部计算机断层扫描血管成像(computed tomography angiography,CTA)检查均未见脑供血动脉异常。动态血压监测示24 h平均血压为120/69 mmHg,最高收缩压213 mmHg,最高舒张压92 mmHg。

病例5,女,65岁,因“持续性头昏伴阵发性眩晕8个月”于2019年3月13日入院。表现为持续头部昏沉感,阵发性加重伴视物旋转、恶心,时有头面部发热感,持续时间约30 min。既往有高脂血症病史,规律服用他汀类药物治疗,入院时血脂基本正常。头颅MRI检查示双侧半卵圆中心及双侧额叶皮质下小缺血灶,头颅SWI未见明确出血征象,颈部MRA示颈段及颅内段血管未见明显异常。

1.2 诊断

入院后予血、尿、粪常规,肝、肾功能,血脂,血糖,心电图,颈动脉和椎动脉彩色多普勒超声,心脏彩色多普勒超声,头颅MRI平扫和SWI序列,头颅和颈部MRA或CTA检查等。监测血压,对体位相关性头晕患者进行连续3 d测定立位和卧位血压。除病例1因高龄配合度欠佳,其余病例均行Dix-Hallpike试验、仰卧滚转试验、五官科会诊及听力测定等,排除体位性低血压、良性位置性眩晕、梅尼埃病等头晕的常见病因。因动态血压监测均提示有高血压,常规进行高血压病因检查,对于立位和卧位醛固酮、肾素、血管紧张素水平异常者,行肾上腺增强CT检查。根据《原发性醛固酮增多症诊断治疗的专家共识》[1],检测血浆醛固酮与肾素活性比值(aldosterone renin ratio,ARR),拟诊断PA,结合肾上腺CT结果,请内分泌科会诊。最终5例患者均确诊为PA。5例患者临床资料及头晕特点见表 1表 2

表 1 5例原发性醛固酮增多症患者的临床资料

表 2 5例原发性醛固酮增多症患者的头晕特点

1.3 治疗

5例患者住院期间均予螺内酯治疗,发作性头晕明显缓解。出院后继续服药,监测血压及血钾。定期随访头晕明显好转。随访中病例1再次出现头晕症状,再次入院复查醛固酮仍明显高于正常水平(卧位461.7 pg/mL、立位430.2 pg/mL),予螺内酯加量后头晕缓解。

2 讨论

PA是常见的引起继发性高血压的疾病之一,不仅可增加脑卒中、冠心病、心房颤动和心力衰竭等心血管事件的风险[4],还可增加糖尿病、代谢综合征和左心室肥厚的风险[5]。目前关于PA的报道多集中于高血压人群,国外报道高血压人群PA患病率为3%~15%[6],国内相关报道较少,关于不典型PA的报道更是少见。本研究收集的5例不典型PA患者中男1例、女4例,年龄50~95岁,均以反复头晕起病,病程20 d~1年,发作频次每月0.5次至每天1~2次不等,每次持续数秒至30 min,可伴头痛、视物旋转、恶心、耳鸣、乏力、多汗、心悸等,面色可发红或自觉头面部发热感,体位变化或活动时明显,发作间歇期无明显不适。2例患者有高血压病史,3例患者入院后24 h动态血压监测发现血压波动。5例患者入院血钾均在正常参考值范围内,2例发作头晕时测血钾降低。肾上腺CT增强检查仅1例提示左侧肾上腺增生,余4例均未见明显异常。

PA对神经系统疾病的影响主要表现为对脑血管的影响,其可能的病理生理学机制主要有以下3种[7]:(1)高血压的作用。在高血压刺激过程中,脑血管的重塑可能导致动脉僵硬度增加、管腔直径减小,影响脑血管对血流变化的耐受力[3]。(2)醛固酮的特定作用。多种机制可导致醛固酮诱导的内皮功能障碍,包括醛固酮介导的血管收缩功能障碍、醛固酮和内皮介导的血管炎症、醛固酮相关的动脉粥样硬化和血管重塑[8-9]。(3)PA可引起心血管并发症。醛固酮会导致心律失常尤其是心房颤动的发生率增高[10]。然而本研究中5例患者均进行了脑供血动脉MRA或CTA检查,并没有脑血管硬化狭窄的明显证据。

PA导致的发作性高血压是头晕、头痛等症状的主要原因,PA通过潴钠、排钾、血容量增多、肾素-血管紧张素系统活性受抑等导致血压升高,临床表现为面部发红、头痛、恶心等症状,一般认为PA导致的发作性高血压应该为重度高血压[11]。本研究中的5例患者仅1例发作时出现面部发红、血压升高至160/88 mmHg、动态血压监测提示血压波动明显。血压的不典型表现为诊断带来了难度。本组病例中有3例患者出现体位相关性头晕,肾上腺CT检查均未发现肾上腺占位。1例患者发现椎动脉血流阻力指数升高。运动、体位变化时肾素-血管紧张素系统激活导致的血管收缩[12]可能是本组患者头晕与体位、活动相关的原因。

高血压伴低钾血症曾被认为是PA最典型的临床表现,低钾血症主要表现为对称性的双下肢乏力。在本组病例中,2例有全身乏力表现者仅1例发作时血钾低于正常参考值(3.4 mmol/L),而有1例无乏力表现者发作时血钾亦降低(3.3 mmol/L)。一些研究也表明,低钾血症仅在一部分患者中发生,而在高血压人群中,可以观察到血钾为3.5~3.7 mmol/L者PA患病率增高[13-14]。低钾血症由于灵敏度和特异度较低,已不能作为筛查PA的良好指标[15]

综上所述,神经科医师对于反复发作性头晕、活动后加重,特别是伴有面色潮红、全身乏力等自主神经症状的患者,即使神经影像学与五官科检查没有特殊发现,也不能排除器质性疾病,更不能简单诊断为“自主神经功能紊乱”或“焦虑状态”,而是要仔细了解高血压病史,并进行醛固酮测定,以避免误诊和漏诊。

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