第二军医大学学报  2019, Vol. 40 Issue (10): 1103-1110   PDF    
中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值与老年急性冠状动脉综合征患者近期预后的关系
陆政日1, 马根山1,2, 陈立娟1,2     
1. 东南大学医学院, 南京 210009;
2. 东南大学附属中大医院心血管内科, 南京 210009
摘要: 目的 探讨中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)与老年急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者近期预后的关系。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2017年10月东南大学附属中大医院心血管内科收治的老年ACS患者资料。所有患者均经冠状动脉造影检查,并结合临床症状、心肌坏死标志物及心电图进行确诊。根据入院后即时(4 h内)NLR,将最终纳入研究的500例老年ACS患者按NLR三分位数分为3组:NLR≤3.337组(n=169),NLR 3.338~6.166组(n=167),NLR≥6.167组(n=164)。研究的主要终点事件为住院期间和随访期间全因死亡,次要结果为住院期间发生的主要不良心脑血管事件(MACCE)、住院时间及左心室射血分数(LVEF)。结果 NLR≤3.337组、NLR 3.338~6.166组和NLR≥6.167组患者住院时间分别为8(6,11)、9(7,11)、10(8,11)d,住院期间LVEF < 50%发生率分别为8.9%(15/169)、14.4%(24/167)、18.3%(30/164),LVEF分别为(57.78±12.15)%、(54.71±11.73)%、(53.56±13.38)%,3组之间差异均有统计学意义(P均 < 0.05)。500例患者住院期间MACCE发生率为21.6%(108/500),出院后随访6个月共死亡6例,3组患者之间全因死亡率、MACCE发生率差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。多因素Cox比例风险回归模型未发现NLR与全因死亡、MACCE、心源性死亡、心肌梗死、卒中存在关联(P均>0.05);与NLR≤3.337组比较,NLR 3.338~6.166组[风险比(HR)=2.567,95%置信区间(CI)1.558~4.229,P < 0.001]和NLR≥6.167组[HR=1.979,95% CI 1.629~3.524,P=0.019]住院期间发生LVEF < 50%的风险增高。受试者工作特征曲线分析显示NLR评估住院期间LVEF < 50%的曲线下面积为0.652(95% CI 0.603~0.700,P < 0.001),最佳截断值为3.84,此时灵敏度为68.3%,特异度为65.3%。将NLR作为三分类变量纳入多元线性回归模型分析发现较高的NLR水平是住院时间延长的独立影响因素(β=0.181,P < 0.001)。结论 NLR是老年ACS患者住院期间发生LVEF < 50%和住院时间延长的危险因素,而与全因死亡、MACCE无明显关联。
关键词: 急性冠状动脉综合征    老年人    中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值    主要心血管事件    
Relationship between neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and short-term prognosis of elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome
LU Zheng-ri1, MA Gen-shan1,2, CHEN Li-juan1,2     
1. School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China;
2. Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81770231, 81270203), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20161436), Project for Key Medical Laboratory of Jiangsu Province (ZDXKA2016023), and Key Scientific Research Development Plan of Jiangsu Province (BE2016785).
Abstract: Objective To explore the relationship between neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the short-term prognosis of elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods The clinical data of elderly ACS patients, who were hospitalized at Department of Cardiology of Zhongda Hospital Southeast University from Jan. 2015 to Oct. 2017, were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were diagnosed by coronary angiography in combination with clinical symptoms, myocardial necrosis markers and electrocardiogram. According to NLR detected immediately after admission (within 4 h), 500 elderly ACS patients were divided into 3 groups:NLR ≤ 3.337 group (n=169), NLR 3.338-6.166 group (n=167), and NLR ≥ 6.167 group (n=164). The primary endpoints of the study were all-cause deaths during hospitalization and follow-up. The secondary outcomes were major adverse cardio-cerebrovascular events (MACCEs), hospital stay and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Results In NLR ≤ 3.337 group, NLR 3.338-6.166 group and NLR ≥ 6.167 group, the hospital stays were 8 (6, 11) d, 9 (7, 11) d and 10 (8, 11) d, the incidence rates of LVEF < 50% during hospitalization were 8.9% (15/169), 14.4% (24/167) and 18.3% (30/164), and the LVEF values were (57.78±12.15)%, (54.71±11.73)% and (53.56±13.38)%, respectively, and the differences among three groups were significant (all P < 0.05). The incidence of MACCEs was 21.6% (108/500) during hospitalization. Six patients died during a follow-up period of 6 months after discharge. There were no significant differences in all-cause mortality or MACCE incidence among three groups (both P>0.05). Multivariate Cox risk regression model showed that there was no association between NLR and all-cause death, MACCEs, cardiogenic death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (all P>0.05). Compared with the NLR ≤ 3.337 group, the incidence rates of LVEF < 50% during hospitalization were significantly increased in the NLR 3.338-6.166 group (hazard ratio[HR]=2.567, 95% confidence interval[CI] 1.558-4.229, P < 0.001) and the NLR ≥ 6.167 group (HR=1.979, 95% CI 1.629-3.524, P=0.019). Reciever operating characteristic curve showed that area under curve of NLR in evaluating LVEF < 50% during hospitalization was 0.652 (95% CI 0.603-0.700, P < 0.001). The optimal cut-off value of NLR was 3.84, and the sensitivity and specificity were 68.3% and 65.3%, respectively. The multiple linear regression model showed that high NLR was an independent influencing factor of prolonged hospital stay (β=0.181, P < 0.001). Conclusion In elderly ACS patients, NLR is a risk factor of LVEF < 50% during hospitalization and prolonged hospital stay, while it has no significant association with all-cause death and MACCEs.
Key words: acute coronary syndrome    aged    neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio    major cardiovascular events    

急性冠状动脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)是炎症反应、斑块破裂、继发性血栓形成以及血流动力学障碍等多因素引起的急性心肌缺血性疾病,其中炎症反应与ACS动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成、发展和破裂密切相关[1-2],并在心肌修复和心脏重塑的过程中发挥着重要的作用[3]。炎症反应的程度可以通过中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)进行评估[4]。近年来,大量研究证实NLR与炎症反应所引起的心血管疾病存在关联,可用于评估心肌梗死、冠状动脉旁路移植术等心血管疾病的预后[5-8]。NLR对ACS患者近期和远期存活率及ACS后心力衰竭的发展趋势有一定的预测价值[9],还可以反映冠状动脉疾病缺血的严重程度[10]。然而,目前NLR对老年ACS患者预后的评估价值尚不明确,应引起临床医师关注。一方面,老年ACS患者心血管疾病危险因素增多,对药物和介入治疗的依从性更低,因此与年轻患者相比预后更差[11];另一方面,老年患者身体功能衰退的同时还伴随着免疫功能的改变[12],衰老进程中的一个主要特征就是促炎症反应状态慢性进行性升高,这可能影响NLR对老年心血管疾病预后的预测价值。本研究旨在探讨NLR作为一种预后评估因子在老年ACS患者中的应用价值。

1 资料和方法 1.1 研究对象

回顾性分析2015年1月至2017年10月东南大学附属中大医院心血管内科收入住院治疗的ACS患者资料(中国胸痛中心认证数据管理云平台收录)。所有患者均经冠状动脉造影检查,并结合临床症状、心肌坏死标志物和心电图进行确诊。纳入标准:(1)ACS诊断符合欧洲心脏病学会急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)指南[13]和美国心脏病学学院/美国心脏协会非ST段抬高ACS诊断和治疗指南[14];(2)老年人的定义依据世界卫生组织对发展中国家老年人年龄的界定标准(≥60岁)。排除标准:(1)急性、慢性感染者;(2)入院前2周应用抗生素药物治疗者;(3)入院前应用非类固醇类抗炎药、免疫抑制剂或华法林等药物者;(4)患有自身免疫性疾病者;(5)有近期输血史者;(6)患有恶性肿瘤疾病者;(7)入院时发生心脏骤停的幸存者。本研究通过东南大学附属中大医院伦理委员会审批(2017006)。

1.2 资料收集

收集患者入院后即时(4 h内)获得的外周静脉血样中全血细胞计数和生物化学指标。白细胞及其亚型采用全自动生化分析仪(美国Beckman Coulter公司)检测,葡萄糖的测定采用氧化酶法,血脂、血肌酐的测定采用酶化学法。左心室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)采用经胸超声心动图(美国Phillips公司iE33型彩色多普勒心脏超声诊断仪,设置频率1.0~5.0 MHz)检测,心脏彩超由1名高年资、被屏蔽研究内容的超声科医师进行诊断,难以确定时则由第2名被屏蔽研究内容的高年资医师协助诊断。

1.3 终点事件和随访

研究的主要终点事件为住院期间和随访期间全因死亡,次要结果为住院期间发生的主要不良心脑血管事件(major adverse cardio-cerebrovascular events,MACCE)、住院时间及LVEF。MACCE定义为心源性死亡、心肌梗死、心力衰竭和卒中(包括出血性及缺血性)。患者出院后通过电话、复查等方式进行随访,随访时间截至患者出院后6个月,期间若患者死亡则记录死亡原因。

1.4 统计学处理

采用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计学分析。计量资料以Kolmogorov-Smirnov法进行方差齐性分析,符合正态分布和方差齐性的计量资料以x±s表示,组间比较采用单因素方差分析;偏态分布的计量资料以中位数(下四分位数,上四分位数)表示,组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis检验。计数资料以例数和百分数表示,组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率检验。将单因素分析有统计学意义(P < 0.05)的变量纳入多变量Cox比例风险回归模型分析终点事件的预测因子,Cox比例风险回归模型纳入的协变量包括年龄、STEMI/非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,NSTEMI)、收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)、舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)、心率、正在吸烟、糖尿病、肾功能不全、血肌酐、左前降支病变、Killip分级、NLR,采用最大偏似然估计的似然比检验(向后法)进行分析,并计算风险比(hazard ratio,HR)和95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI)。通过受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线确定NLR最佳截断值;采用多元线性回归模型分析住院时间的影响因素。检验水准(α)为0.05。

2 结果 2.1 临床资料

本研究共收集到769例可能符合条件的ACS患者,其中233例患者被排除,余536例中共500例患者临床资料完整(图 1)。最终纳入研究的500例老年ACS患者年龄范围为60~101岁,中位年龄为74岁。根据NLR三分位数将500例老年ACS患者分为3组:NLR≤3.337组(n=169),NLR 3.338~6.166组(n=167),NLR≥6.167(n=164)组。3组患者基线资料中年龄、STEMI患者比例、心率、糖尿病史患者比例、肾功能不全病史患者比例、左前降支病变患者比例差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),其余临床资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表 1

图 1 患者筛选流程图 Fig 1 Flowchart of patient screening ACS: Acute coronary syndrome; NLR: Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio

表 1 老年ACS患者的一般临床资料 Tab 1 General clinical data of elderly ACS patients

2.2 主要终点事件和次要结果

500例患者住院期间MACCE发生率为21.6%(108/500),其中心源性死亡4.6%(23/500)、心肌梗死1.2%(6/500)、脑卒中2.0%(10/500)、心力衰竭13.8%(69/500)。出院后随访6个月,死亡6例,死亡原因包括猝死4例、急性左心衰竭1例、迟发性血栓形成1例。NLR≤3.337组、NLR 3.338~6.166组和NLR≥6.167组患者住院时间分别为8(6,11)、9(7,11)、10(8,11)d,住院期间LVEF<50%发生率分别为8.9%(15/169)、14.4%(24/167)、18.3%(30/164),LVEF分别为(57.78±12.15)%、(54.71±11.73)%、(53.56±13.38)%,3组之间差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);3组患者全因死亡率、住院期间MACCE发生率等比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表 2

表 2 老年ACS患者主要终点事件和次要结果 Tab 2 Primary and secondary outcomes of elderly ACS patients

2.3 NLR与全因死亡和MACCE的关系

多因素Cox比例风险回归模型显示(表 3),NLR作为三分类变量纳入模型分析(校正年龄、STEMI/NSTEMI、SBP、DBP、心率、正在吸烟、糖尿病、肾功能不全、血肌酐、左前降支病变、Killip分级),未发现与全因死亡、MACCE、心源性死亡、心肌梗死、脑卒中存在关联(P>0.05);将其作为连续变量也得到了类似结果。与NLR≤3.337组相比较,NLR 3.338~6.166组[HR=2.567,95% CI:1.558~4.229,P < 0.001]和NLR≥6.167组[HR=1.979,95% CI:1.629~3.524,P=0.019]住院期间发生LVEF<50%的风险增高。将NLR作为连续变量纳入模型后发现其与LVEF<50%有明显关联[HR=0.942,95% CI 0.902~0.984,P=0.007]。利用ROC曲线评估NLR对LVEF<50%的预测价值,曲线下面积为0.652(95% CI 0.603~0.700,P < 0.001),最佳截断值为3.84,此时灵敏度为68.3%、特异度为65.3%。

表 3 多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析老年ACS患者NLR与全因死亡和MACCE的关系 Tab 3 Relationship between NLR and all-cause death and MACCE of elderly ACS patients analyzed by Cox regression model

2.4 NLR与住院时间的关系

以住院时间作为因变量,将年龄、STEMI/NSTEMI、SBP、DBP、心率、正在吸烟、糖尿病、肾功能不全、Killip分级、NLR(连续变量)作为自变量纳入多元线性回归模型分析,研究结果显示,校正年龄、STEMI/NSTEMI、SBP、DBP、心率、正在吸烟、糖尿病、肾功能不全等混杂因素后,Killip分级(β=-0.096,P=0.032)和NLR(β=0.136,P=0.002)是住院时间延长的独立影响因素(表 4);将NLR作为三分类变量纳入多元回归模型分析发现较高的NLR水平是住院时间延长的独立影响因素(β=0.181,P < 0.001)。

表 4 线性回归模型分析老年ACS患者NLR与住院时间的关系 Tab 4 Relationship between NLR and hospital stay of elderly ACS patients analyzed by linear regression model

3 讨论

越来越多的研究证据表明,炎症在动脉粥样硬化的发生和进展过程中发挥着重要作用,参与内皮损伤、粥样斑块形成及破裂等事件的发生[15],其中白细胞、红细胞沉降率、C-反应蛋白和白细胞介素6等炎症指标已被证实与心血管疾病存在密切联系[16-17]。近年来,NLR作为一种潜在的新型指标被认为可用于筛查具有心血管事件发生风险的个体[18-19]。与常规生物化学指标相比,血液标本的体外处理对NLR的影响更小,因此NLR可以更加独立、可靠地预测冠心病患者的预后和死亡风险[20]

Guasti等[21]建议将NLR用于STEMI患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)术后短期和长期死亡率的预测。Tamhane等[19]按照NLR水平将ACS患者分为高、中、低3组,发现在高NLR组(平均年龄61岁)和低NLR组(平均年龄67岁)患者的住院死亡率更高。Muhmmed Suliman等[22]对ACS患者(平均年龄61岁)进行多变量分析发现,随着NLR水平的升高,患者的住院死亡率也随之增加。其他一些研究也发现较高的NLR水平与STEMI或NSTEMI患者的住院死亡率相关[23-24]

老年ACS患者常合并多种疾病且容易并发心力衰竭,尽管有大量文献报道了NLR与ACS患者预后的关系,但少见以单纯老年ACS患者作为研究对象探讨NLR与患者预后关系的研究。本研究结果显示,NLR与老年ACS患者全因死亡和MACCE发生无明显关联。这与既往相关报道结果[19, 22]不一致,推测可能与本研究中纳入的ACS患者年龄较大(中位年龄为74岁)有关。随着年龄的增加,老年患者循环系统、内分泌系统等均出现功能和结构的变化,机体储备功能降低,骨髓造血功能衰退,免疫应答功能降低。研究表明,随着胸腺的退化,老年患者机体免疫细胞增殖能力下降,容易发生凋亡或坏死,导致免疫活性细胞数量降低,其中以T淋巴细胞数量减少最为明显[25]。另外,老年患者慢性合并症较多,难以分析血细胞的减少是否与慢性炎症存在关系。一项评价NLR与PCI患者预后关系的荟萃分析证实了NLR升高所带来的负面影响,但该研究也同时指出,年龄、糖尿病和吸烟等混杂因素削弱了NLR与心血管事件之间的关系[20]。衰老与免疫关系复杂,虽然免疫细胞的总体数量保持稳定,但在老年人群中造血干细胞似乎更偏向于以牺牲淋巴细胞增殖为代价朝髓系细胞分化[26-27]。Chen等[28]报道51岁以上的男性和56岁以上的女性中性粒细胞比例逐渐增加、淋巴细胞比例持续下降、NLR呈稳步上升的趋势。这种基础炎症水平的升高导致老年患者发生急性心血管事件后NLR变化更小,因此与年轻患者相比较,NLR在老年患者中的预后评估效能较低。

以住院时间作为因变量,将年龄、STEMI/NSTEMI、SBP、DBP、心率、正在吸烟、糖尿病、肾功能不全、Killip分级、NLR(连续变量)作为自变量纳入多元线性回归模型分析,发现NLR是住院时间延长的独立影响因素(β=0.136,P < 0.05);将NLR作为三分类变量纳入多元回归模型分析也发现较高的NLR水平是住院时间变化的独立影响因素(β=0.181,P < 0.001)。Ergelen等[29]同样发现较高的NLR与住院时间延长有关。我们认为,NLR作为一种炎症标志物可能与心脏储备功能有关,较高的NLR反映个体较低的功能储备,其院内相关并发症发生风险较高,导致住院时间延长。

本研究还发现,入院时NLR与住院期间LVEF<50%存在明显关联,高NLR水平患者发生LVEF<50%的风险更大;ROC曲线分析发现NLR对LVEF<50%具有一定的预测价值(曲线下面积为0.652,P < 0.001)。由于炎症反应程度越高,组织受到的损伤越大,而在心脏中则表现为大量心肌细胞坏死和心脏重塑,这可以解释NLR和较低LVEF之间的关联。Bekler等[30]在ACS患者中也发现NLR与LVEF之间存在关联。考虑到超声心动图检查结果依赖于操作者,临床实践中无法采用标准化技术测量LVEF,这可能会对研究结果造成混杂影响,因此NLR对老年ACS患者LVEF<50%的预测价值仍有待进一步证实。

本研究通过回顾性分析发现NLR与老年ACS患者住院时间延长和心室收缩功能较差有关,但并不是全因死亡和院内MACCE的良好预测指标。NLR与ACS患者预后结局的关系具有明显的年龄差异性,提示在炎症、免疫及相关心血管疾病差异研究中应将年龄视为重要因素。

参考文献
[1]
LIBBY P. Mechanisms of acute coronary syndromes and their implications for therapy[J]. N Engl J Med, 2013, 368: 2004-2013. DOI:10.1056/NEJMra1216063
[2]
HARTMAN J, FRISHMAN W H. Inflammation and atherosclerosis:a review of the role of interleukin-6 in the development of atherosclerosis and the potential for targeted drug therapy[J]. Cardiol Rev, 2014, 22: 147-151. DOI:10.1097/CRD.0000000000000021
[3]
ANZAI T. Post-infarction inflammation and left ventricular remodeling:a double-edged sword[J]. Circ J, 2013, 77: 580-587. DOI:10.1253/circj.CJ-13-0013
[4]
BALTA S, CELIK T, MIKHAILIDIS D P, OZTURK C, DEMIRKOL S, APARCI M, et al. The relation between atherosclerosis and the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio[J]. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 2016, 22: 405-411. DOI:10.1177/1076029615569568
[5]
AKPEK M, KAYA M G, LAM Y Y, SAHIN O, ELCIK D, CELIK T, et al. Relation of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio to coronary flow to in-hospital major adverse cardiac events in patients with ST-elevated myocardial infarction undergoing primary coronary intervention[J]. Am J Cardiol, 2012, 110: 621-627. DOI:10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.04.041
[6]
SHAH N, PARIKH V, PATEL N, PATEL N, BADHEKA A, DESHMUKH A, et al. Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio significantly improves the Framingham risk score in prediction of coronary heart disease mortality:insights from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-Ⅲ[J]. Int J Cardiol, 2014, 171: 390-397. DOI:10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.12.019
[7]
VERDOIA M, BARBIERI L, DI GIOVINE G, MARINO P, SURYAPRANATA H, DE LUCA G, Novara Atherosclerosis Study Group (NAS). Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and the extent of coronary artery disease:results from a large cohort study[J]. Angiology, 2016, 67: 75-82. DOI:10.1177/0003319715577529
[8]
AYÇA B, AKIN F, CELIK O, SAHIN I, YILDIZ S S, AVCI I I, et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio is related to stent thrombosis and high mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction[J]. Angiology, 2015, 66: 545-552. DOI:10.1177/0003319714542997
[9]
BÖREKÇI A, GÜR M, TÜRKOĞLU C, BAYKAN A O, ŞEKER T, ŞAHIN D Y, et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio predicts left ventricular remodeling in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction after primary percutaneous coronary intervention[J]. Korean Circ J, 2016, 46: 15-22. DOI:10.4070/kcj.2016.46.1.15
[10]
YALCINKAYA E, YUKSEL U C, CELIK M, KABUL H K, BARCIN C, GOKOGLAN Y, et al. Relationship between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and electrocardiographic ischemia grade in STEMI[J]. Arq Bras Cardiol, 2015, 104: 112-119.
[11]
DE LUCA G, DIRKSEN M T, SPAULDING C, KELBÆK H, SCHALIJ M, THUESEN L, et al. Impact of diabetes on long-term outcome after primary angioplasty:insights from the DESERT cooperation[J]. Diabetes Care, 2013, 36: 1020-1025. DOI:10.2337/dc12-1507
[12]
PIOVEGAN R, RIBEIRO S. Inflammaging:inflamação sistêmica e de baixo grau decorrente do envelhecimento[M]. São Paulo, Brazil: Sociedade Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia, 2016: 7.
[13]
IBANEZ B, JAMES S, AGEWALL S, ANTUNES M J, BUCCIARELLI-DUCCI C, BUENO H, et al. 2017 ESC guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation:the Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)[J]. Eur Heart J, 2018, 39: 119-177. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393
[14]
LEVINE G N, BATES E R, BITTL J A, BRINDIS R G, FIHN S D, FLEISHER L A, et al. 2016 ACC/AHA guideline focused update on duration of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery disease:a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines[J]. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2016, 152: 1243-1275. DOI:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.07.044
[15]
ATES A H, CANPOLAT U, YORGUN H, KAYA E B, SUNMAN H, DEMIRI E, et al. Total white blood cell count is associated with the presence, severity and extent of coronary atherosclerosis detected by dual-source multislice computed tomographic coronary angiography[J]. Cardiol J, 2011, 18: 371-377.
[16]
LIBBY P, RIDKER P M, HANSSON G K; Leducq Transatlantic Network on Atherothrombosis. Inflammation in atherosclerosis:from pathophysiology to practice[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2009, 54: 2129-2138. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.09.009
[17]
BUCKLEY D I, FU R, FREEMAN M, ROGERS K, HELFAND M. C-reactive protein as a risk factor for coronary heart disease:a systematic review and meta-analyses for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force[J]. Ann Intern Med, 2009, 151: 483-495. DOI:10.7326/0003-4819-151-7-200910060-00009
[18]
NÚÑEZ J, NÚÑEZ E, BODÍ V, SANCHIS J, MIÑANA G, MAINAR L, et al. Usefulness of the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in predicting long-term mortality in ST segment elevation myocardial infarction[J]. Am J Cardiol, 2008, 101: 747-752. DOI:10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.11.004
[19]
TAMHANE U U, ANEJA S, MONTGOMERY D, ROGERS E K, EAGLE K A, GURM H S. Association between admission neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome[J]. Am J Cardiol, 2008, 102: 653-657. DOI:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.05.006
[20]
WANG X, ZHANG G, JIANG X, ZHU H, LU Z, XU L. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in relation to risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events among patients undergoing angiography or cardiac revascularization:a meta-analysis of observational studies[J]. Atherosclerosis, 2014, 234: 206-213. DOI:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.03.003
[21]
GUASTI L, DENTALI F, CASTIGLIONI L, MARONI L, MARINO F, SQUIZZATO A, et al. Neutrophils and clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes and/or cardiac revascularisation. A systematic review on more than 34, 000 subjects[J]. Thromb Haemost, 2011, 106: 591-599. DOI:10.1160/TH11-02-0096
[22]
MUHMMED SULIMAN M A, BAHNACY JUMA A A, ALI ALMADHANI A A, PATHARE A V, ALKINDI S S, UWE WERNER F. Predictive value of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndrome[J]. Arch Med Res, 2010, 41: 618-622. DOI:10.1016/j.arcmed.2010.11.006
[23]
ÇIÇEK G, AÇIKGOZ S K, BOZBAY M, ALTAY S, UĞUR M, ULUGANYAN M, et al. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and platelet-lymphocyte ratio combination can predict prognosis in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention[J]. Angiology, 2015, 66: 441-447. DOI:10.1177/0003319714535970
[24]
GAZI E, BAYRAM B, GAZI S, TEMIZ A, KIRILMAZ B, ALTUN B, et al. Prognostic value of the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in patients with ST-elevated acute myocardial infarction[J]. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 2015, 21: 155-159. DOI:10.1177/1076029613492011
[25]
PRITZ T, WEINBERGER B, GRUBECK-LOEBENSTEIN B. The aging bone marrow and its impact on immune responses in old age[J]. Immunol Lett, 2014, 162(1 Pt B): 310-315.
[26]
GUBBELS BUPP M R. Sex, the aging immune system, and chronic disease[J]. Cell Immunol, 2015, 294: 102-110. DOI:10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.02.002
[27]
SHAW A C, GOLDSTEIN D R, MONTGOMERY R R. Age-dependent dysregulation of innate immunity[J]. Nat Rev Immunol, 2013, 13: 875-887. DOI:10.1038/nri3547
[28]
CHEN Y, ZHANG Y, ZHAO G, CHEN C, YANG P, YE S, et al. Difference in leukocyte composition between women before and after menopausal age, and distinct sexual dimorphism[J/OL]. PLoS One, 2016, 11: e0162953. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162953.
[29]
ERGELEN M, UYAREL H, ALTAY S, KUL Ş, AYHAN E, ISIK T, et al. Predictive value of elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction[J]. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 2014, 20: 427-432. DOI:10.1177/1076029612473516
[30]
BEKLER A, ERBAG G, SEN H, GAZI E, OZCAN S. Predictive value of elevated neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio for left ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients with non ST-elevated acute coronary syndrome[J]. Pak J Med Sci, 2015, 31: 159-163.