第二军医大学学报  2019, Vol. 40 Issue (12): 1393-1397   PDF    
比较全身麻醉单纯应用七氟烷、七氟烷复合丙泊酚及七氟烷复合右美托咪定对患者术后认知功能的影响
杨君君, 赵嫣红, 刘健慧     
同济大学附属同济医院麻醉科, 上海 200065
摘要: 目的 比较全身麻醉单纯应用七氟烷、七氟烷复合丙泊酚及七氟烷复合右美托咪定对患者术后认知功能的影响。方法 选择择期行腹腔镜子宫肌瘤切除术的患者90例,年龄为18~65岁,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级为Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级。采用随机数字表法将90例患者分为3组:七氟烷组、七氟烷复合丙泊酚组和七氟烷复合右美托咪定组,每组30例。3组患者麻醉诱导药物相同。七氟烷组患者以1~1.2最低肺泡有效浓度(MAC)七氟烷维持;七氟烷复合丙泊酚组以0.5 MAC七氟烷维持,并靶控输注丙泊酚(目标血药浓度为2~3 μg/mL);七氟烷复合右美托咪定组以0.5 MAC七氟烷维持,并静脉泵注右美托咪定负荷剂量1 μg/kg(泵注10 min),然后按照0.2 μg/(kg·h)的剂量持续泵注右美托咪定至手术结束前30 min。分别于术前1 d和术后7 d测试3组患者的认知功能,并于术前和术后24 h测定血浆水平。结果 3组患者的年龄、体质量指数、术前简易智力状态检查量表评分、手术时间和出血量差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。七氟烷复合右美托咪定组患者术后7 d的霍普金斯视觉学习测试(HVLT1)和数字广度测试(FSDT)评分[(23.22±4.75)分、(2.39±0.69)分]均高于七氟烷组[(21.00±4.96)分、(2.17±0.39)分],但低于七氟烷复合丙泊酚组[(24.89±6.20)分、(2.84±0.96)分],差异均有统计学意义(P均 < 0.05)。七氟烷复合右美托咪定组患者术后24 h血浆白细胞介素6(IL-6)水平[(19.93±10.04)pg/mL]低于七氟烷组[(36.06±17.03)pg/mL]、七氟烷复合丙泊酚组[(39.99±19.39)pg/mL],差异均有统计学意义(P均 < 0.05)。结论 与全身麻醉单纯应用七氟烷、七氟烷复合丙泊酚相比,全射麻醉应用七氟烷复合右美托咪定的患者有更好的术后认知功能,其可能与术后IL-6的低水平有关。
关键词: 全身麻醉    右美托咪定    七氟烷    丙泊酚    白细胞介素6    
Comparison of postoperative cognitive function in patients undergoing general anesthesia using sevoflurane alone, sevoflurane plus propofol and sevoflurane plus dexmedetomidine
YANG Jun-jun, ZHAO Yan-hong, LIU Jian-hui     
Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
Abstract: Objective To compare the postoperative cognitive function of patients undergoing general anesthesia using three strategies:sevoflurane alone, sevoflurane plus propofol, and sevoflurane plus dexmedetomidine. Methods Ninety patients aged 18 to 65 years who were scheduled to undergo laparoscopic hysteromyomectomy were selected for this study. The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) was classified as Grade Ⅰ or Grade Ⅱ. Ninety patients were divided into three groups by random number table:sevoflurane group, sevoflurane-propofol group and sevoflurane-dexmedetomidine group, with 30 patients in each group. The induction drugs of anesthesia were the same in the three groups. Sevoflurane group was maintained with 1-1.2 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) sevoflurane; sevoflurane-propofol group was maintained with 0.5 MAC sevoflurane and target controlled infusion propofol (target blood concentration was 2-3 μg/mL); and sevoflurane-dexmedetomidine group was maintained with 0.5 MAC sevoflurane, intravenous pump loading dose of dexmedetomidine was 1 μg/kg (pump infusion for 10 min), and dexmedetomidine was continuously pumped at a dose of 0.2 μg/(kg·h) until 30 min before the end of the operation. Cognitive function was measured 1 d before operation and 7 d after operation, and plasma levels of inflammatory factors were measured before operation and 24 h after operation. Results There were no significant differences in age, body mass index, preoperative score of mini-mental state examination scale, operation time or blood loss among the three groups (all P>0.05). The Hopkins visual learning test (HVLT1) and forward digit span test (FSDT) scores 7 d after operation (23.22±4.75, 2.39±0.69) were significantly higher in the sevoflurane-dexmedetomidine group than those in the sevoflurane group (21.00±4.96, 2.17±0.39), but lower than those in the sevoflurane-propofol group (24.89±6.20, 2.84±0.96), and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). The plasma interleukin 6 (IL-6) level ([19.93±10.04] pg/mL) in the sevoflurane-dexmedetomidine group was significantly lower than those in the sevoflurane group ([36.06±17.03] pg/mL, P < 0.05) and sevoflurane-propofol group ([39.99±19.39] pg/mL, P < 0.05). Conclusion Compared with sevoflurane alone and sevoflurane plus propofol, patients with sevoflurane plus dexmedetomidine for general anesthesia have better postoperative cognitive function, which may be related to the low level of IL-6 after surgery.
Key words: general anesthesia    dexmedetomidine    sevoflurane    propofol    interleukin 6    

术后认知功能障碍(post-operative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)是以记忆力、注意力、语言理解能力、信息处理及社交能力受损为主要特征的常见手术麻醉并发症,发病率高达5%~15%[1],会对患者的身心状态造成不良影响,甚至增加患者死亡率,因此探讨如何降低其发生率具有重要意义。研究证实高龄是POCD的主要危险因素[2]。七氟烷是临床最常用的吸入麻醉药,其对认知功能的影响与药物浓度和作用时间有关[3]。POCD的发病机制并不明确,可能与术后炎性介质的释放有关[4]。研究表明右美托咪定可在全身麻醉诱导期抑制强烈的插管刺激,在维持期减少吸入麻醉剂和静脉麻醉剂的使用剂量,在苏醒期可抑制拔管时的强烈刺激,从而使围手术期血流动力学更加平稳,降低全身麻醉苏醒期躁动的发生率;其因镇静、镇痛、抗焦虑、抗交感神经作用可有效减轻应激反应、降低促炎细胞因子的分泌,从而降低POCD的发生率[5-6],在危重患者中有很好的应用前景。本研究比较了全身麻醉单纯应用七氟烷、七氟烷复合丙泊酚及七氟烷复合右美托咪定对患者术后认知功能的影响,为临床应用提供参考。

1 资料和方法 1.1 临床资料

本研究通过我院伦理委员会审批,患者和家属均签署知情同意书。选择择期行腹腔镜子宫肌瘤切除术的患者90例,患者年龄≥18岁,美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)分级为Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级。术前简易智力状态检查(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)量表评分≥24分,既往无酗酒、药物依赖、精神或神经系统疾病史,无阿尔茨海默病,无严重的视力或听力损害,无终末期疾病。采用随机数字表法将患者分为3组:七氟烷组、七氟烷复合丙泊酚组和七氟烷复合右美托咪定组,每组30例。

1.2 研究方法

患者入手术室后开放外周静脉,常规监测心电图、血氧饱和度,并监测有创动脉血压和脑电双频指数(bispectral index,BIS)。麻醉诱导:静脉注射咪达唑仑(0.04~0.05 mg/kg)、舒芬太尼(0.2~0.3 μg/kg)、依托咪酯(0.3 mg/kg)和顺式阿曲库铵(0.15 mg/kg)。麻醉诱导后行气管插管。患者机械通气并维持呼气末二氧化碳分压在35~45 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)。在常规全身麻醉诱导后,七氟烷组患者以1~1.2最低肺泡有效浓度(minimum alveolar concentration,MAC)七氟烷维持;七氟烷复合丙泊酚组以0.5 MAC七氟烷维持,并靶控输注丙泊酚(目标血药浓度为2~3 μg/mL);七氟烷复合右美托咪定组以0.5 MAC七氟烷维持,并静脉泵注右美托咪定负荷剂量1 μg/kg(泵注10 min),然后按照0.2 μg/(kg • h)持续泵注右美托咪定至手术结束前30 min。所有患者在术中持续泵注瑞芬太尼[0.1~0.2 μg/(kg • min)]、间断给予顺式阿曲库铵。术中维持BIS值为40~60和血流动力学稳定。

1.3 观察指标与评估方法

所有患者在术前1 d和术后7 d进行认知功能测试,包括霍普金斯视觉学习测试(Hopkins visual learning test,HVLT1)、霍普金斯视觉学习延迟回忆测试(Hopkins visual learning delayed memory test,HVLT2)、短暂的视觉空间记忆测试(brief visual spatial memory test,BVMT1)、短暂的视觉空间延迟回忆测试(brief visual spatial delayed memory test,BVMT2)、数序连线测试(trail making test,TMT)、数字广度测试(forward digit span test,FSDT)、本顿判断线定位试验(Benton judgment of line orientation test,JLOT)、Stroop色词测验(Stroop color-word test,STROOP)和语义流畅性测验(verbal fluency test,VFT)。这些测试方法对不同类型的认知障碍高度灵敏,并且广泛应用于神经心理学领域。

所有患者在术前和术后24 h采集静脉血10 mL测定炎性因子浓度,包括C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-6、白细胞介素2受体(interleukin 2 receptor,IL-2R)、IL-8和肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)。血样本通过外周前臂静脉导管抽取并放置在肝素化后的抗凝管内,在30 min内运送至医院实验室,4 ℃、2 000×g离心10 min分离血浆,存放在-80 ℃待测。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(试剂盒购自深圳晶美生物工程有限公司)测定炎性因子水平。

1.4 统计学处理

应用SAS 9.1.3软件进行统计学分析。呈正态分布的计量资料以x±s表示,3组数据的比较采用单因素方差分析,两两比较采用LSD-t法;组内术前、术后24 h数据的比较采用配对t检验。检验水准(α)为0.05。

2 结果 2.1 3组患者基本资料比较

表 1可见,七氟烷组、七氟烷复合丙泊酚组、七氟烷复合右美托咪定组患者的年龄、体质量、体质量指数、术前MMSE量表评分、手术时间和出血量差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。

表 1 3组患者一般资料、手术时间和出血量比较 

2.2 3组患者术前、术后认知功能测试评分比较

3组患者术前1 d的认知功能测试HVLT1、HVLT2、BVMT1、BVMT2、TMT、FSDT、JLOT、STROOP、VFT评分差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。3组患者术后7 d的HVLT1和FSDT评分差异均有统计学意义(F=9.647、9.265,P均<0.05);两两比较结果显示,七氟烷复合右美托咪定组HVLT1和FSDT评分[(24.89±6.20)分、(2.84±0.96)分]均高于七氟烷组[(21.00±4.96)分、(2.17±0.39)分]和七氟烷复合丙泊酚组[(23.22±4.75)分、(2.39±0.69)分],差异均有统计学意义(HVLT1评分LSD-t=2.30、2.09,FSDT评分LSD-t=2.04、2.26;P均<0.05);术后7 d与术前1 d其余各项测试评分差值在3组间差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。见表 2

表 2 各组患者术前1 d和术后7 d认知功能测试评分比较 

2.3 3组患者术前、术后血浆炎性因水平子比较

3组患者术前血浆IL-6、TNF、CRP、IL-2R、IL-8水平差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05),术后24 h 3组患者的IL-6和CRP水平均升高(七氟烷组t=5.088、3.754,P=0.001、0.005;七氟烷复合丙泊酚组t=4.191、3.151,P=0.002、0.012;七氟烷复合美托咪定组t=2.942、3.059,P=0.016、0.014)。七氟烷复合右美托咪定组患者术后24 h的IL-6水平低于七氟烷组、七氟烷复合丙泊酚组,差异均有统计学意义(LSD-t=2.27、2.59,P均<0.05);七氟烷复合右美托咪定组患者术后24 h的CRP水平也低于七氟烷组、七氟烷复合丙泊酚组,但差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05);术后24 h的TNF、IL-2R、IL-8水平在3组间差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。见表 3

表 3 3组患者术前和术后24 h血浆炎性因子水平的比较 

3 讨论

患者的原发疾病、术前的焦虑情绪和手术麻醉的创伤刺激都会导致POCD[7]。神经内分泌和交感神经系统的相互作用促进炎性因子释放,特别是神经系统的非特异性炎症反应,可能会导致POCD[8-9]。临床研究表明接受全髋关节置换术的老年患者术后7 d时POCD发生率为24.6%,POCD组脑脊液中炎性因子IL-1β水平高于非POCD组(P<0.05)[10]。与重大创伤手术如开胸剖腹探查术或骨科手术相比,腹腔镜手术被认为是创伤相对较小的手术。但有研究报道腹腔镜胆囊切除术也可引起炎性介质释放[11]。本研究结果也显示,3组患者腹腔镜子宫肌瘤切除术后24 h IL-6水平均较术前升高,但七氟烷复合右美托咪定组患者IL-6水平低于七氟烷组、七氟烷复合丙泊酚组。本研究结果亦显示,与七氟烷组和七氟烷复合丙泊酚组相比,七氟烷复合右美托咪定组患者HVLT1和FSDT两项评分均较高,表明全身麻醉应用七氟烷复合右美托咪定的患者有较好的术后认知功能。因此,推测在中年女性患者腹腔镜手术中抑制IL-6的释放可能对防止术后认知功能损伤有重要意义。

本研究的局限性在于样本量较小且仅观察了术后7 d内的POCD发生情况。所以,目前尚不能明确术后认知功能的损伤是由于七氟烷的长效作用,还是由于七氟烷的直接毒性作用[12]。本研究结果对于进一步探讨七氟烷对人认知功能的潜在影响有一定的指导意义,后续将进一步扩大样本量并进行术后更长时间的随访以明确麻醉药物对POCD的作用。

综上所述,与全身麻醉单纯应用七氟烷、七氟烷复合丙泊酚相比,全身麻醉应用七氟烷复合右美托咪定的患者有更好的术后认知功能,其可能与术后IL-6的低水平有关。

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