第二军医大学学报  2019, Vol. 40 Issue (4): 367-371   PDF    
成人脊柱侧凸矫形术后近端交界性后凸的影响因素分析
胡文Δ, 李博Δ, 周潇逸, 杨明园, 翟骁, 赵颖川, 陈自强, 李明     
海军军医大学(第二军医大学)长海医院骨科脊柱外科, 上海 200433
摘要: 目的 测量成人脊柱侧凸患者脊柱矢状位参数和骨盆参数,探讨矫形术后发生近端交界性后凸(PJK)的主要因素。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月至2016年9月于我院接受手术治疗的45例成人脊柱侧凸患者的病例资料。根据近端交界角(PJA)是否>20°将患者分为PJK组和非PJK组。在脊柱正侧位X线片上测量两组患者术前、术后1周和末次随访时的胸椎后凸角(TK)、胸腰椎后凸角(TLK)、腰椎前凸角(LL)、矢状面躯干偏移(SVA)、骨盆投射角(PI)、骨盆倾斜角(PT)和骶骨倾斜角(SS)。采用logistic多元回归分析探讨成人脊柱侧凸矫形术后发生PJK的主要影响因素。结果 PJK组19例、非PJK组26例。两组患者在性别、年龄、随访时间、上端固定椎位置、下端固定椎位置方面差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。PJK组患者末次随访时LL、末次随访时SVA、术前PT、末次随访时PT均大于非PJK组,术前SS、末次随访时SS均小于非PJK组,差异均有统计学意义(P均 < 0.05),其他参数在两组间差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。Logistic多元回归分析显示,术前TK、末次随访时TK、末次随访时LL、末次随访时PT、术前SS是成人脊柱侧凸矫形术后发生PJK的主要影响因素(P均 < 0.05)。结论 术前TK、末次随访时TK、末次随访时LL、末次随访时PT、术前SS是成人脊柱侧凸患者矫形术后发生PJK的主要影响因素。
关键词: 近端交界性后凸    成人脊柱侧凸    脊柱矢状位参数    骨盆参数    
Influencing factors of proximal junctional kyphosis in adult scoliosis patients after surgery
HU WenΔ, LI BoΔ, ZHOU Xiao-yi, YANG Ming-yuan, ZHAI Xiao, ZHAO Ying-chuan, CHEN Zi-qiang, LI Ming     
Department of Spine Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University(Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
Supported by Project of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (16DZ0504000).
ΔCo-first authors
Abstract: Objective To measure the spinal sagittal parameters and pelvic parameters of adult scoliosis patients, and to explore the influencing factors of proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) after surgery. Methods The clinical data of 45 adult scoliosis patients, who underwent surgical treatment in our hospital from Jan. 2014 to Sep. 2016, were retrospectively analyzed. The participants were divided into PJK group and non-PJK group according to whether proximal junctional angle (PJA) was >20°. Before operation, at 1 week after operation and at the last follow-up, the thoracic kyphosis (TK), thoracolumbar kyphosis (TLK), lumbar lordosis (LL), sagittal vertical axis (SVA), pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT) and sacral slope (SS) were measured and analyzed on the anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of the spine. The main influencing factors of PJK in adult scoliosis patients after surgery were analyzed using logistic multivariate regression analysis. Results Nineteen patients were enrolled in the PJK group and 26 in the non-PJK group. There were no significant differences in the gender, age, follow-up time, upper instrumented vertebra or lower instrumented vertebra between the two groups (all P>0.05). Compared with the non-PJK group, the LL, SVA and PT at the last follow-up, and PT before operation were significantly larger in the PJK group, and the SS before operation and at the last follow-up were significantly lower (all P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the other parameters between the two groups (all P>0.05). Logistic multivariate regression analysis showed that TK and SS before operation, and TK, LL and PT at the last follow-up were the main influencing factors of PJK. Conclusion TK and SS before operation, and TK, LL and PT at the last follow-up are the main influencing factors of PJK.
Key words: proximal junctional kyphosis    adult scoliosis    spinal sagittal parameters    pelvic parameters    

成人脊柱侧凸是骨骼成熟后发生的脊柱畸形,通常需要手术矫正,目的是矫正矢状面和冠状面的平衡,阻止侧凸进一步发展,改善患者的生活质量。随着后路矫形器械的广泛应用,矫形术后近端交界性后凸(proximal junctional kyphosis,PJK)成为矫形术后常见的并发症之一[1-3],也是目前的研究热点之一。

1994年,Lowe和Kasten[4]在对休门病后凸矫形术后随访过程中首次详细描述了PJK。2005年,Glattes等[5]将PJK定义为术后近端交界区后凸角>10°,且与术前相比增加10°以上。2013年,Bridwell等[6]提出以交界区矢状位Cobb角>20°作为标准能更好地描述PJK。2015年,国际脊柱侧凸研究学会(Scoliosis Research Society,SRS)将PJK的诊断标准修正为近端交界角(proximal junctional angle,PJA)>20°[7]。随着PJK的进展,PJK导致的邻近节段疼痛、内固定失败、椎体滑脱甚至骨折给患者及其家庭带来了巨大的痛苦和经济负担。本研究回顾性分析成人脊柱侧凸患者的胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis,TK)、胸腰椎后凸角(thoracolumbar kyphosis,TLK)、腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)、矢状面躯干偏移(sagittal vertical axis,SVA)、骨盆投射角(pelvic incidence,PI)、骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT)和骶骨倾斜角(sacral slope,SS)与术后PJK的关系,探讨成人脊柱侧凸患者术后发生PJK的危险因素。

1 资料和方法 1.1 纳入标准

收集并分析我院2014年1月至2016年9月行后路椎弓根螺钉内固定手术的成人脊柱侧凸患者的病例资料。纳入标准:(1)成人脊柱侧凸;(2)年龄>50岁;(3)有手术指征且行后路椎弓根螺钉内固定并进行植骨融合;(4)有站立位脊柱全长X线片;(5)随访至少2年。排除特发性脊柱侧凸、感染、肿瘤或既往有脊柱手术史的患者。根据PJA是否>20°将患者分为PJK组和非PJK组。本研究通过我院伦理委员会审批。

1.2 数据采集

收集人口统计学资料,包括年龄、性别。统计随访时间、上端固定椎(upper instrumented vertebra,UIV)位置、下端固定椎(lower instrumented vertebra,LIV)位置。分别于术前、术后1周和末次随访时测量TK(T5椎体上终板与T12椎体下终板之间的Cobb角)、TLK(T10椎体上终板与L2椎体下终板之间的Cobb角)、LL(L1椎体上终板与S1椎体上终板之间的Cobb角)、SVA(C7椎体中点矢状铅垂线与S1椎体后上角的水平距离)、PT(铅垂线与股骨头中心连线中点和骶骨终板中点连线之间的夹角)、PI(股骨头中心连线中点和骶骨终板中点的连线与骶骨终板垂线之间的夹角)、SS(水平线与骶骨终板切线间夹角)。

1.3 统计学处理

用SPSS 19.0软件进行数据处理。呈正态分布的计量资料以x±s表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验;呈偏态分布的计量资料以中位数(下四分位数,上四分位数)表示,两组间比较采用Mann whitney U检验;计数资料以例数和百分数表示,两组间比较采用χ2检验。采用logistic多元回归分析探讨成人脊柱侧凸矫形术后发生PJK的主要影响因素。检验水准(α)为0.05。

2 结果 2.1 两组患者各参数的比较

纳入成人脊柱侧凸患者45例,男22例、女23例,平均年龄为(57.07±5.81)岁,平均随访时间为(3.84±0.90)年。19例患者并发PJK,男9例、女10例,平均年龄为(58.05±6.26)岁,平均随访时间为(3.84±1.01)年,UIV为T9者6例、T10者5例、T11者3例、T12者5例,LIV为L4者12例、L5者2例、S1者5例;26例患者无PJK,男13例、女13例,平均年龄为(56.35±5.47)岁,平均随访时间为(3.85±0.83)年,UIV为T9者8例、T10者3例、T11者8例、T12者4例、L1者3例,LIV为L4者14例、L5者6例、S1者6例。两组患者在性别、年龄、随访时间、上端固定椎位置、下端固定椎位置方面差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。PJK组患者末次随访时LL、末次随访时SVA、术前PT、末次随访时PT均大于非PJK组,术前SS、末次随访时SS均小于非PJK组,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05),其他参数在两组间差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。见表 1

表 1 成人脊柱侧凸矩形术后PJK与非PJK患者基本资料、脊柱矢状位参数及骨盆参数的比较 Tab 1 Comparison of general characteristics and spinal sagittal parameters and pelvic parameters between PJK and non-PJK groups

2.2 成人脊柱侧凸矫形术后发生PJK的影响因素

Logistic多元回归分析显示,术前TK、末次随访时TK、末次随访时LL、末次随访时PT、术前SS是成人脊柱侧凸矫形术后发生PJK的主要影响因素(P均<0.05)。见表 2

表 2 Logistic回归分析成人脊柱侧凸矫形术后发生PJK的影响因素 Tab 2 Influencing factors of PJK in adult scoliosis patients after surgery using logistic regression analysis

3 讨论

本研究单因素分析显示,成人脊柱侧凸患者矫形术后并发PJK组及无PJK组末次随访时LL、末次随访时SVA差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。既往研究发现随访LL、随访SVA与PJK的发生有明显的相关性,患者的PJK越严重,则身体越会前倾,而引起脊柱矢状位的失平衡,导致SVA的改变[8-9]

本研究结果亦显示,成人脊柱侧凸患者矫形术后并发PJK组与无PJK组术前PT、末次随访时PT、术前SS、末次随访时SS的差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05),与Nicholls等[10]的研究结果一致。矫形术后并发PJK的成人脊柱侧凸患者骨盆旋转的同时伴有PT增大和SS减小,从而弥补骨盆旋转的影响。然而,术前、术后和末次随访时PI在成人脊柱侧凸患者矫形术后并发PJK组与无PJK组差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05),这与Lonner等[11]的研究结果一致,进一步证实了PI在成年后保持不变,PI不是矢状位的补偿机制。

Park等[12]通过多因素分析发现UIV位于胸腰段是PJK的危险因素,Lafage等[13]也发现UIV位于胸腰段的患者术后PJK发生率显著增高。因为胸腰段为应力交界区,承接着相对固定的胸椎和活动度较大的腰椎,容易发生交界性后凸,因此在临床工作中,我们也认为不应在胸腰椎交接区选择UIV。但本研究结果显示,成人脊柱侧凸患者矫形术后并发PJK组与无PJK组在UIV的选择方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),可能原因是本研究纳入病例多数选择胸腰段为UIV。

Logistic回归分析显示,术前TK、末次随访时TK、末次随访时LL、末次随访时PT、术前SS是成人脊柱侧凸患者矫形术后发生PJK的主要影响因素。一方面,TK与LL在矢状位保持平衡,如果TK过大,势必造成UIV近端的应力增加,导致术后PJK的风险增加[14];其次LL过大可能导致骨盆矢状位前倾,PJK代偿以恢复矢状位平衡。另一方面,后凸畸形的过度矫正也有可能导致腰椎前凸减少,与PI不相匹配,这种不匹配导致PJK的风险增加[14]。骨盆参数PT和SS决定骨盆的位置,术前的SS相对固定,这样PT决定骨盆的倾斜,随着骨盆位置的改变而变化,在侧凸矫形术后能通过骨盆的倾斜代偿脊柱矢状位的平衡[15]。因此,在成人脊柱侧凸矫形术中应综合考量脊柱矢状位参数和骨盆参数,防止PJK的发生。

本研究仍有如下不足:(1)样本量小,随访时间短;(2)由于PJK还可能与骨质疏松、手术过程中棘突韧带保留程度有关[16-18],而本研究未纳入骨质疏松、术中后方复合体保留程度等相关因素。因此,今后仍需开展大规模、多中心、随访时间较长的临床研究。

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