引用本文
程昉, 邵壮, 陈浩扬, 赵福涛, 高洁, 蔡青. 大动脉炎397例临床特征分析:性别和年龄差异分布[J]. 第二军医大学学报, 2019, 40(6): 608-613
CHENG Fang, SHAO Zhuang, CHEN Hao-yang, ZHAO Fu-tao, GAO Jie, CAI Qing. Clinical features of 397 patients with Takayasu arteritis: gender and age distribution[J]. Academic Journal of Second Military Medical University, 2019, 40(6): 608-613 (in Chinese with English abstract)
大动脉炎397例临床特征分析:性别和年龄差异分布
程昉
1, 邵壮
2, 陈浩扬
3, 赵福涛
1, 高洁
2, 蔡青
2
1. 上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院风湿免疫科, 上海 201999;
2. 海军军医大学(第二军医大学)长海医院风湿免疫科, 上海 200433;
3. 上海杨思医院门诊部, 上海 200126
收稿日期: 2019-02-28 接受日期: 2019-04-30
摘要: 目的 探讨不同性别和年龄大动脉炎患者临床特征的差异。方法 回顾性分析2001年1月至2017年12月海军军医大学(第二军医大学)长海医院收治的397例大动脉炎患者的病历资料,比较男女患者及不同性别中≤ 40岁和>40岁患者的临床表现、并发症、实验室检查和影像学检查结果的差异。结果 397例大动脉炎患者中男64例、女333例(男女比例为1:5.2),发病年龄为2~67岁。>40岁男性大动脉炎患者多于女性[17例(26.6%)vs 53例(15.9%),χ2=4.190,P=0.041]。相比女性患者,男性患者首发症状以高血压最多见[31.2%(20/64)vs 16.5%(55/333),χ2=7.605,P < 0.01],而以头晕、头痛或晕厥起病者较少[28.1%(18/64)vs 46.5%(155/333),χ2=7.409,P < 0.01]。病程中,男性患者较女性患者更常出现高血压[70.3%(45/64)vs 56.8%(189/333),χ2=4.076,P < 0.05],较少发生脉搏减弱或消失[51.6%(33/64)vs 76.0%(253/333),χ2=15.885,P < 0.01];男性发病年龄≤ 40岁的患者较>40岁者高血压的发生率更高[78.7%(37/47)vs 47.1%(8/17),χ2=5.997,P < 0.05],而脉搏减弱或消失的发生率较低[40.4%(19/47)vs 82.4%(14/17),χ2=8.787,P < 0.01]。男性患者并发动脉瘤形成、主动脉瓣反流的比例较女性患者更高[39.1%(25/64)vs 17.4%(58/333)、23.4%(15/64)vs 10.8%(36/333),χ2=15.210、7.644,P均 < 0.01]。男女患者及各年龄亚组之间红细胞沉降率升高和C-反应蛋白升高的患者比例差异均无统计学意义(P均> 0.05)。在血管受累及临床分型方面,相比女性患者,男性患者常见肾动脉受累和Ⅳ型[54.7%(35/64)vs 32.7%(109/333)、32.8%(21/64)vs 18.9%(63/333),χ2=11.194、6.212,P均 < 0.05],颈总动脉受累、锁骨下动脉受累和Ⅰ型较少见[37.5%(24/64)vs 64.3%(214/333)、37.5%(24/64)vs 56.5%(188/333)、21.9%(14/64)vs 42.3%(141/333),χ2=16.016、8.416、9.449,P均 < 0.01];男性发病年龄≤ 40岁的患者较> 40岁者更常见Ⅳ型[44.7%(21/47)vs 0(0/17),χ2=11.305,P < 0.01],颈总动脉受累、锁骨下动脉受累和Ⅰ型较少见[29.8%(14/47)vs 58.8%(10/17),25.5%(12/47)vs 70.6%(12/17),14.9%(7/47)vs 41.2%(7/17),χ2=4.491、10.814、5.046,P均 < 0.05]。结论 男性大动脉炎患者发病晚于女性,男性患者尤其发病年龄≤ 40岁的患者以高血压和肾动脉受累(Ⅳ型)多见,女性和发病年龄>40岁的男性患者常见脉搏减弱或消失和颈总动脉、锁骨下动脉受累(Ⅰ型),并发高血压、动脉瘤形成和主动脉瓣反流的男性患者多于女性患者。
关键词:
Takayasu动脉炎 临床特征 性别分布 年龄分布
Clinical features of 397 patients with Takayasu arteritis: gender and age distribution
CHENG Fang
1, SHAO Zhuang
2, CHEN Hao-yang
3, ZHAO Fu-tao
1, GAO Jie
2, CAI Qing
2
1. Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201999, China;
2. Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University(Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China;
3. Department of Outpatient, Shanghai Yangsi Hospital, Shanghai 200126, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the clinical features of Takayasu arteritis patients with different genders and ages. Methods The medical charts of 397 patients diagnosed with Takayasu arteritis in Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University) between Jan. 2001 and Dec. 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. The clinical manifestations, complications, laboratory parameters and imaging findings were compared between male and female patients, and between the groups subdivided by the ages of onset (≤ 40 years vs >40 years). Results There were 64 males and 333 females, with a male to female ratio of 1:5.2. The age of disease onset was 2-67 years. Seventeen (26.6%) male patients and 53 (15.9%) female patients had disease onset after 40 (χ2=4.190, P=0.041). Compared with female patients, male patients had their onset more frequently with hypertension (31.2%[20/64] vs 16.5%[55/333], χ2=7.605, P < 0.01) and less frequently with dizziness, headache and syncope (28.1%[18/64] vs 46.5%[155/333], χ2=7.409, P < 0.01). During the course of disease, hypertension was more prevalent (70.3%[45/64] vs 56.8%[189/333], χ2=4.076, P < 0.05) and diminished or absent pulse was less common (51.6%[33/64] vs 76.0%[253/333], χ2=15.885, P < 0.01) in male patients. Male patients with onset age ≤ 40 years (versus >40 years) had a higher incidence of hypertension (78.7%[37/47] vs 47.1%[8/17], χ2=5.997, P < 0.05) and a lower incidence of diminished or absent pulse (40.4%[19/47] vs 82.4%[14/17], χ2=8.787, P < 0.01). The complication rates of aneurysm and aortic regurgitation were significantly higher in male patients versus female patients (39.1%[25/64] vs 17.4%[58/333], 23.4%[15/64] vs 10.8%[36/333]; χ2=15.210, 7.644; both P < 0.01). The prevalence rates of elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate or C-reactive protein were similar between different gender and onset age groups (all P>0.05). Angiographically, male patients had more renal artery involvement and type Ⅳ (54.7%[35/64] vs 32.7%[109/333], 32.8%[21/64] vs 18.9%[63/333]; χ2=11.194, 6.212; both P < 0.05) and less carotid artery and subclavian artery lesions and type Ⅰ (37.5%[24/64] vs 64.3%[214/333], 37.5%[24/64] vs 56.5%[188/333], 21.9%[14/64] vs 42.3%[141/333]; χ2=16.016, 8.416, 9.449; all P < 0.01) compared with female patients. Male patients with onset age ≤ 40 years (versus >40 years) had a higher proportion of type Ⅳ (44.7%[21/47] vs 0[0/17], χ2=11.305, P < 0.01) and lower proportions of carotid artery and subclavian artery lesions and type Ⅰ (29.8%[14/47] vs 58.8%[10/17], 25.5%[12/47] vs 70.6%[12/17], 14.9%[7/47] vs 41.2%[7/17]; χ2=4.491, 10.814, 5.046; all P < 0.05). Conclusion Male Takayasu arteritis patients have a later onset age compared with female patients. Hypertension and renal artery involvement (type Ⅳ) are commonly seen in male patients with onset age ≤ 40 years; female patients and male patients with onset age >40 years often have diminished or absent pulse and carotid artery and subclavian artery lesions (type Ⅰ). The complications such as hypertension, aneurysm and aortic regurgitation are more common in male patients compared with female patients.
Key words:
Takayasu arteritis clinical features sex distribution age distribution
大动脉炎(Takayasu arteritis)是一种病因不明的累及主动脉及其主要分支的慢性血管炎性疾病,可导致动脉管腔狭窄、闭塞或动脉瘤形成。因血管受累的部位和严重程度不同,大动脉炎患者临床表现多样,给诊断造成困难和延误。大动脉炎多见于亚洲年轻女性,不同性别、年龄的大动脉炎患者临床特点可能存在差异[1-3],但国内外文献报道较少。本研究回顾性分析397例大动脉炎患者的临床资料,探讨不同性别和年龄患者临床特征的差异。
1 资料和方法
1.1 研究对象
回顾性分析2001年1月至2017年12月在海军军医大学(第二军医大学)长海医院住院治疗的397例大动脉炎患者的病历资料,所有患者均符合1990年美国风湿病学会的大动脉炎诊断标准[4]。排除标准:动脉粥样硬化、血管损伤、结核病、梅毒等感染性疾病、马方综合征、纤维肌性发育不良等先天发育异常和白塞病、巨细胞动脉炎等其他免疫性血管炎。根据性别将患者分为男女两组,每组按发病年龄分为≤40岁和>40岁2个亚组。本研究经海军军医大学(第二军医大学)长海医院医学伦理委员会审批。
1.2 研究指标
记录患者的一般资料、首发症状、临床表现、实验室检查、影像学检查和临床分型(参照文献[5])等资料,以及高血压、主动脉瓣反流、动脉瘤形成等并发症的发生情况。
1.3 统计学处理
采用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计学分析。计数资料以例数和百分数表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。检验水准(α)为0.05。
2 结果
2.1 一般情况
397例大动脉炎患者中男64例、女333例,男女比例为1:5.2,发病年龄为2~67岁,<18岁组52例(13.1%)、18~40岁组275例(69.3%)、>40岁组70例(17.6%)。男性患者中>40岁者17例(26.6%),女性>40岁者53例(15.9%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.190,P=0.041)。从出现症状至确诊的时间为5 d至30年,中位时间为12个月,5年及以内确诊者331例(83.4%)。
2.2 首发症状
397例大动脉炎患者最常见的首发症状是头晕、头痛或晕厥,其次为高血压和全身症状(发热、疲劳或关节痛)。男性患者首发症状以高血压最多见,占比高于女性患者(χ2=7.605,P<0.01),而以头晕、头痛或晕厥起病者占比低于女性患者(χ2=7.409,P<0.01)。男性患者≤40岁亚组以高血压起病者较>40岁亚组更多(χ2=4.091,P<0.05),女性患者>40岁亚组较≤40岁亚组更易出现胸闷或心悸、间歇性跛行(χ2=7.360、7.504,P均<0.05)。见表 1。
表 1
(Tab 1)
表 1 不同性别和发病年龄大动脉炎患者的首发症状
Tab 1 Initial symptoms of Takayasu arteritis patients with different genders and ages
n (%) |
Initial symptom |
Total N=397 |
Male N=64 |
Female N=333 |
Male |
|
Female |
≤40 years N=47 |
>40 years N=17 |
≤40 years N=280 |
>40 years N=53 |
Dizziness, headache orsyncope |
173 (43.6) |
18 (28.1)** |
155 (46.5) |
10 (21.3) |
8 (47.1) |
|
132 (47.1) |
23 (43.4) |
Hypertension |
75 (18.9) |
20 (31.2)** |
55 (16.5) |
18 (38.3)△ |
2 (11.8) |
|
50 (17.9) |
5 (9.4) |
Fever, fatigue or arthralgia |
55 (13.9) |
4 (6.2) |
51 (15.3) |
2 (4.3) |
2 (11.8) |
|
44 (15.7) |
7 (13.2) |
Chest, back or abdominal pain |
34 (8.6) |
8 (12.5) |
26 (7.8) |
5 (10.6) |
3 (17.6) |
|
22 (7.9) |
4 (7.5) |
Visual disturbances |
29 (7.3) |
1 (1.6) |
28 (8.4) |
1 (2.1) |
0 |
|
23 (8.2) |
5 (9.4) |
Chest tightness or palpitation |
29 (7.3) |
7 (10.9) |
22 (6.6) |
6 (12.8) |
1 (5.9) |
|
14 (5.0)△ |
8 (15.1) |
Stroke |
24 (6.0) |
4 (6.2) |
20 (6.0) |
1 (2.1) |
3 (17.6) |
|
16 (5.7) |
4 (7.5) |
Diminished or absent pulse |
22 (5.5) |
3 (4.7) |
19 (5.7) |
2 (4.3) |
1 (5.9) |
|
16 (5.7) |
3 (5.7) |
Claudication |
22 (5.5) |
4 (6.2) |
18 (5.4) |
4 (8.5) |
0 |
|
11 (3.9)△ |
7 (13.2) |
Bruit |
9 (2.3) |
1 (1.6) |
8 (2.4) |
0 |
1 (5.9) |
|
7 (2.5) |
1 (1.9) |
**P<0.01 vs female group; △P<0.05 vs>40 years subgroup of the same gender group |
|
表 1 不同性别和发病年龄大动脉炎患者的首发症状
Tab 1 Initial symptoms of Takayasu arteritis patients with different genders and ages
|
2.3 临床特征
397例大动脉炎患者病程中最常见临床特征是脉搏减弱或消失、高血压和头晕,其次为血管杂音、疲劳和视力障碍。相比女性患者,男性患者更常出现高血压、胸闷(χ2=4.076、4.793,P均<0.05),较少出现脉搏减弱或消失、头晕、疲劳和视力障碍(χ2=15.885、5.467、4.551、4.132,P均<0.05)。男性患者≤40岁亚组较>40岁亚组高血压更多见(χ2=5.997,P<0.05),而脉搏减弱或消失较少见(χ2=8.787,P<0.01),女性患者≤40岁亚组较>40岁组更易出现血管杂音(χ2=4.682,P<0.05)。见表 2。
表 2
(Tab 2)
表 2 不同性别和发病年龄大动脉炎患者的临床特点、并发症与实验室检查结果
Tab 2 Manifestations, complications and laboratory findings of Takayasu arteritis patients with different genders and ages
n (%) |
Index |
Total N=397 |
Male N=64 |
Female N=333 |
Male |
|
Female |
≤40 years N=47 |
>40 years N=17 |
≤40 years N=280 |
>40 years N=53 |
Manifestation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Diminished or absent pulse |
286 (72.0) |
33 (51.6)** |
253 (76.0) |
19 (40.4)△△ |
14 (82.4) |
|
210 (75.0) |
43 (81.1) |
Hypertension |
234 (58.9) |
45 (70.3)* |
189 (56.8) |
37 (78.7)△ |
8 (47.1) |
|
158 (56.4) |
31 (58.5) |
Dizziness |
202 (50.9) |
24 (37.5)* |
178 (53.5) |
18 (38.3) |
6 (35.3) |
|
152 (54.3) |
26 (49.1) |
Bruit |
159 (40.1) |
20 (31.2) |
139 (41.7) |
16 (34.0) |
4 (23.5) |
|
124 (44.3)△ |
15 (28.3) |
Fatigue |
146 (36.8) |
16 (25.0)* |
130 (39.0) |
11 (23.4) |
5 (29.4) |
|
113 (40.4) |
17 (32.1) |
Visual disturbance |
88 (22.2) |
8 (12.5)* |
80 (24.0) |
6 (12.8) |
2 (11.8) |
|
72 (25.7) |
8 (15.1) |
Stroke |
71 (17.9) |
8 (12.5) |
63 (18.9) |
4 (8.5) |
4 (23.5) |
|
53 (18.9) |
10 (18.9) |
Fever |
53 (13.4) |
6 (9.4) |
47 (14.1) |
5 (10.6) |
1 (5.9) |
|
43 (15.4) |
4 (7.5) |
Chest tightness |
53 (13.4) |
14 (21.9)* |
39 (11.7) |
12 (25.5) |
2 (11.8) |
|
29 (10.4) |
10 (18.9) |
Syncope |
47 (11.8) |
6 (9.4) |
41 (12.3) |
4 (8.5) |
2 (11.8) |
|
37 (13.2) |
4 (7.5) |
Complication |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aneurysm |
83 (20.9) |
25 (39.1)** |
58 (17.4) |
16 (34.0) |
9 (52.9) |
|
49 (17.5) |
9 (17.0) |
Aortic regurgitation |
51 (12.8) |
15 (23.4)** |
36 (10.8) |
11 (23.4) |
4 (23.5) |
|
27 (9.6) |
9 (17.0) |
Laboratory findinga |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Elevated ESR |
170 (49.4) |
18 (40.0) |
152 (50.8) |
13 (36.1) |
5 (55.6) |
|
125 (49.4) |
27 (58.7) |
Elevated CRP |
106 (30.8) |
18 (40.0) |
88 (29.4) |
12 (33.3) |
6 (66.7) |
|
73 (28.9) |
15 (32.6) |
a: There were 344 patients having laboratory findings, including 45 males (36 patients in ≤40 years subgroup and 9 in>40 years subgroup) and 299 females (253 patients in ≤40 years subgroup and 46 in>40 years subgroup). ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (normal reference value<20 mm/1 h); CRP: C-reactive protein (normal reference value<10 mg/L). *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs female group; △P<0.05, △△P<0.01 vs>40 years subgroup of the same gender group |
|
表 2 不同性别和发病年龄大动脉炎患者的临床特点、并发症与实验室检查结果
Tab 2 Manifestations, complications and laboratory findings of Takayasu arteritis patients with different genders and ages
|
2.4 并发症
397例大动脉炎患者中常见的并发症依次为高血压、动脉瘤形成和主动脉瓣反流,与女性患者比较,男性患者更常出现(χ2=4.076、15.210、7.644,P均<0.05)。除高血压外,在不同年龄亚组之间其他并发症的发生率差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。见表 2。
2.5 实验室检查结果
344例大动脉炎患者检测了红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)和C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP),男45例、女299例,≤40岁亚组和>40岁亚组分别为36例和9例、253例和46例。男女患者及各年龄亚组之间ESR和CRP的升高率差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。见表 2。
2.6 影像学检查
397例大动脉炎患者最常见的主动脉受累部位为腹主动脉,主动脉分支血管中颈总动脉受累最常见,其次为锁骨下动脉和肾动脉。相比女性患者,男性患者更易累及肾动脉、升主动脉(χ2=11.194、3.877,P均<0.05),较少累及颈总动脉、椎动脉和锁骨下动脉(χ2=16.016、8.416、7.752,P均<0.01)。≤40岁男性患者最常受累血管为肾动脉(29例,61.7%),但与>40岁亚组相比差异无统计学意义(P=0.061),较少累及颈总动脉、椎动脉和锁骨下动脉(χ2=4.491、6.793、10.814,P均<0.05);女性患者2个年龄亚组之间受累血管部位差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。见表 3。
表 3
(Tab 3)
表 3 不同性别和发病年龄大动脉炎患者的血管受累情况和临床分型
Tab 3 Vascular involvement and clinical classification of Takayasu arteritis patients with different genders and ages
n (%) |
Index |
Total N=397 |
Male N=64 |
Female N=333 |
Male |
|
Female |
≤40 years N=47 |
>40 years N=17 |
≤40 years N=280 |
>40 years N=53 |
Vessel |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Carotid artery |
238 (59.9) |
24 (37.5)** |
214 (64.3) |
14 (29.8)△ |
10 (58.8) |
|
180 (64.3) |
34 (64.2) |
Vertebral artery |
123 (31.0) |
10 (15.6)** |
113 (33.9) |
4 (8.5)△ |
6 (35.3) |
|
94 (33.6) |
19 (35.8) |
Subclavian artery |
212 (53.4) |
24 (37.5)** |
188 (56.5) |
12 (25.5)△△ |
12 (70.6) |
|
163 (58.2) |
25 (47.2) |
Innominate artery |
42 (10.6) |
3 (4.7) |
39 (11.7) |
2 (4.3) |
1 (5.9) |
|
37 (13.2) |
2 (3.8) |
Ascending aorta |
41 (10.3) |
11 (17.2)* |
30 (9.0) |
7 (14.9) |
4 (23.5) |
|
24 (8.6) |
6 (11.3) |
Aortic arch |
39 (9.8) |
8 (12.5) |
31 (9.3) |
5 (10.6) |
3 (17.6) |
|
24 (8.6) |
7 (13.2) |
Thoracic descendingaorta |
88 (22.2) |
15 (23.4) |
73 (21.9) |
9 (19.1) |
6 (35.3) |
|
65 (23.2) |
8 (15.1) |
Abdominal aorta |
166 (41.8) |
28 (43.7) |
138 (41.4) |
21 (44.7) |
7 (41.2) |
|
118 (42.1) |
20 (37.7) |
Renal artery |
144 (36.3) |
35 (54.7)** |
109 (32.7) |
29 (61.7) |
6 (35.3) |
|
96 (34.3) |
13 (24.5) |
Pulmonary artery |
11 (2.8) |
3 (4.7) |
8 (2.4) |
2 (4.3) |
1 (5.9) |
|
6 (2.1) |
2 (3.8) |
Classification |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ⅰ |
155 (39.0) |
14 (21.9)** |
141 (42.3) |
7 (14.9)△ |
7 (41.2) |
|
118 (42.1) |
23 (43.4) |
Ⅱa |
24 (6.0) |
9 (14.1)** |
15 (4.5) |
7 (14.9) |
2 (11.8) |
|
11 (3.9) |
4 (7.5) |
Ⅱb |
14 (3.5) |
1 (1.6) |
13 (3.9) |
1 (2.1) |
0 ( |
|
12 (4.3) |
1 (1.9) |
Ⅲ |
20 (5.0) |
2 (3.1) |
18 (5.4) |
1 (2.1) |
1 (5.9) |
|
16 (5.7) |
2 (3.8) |
Ⅳ |
84 (21.2) |
21 (32.8)* |
63 (18.9) |
21 (44.7)△△ |
0 ( |
|
56 (20.0) |
7 (13.2) |
Ⅴ |
100 (25.2) |
17 (26.6) |
83 (24.9) |
10 (21.3) |
7 (41.2) |
|
67 (23.9) |
16 (30.2) |
*P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs female group; △P<0.05, △△P<0.01 vs>40 years subgroup of the same gender group |
|
表 3 不同性别和发病年龄大动脉炎患者的血管受累情况和临床分型
Tab 3 Vascular involvement and clinical classification of Takayasu arteritis patients with different genders and ages
|
2.7 临床分型
397例大动脉炎患者以Ⅰ型最多,其次是Ⅴ型和Ⅳ型。相较女性患者,男性患者中Ⅱa型和Ⅳ型更多见(χ2=8.634、6.212,P均<0.05),Ⅰ型少见(χ2=9.449,P<0.01)。男性患者≤40岁亚组与>40岁亚组相比Ⅳ型更多见(χ2=11.305,P<0.01),Ⅰ型较少见(χ2=5.046,P<0.05);女性患者2个年龄亚组之间临床分型差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。见表 3。
3 讨论
大动脉炎在全世界范围内均有分布,多见于东亚及中东国家,越来越多的资料表明大动脉炎在不同人种其受累血管、临床特征及预后均有差异[6]。一项对法国白人、北非人和黑人大动脉炎患者资料的研究发现,白人40岁以上发病者更多,而北非人并发缺血性脑卒中比例更高且预后更差[7]。大动脉炎男女均可患病,好发于40岁以下的年轻女性,40岁以后较少发病[6]。在本研究中,男女患者比例为1:5.2,发病年龄主要集中在18~40岁,接近70%,40岁以上发病者占17.6%,均与既往文献报道[3, 8-9]相似。
本研究发现大动脉炎男性患者40岁以上发病的比例高于女性,达26.6%,此与国内邓小虎和黄烽[3]的研究结果一致。一项日本全国性大动脉炎注册研究也显示,男性大动脉炎患者发病的中位年龄高于女性患者[2]。然而,目前临床常依据1990年美国风湿病学会大动脉炎分类标准将发病年龄≤40岁作为诊断条件之一,这容易导致漏诊,应予以重视,不能仅因患者发病年龄>40岁而首先排除大动脉炎。此外,发病较晚的大动脉炎应注意与巨细胞动脉炎鉴别,近年发现二者的组织病理学变化基本相同,受累血管分布和临床表现也大同小异,目前对二者的鉴别主要依据发病年龄、有无颞动脉或颅外动脉受累[10]。
本研究中大动脉炎最常见的首发症状是头晕、头痛或晕厥,病程中常见的临床表现依次为脉搏减弱或消失、高血压和头晕,与影像学检查显示颈总动脉、锁骨下动脉和腹主动脉最常受累相符,也与临床分型以Ⅰ型、Ⅴ型和Ⅳ型为主一致。这些大动脉炎临床特点与既往研究报道[3, 8-9]基本相同。进一步分析发现,40岁以下发病的男性患者最常见的临床表现是高血压,且肾动脉受累和Ⅳ型多见,主要为肾缺血引起的肾血管性高血压;女性和40岁以上发病的男性患者常以头晕、头痛或晕厥起病,病程中最多见脉搏减弱或消失,是因为主要累及颈总动脉和锁骨下动脉(Ⅰ型)导致脑和上肢缺血。但是,国内文献报道大动脉炎男女患者出现高血压、脉搏减弱或消失的概率及临床分型无明显差异[3],可能是其病例选择的不同、样本量较小所致。Sharma和Jain[1]报道印度男性大动脉炎患者更常见高血压和腹主动脉受累,而女性患者主动脉弓及其分支受累更为多见。日本大规模大动脉炎注册研究也显示,与女性患者相比,男性大动脉炎患者高血压的发生率更高,临床分型更多见Ⅳ型[2]。可见,2个东亚国家的结论与本研究基本一致,并且邓小虎和黄烽[3]报道男性大动脉炎也最常被误诊为高血压,男性如果(尤其是年轻男性)出现高血压,女性如果出现头晕、头痛和脉搏减弱或消失,更应仔细地寻找证据以诊断或排除大动脉炎。
大动脉炎主要的并发症是高血压、主动脉瓣反流和动脉瘤形成。本研究发现男性大动脉炎患者3种并发症的发生率均高于女性患者,除高血压外其他并发症在不同发病年龄亚组之间差异均无统计学意义。Yang等[11]报道中国男性大动脉炎患者更常出现动脉瘤形成。日本的大动脉炎注册研究显示男性患者高血压和动脉瘤形成的发生率高于女性患者,出现并发症的人均次数也多于女性[2]。以上结果表明虽然大动脉炎男性发病率低于女性,但是男性患者并发症更多,预后可能更差。与此相反,国内邓小虎和黄烽[3]报道女性大动脉炎患者出现2种或2种以上主要并发症的比例高于男性患者,另有研究显示大动脉炎男女患者及不同年龄组之间主要并发症的发生率差异无统计学意义[12],我们推测患者的选择性偏倚、样本量、病程长短不一可能是导致结论不同的原因。
目前病理学检查是判断大动脉炎活动性的金标准,尚缺乏一个可靠的血清标志物判断大动脉炎的病情活动。ESR和CRP升高往往预示着大动脉炎活动,然而部分患者尽管临床症状和炎性指标提示病情缓解但病理学检查仍有活动性损伤。本研究中不同性别与发病年龄的大动脉炎患者之间,ESR和CRP升高患者比例均无明显差异,由于ESR与CRP均正常时局部血管炎症仍可能持续进展,因此不能认为性别和年龄与大动脉炎活动性无关。另外,2011年《大动脉炎诊断及治疗指南》提出糖皮质激素和(或)免疫抑制剂治疗也是需要考虑的可能影响大动脉炎患者炎性指标的因素[13]。
总之,大动脉炎男性患者40岁以上发病率高于女性,发病年龄≤40岁的男性患者以高血压、肾动脉受累和Ⅳ型最为多见。女性及40岁以上发病的男性患者多以头晕、头痛或晕厥起病,最常见脉搏减弱或消失、颈总动脉和锁骨下动脉受累及Ⅰ型,男性患者主要并发症(高血压、动脉瘤形成和主动脉瓣反流)的发生率高于女性。临床工作中应注意不同性别和发病年龄的大动脉炎患者的这些临床特点,从而早期诊断、早期治疗,改善预后。
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