第二军医大学学报  2018, Vol. 39 Issue (6): 687-690   PDF    
儿童血流感染唐菖蒲伯克霍尔德菌的临床特点及其药敏分析
游娟, 杨虎, 鲍连生, 向赟     
华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉儿童医院检验科, 武汉 430016
摘要: 目的 探讨儿童血流感染唐菖蒲伯克霍尔德菌(B. gladioli)的临床特点及其药敏分析。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2016年1月华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉儿童医院收治的63例血流感染B. gladioli和81例同期非细菌感染性疾病患儿的临床资料,比较两组患儿的C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平、降钙素原(PCT)水平和白细胞(WBC)计数。分离培养B. gladioli,使用Phoenixtm100型全自动微生物鉴定仪进行细菌初步鉴定,并用MALDI-TOP/MS质谱仪进行验证。采用纸片扩散法(Kirby-Bauer法)进行B. gladioli的体外药敏试验。结果 感染B. gladioli的患儿主要集中在婴幼儿时期,年龄≤3岁者占82.54%(52/63)。所有患儿均患有严重的基础疾病,主要为支气管炎、肺炎和白血病等。与非细菌感染组比较,感染B. gladioli组患儿的PCT水平、CRP水平和WBC计数均升高,差异均有统计学意义(P均 < 0.05)。依据铜绿假单胞菌药敏标准,分离的B. gladioli对阿米卡星、庆大霉素、四环素、米诺环素、复方新诺明、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦高度敏感,对氯霉素低度耐药,对头孢他啶、氨曲南高度耐药。结论 感染B. gladioli的患者常为年龄≤3岁、免疫力低下、抵抗力差的患儿。血培养及CRP水平、PCT水平和WBC计数可作为疾病转归的判断指标。哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦是儿童感染B. gladioli的首选治疗药物。
关键词: 唐菖蒲伯克霍尔德菌     细菌抗药性     纸片扩散抗菌试验     儿童     血流感染    
Clinical features of children with Burkholderia gladioli bloodstream infection and drug susceptibility of Burkholderia gladioli
YOU Juan, YANG Hu, BAO Lian-sheng, XIANG Yun     
Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430016, Hubei, China
Abstract: Objective To explore the clinical features of children with Burkholderia gladioli (B. gladioli) bloodstream infection and the drug susceptibility of B. gladioli. Methods The clinical data of 63 children with B. gladioli bloodstream infection admitted to Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology from Jan. 2015 to Jan. 2016 were retrospectively analyzed, and 81 children with non-bacterial infectious diseases in the same period were enrolled as controls. The C-reactive protein (CRP) level, procalcitonin (PCT) level and white blood cell (WBC) counts of children were compared between the two groups. B. gladioli was isolated from the blood samples of children and cultured for preliminary identifying by Phoenixtm100 automatic microorganism identification instrument and confirming by MALDI-TOP MS mass spectrometer. The in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing of B. gladioli were performed by Kirby-Bauer method. Results The children infected with B. gladioli were mainly infants, with 52 cases (82.54%) being three years old or below. All cases had serious underlying diseases, including bronchitis, pneumonia and leukemia. Compared with the control group, the PCT level, CRP level, and WBC counts in the children of the B. gladioli group were significantly increased (all P < 0.05). According to the drug susceptibility criteria of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the isolated B. gladioli was highly sensitive to amikacin, gentamycin, tetracycline, minocycline, cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, imipenem, meropenem, cefepime, piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam and cefoperazone/sulbactam, but had low resistance to chloramphenicol and high resistance to ceftazidime and aztreonam. Conclusion Children infected with B. gladioli are mainly infants aged ≤ 3 years old, with low immunity and poor resistance. Blood culture and CRP level, PCT level and WBC counts can be used as diagnostic indicators of disease outcomes. Piperacillin/tazobactam and cefoperazone/sulbactam should be the first selected drugs for the treatment of children with B. gladioli bloodstream infection.
Key words: Burkholderia gladioli     bacterial drug resistance     disk diffusion antimicrobial tests     child     bloodstream infection    

唐菖蒲伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia gladioli,B. gladioli)是一类革兰阴性需氧杆菌,属条件致病菌。其广泛存在于水和土壤中,是医院感染的常见病原菌之一,可以从医院的自来水、体温表、喷雾器上分离得到[1]。近年来有关B. gladioli感染人类的报道和证据不断增多,感染部位包括血液、肺、胸腔、支气管和眼球等[2-6]。本研究通过分析菌血症患儿血培养样本中检出B. gladioli的临床分布和体外药敏结果,探讨儿童血流感染B. gladioli的临床特点和治疗方案。

1 材料和方法 1.1 研究对象

纳入2015年1月至2016年1月华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉儿童医院全部血培养B. gladioli阳性患儿共63例,其中男38例,女25例,平均年龄为(20.83±13.27)个月。收集63例患儿的临床资料,包括年龄分布、疾病分布、药敏试验结果、白细胞(white blood cell,WBC)计数、C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)水平和降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)水平。随机抽取81例同期收治的非细菌感染性疾病患儿作为对照组,其中男50例,女31例,平均年龄为(21.61±14.28)个月。两组患儿年龄、性别差异无统计学意义,具有可比性。

1.2 血培养方法

按要求采集2套患儿外周静脉血液标本5 mL,分别注入带有抗生素中和剂的需氧培养瓶和厌氧培养瓶(美国BD公司)中,充分摇匀后立即送临床微生物室,放入BACTEC9240微生物培养监测系统(美国BD公司)于37 ℃条件下培养。培养瓶阳性报警后,取出培养瓶,立即接种于血平板和麦康凯平板上,35 ℃下培养24~48 h,观察结果。

1.3 分离与鉴定

血培养平板上生长的B. gladioli呈不透明、湿润、凸起的中等大小菌落,部分菌株呈黄色、棕色、红色或紫色等。革兰染色镜检为革兰阴性杆菌,无芽孢、无荚膜。氧化酶、麦芽糖、乳糖、硝酸盐产气和硝酸盐还原试验均为阴性,动力、触酶和脲酶试验均为阳性。采用美国BD公司的Phoenixtm100型全自动鉴定分析系统及其配套的革兰阴性杆菌鉴定板条,确认L-亮氨酸-7-氨基-4-甲基香豆素、多黏菌素E、L-苯丙氨酸-7-氨基-4-甲基香豆素、L-色氨酸-7-氨基-4-甲基香豆素、多黏菌素B均阳性,其他生物化学指标均阴性,鉴定结果为B. gladioli,鉴定率为99.9%。采用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry,MALDI-TOF MS;德国布鲁克公司)行进一步鉴定与分析,最终确定为B. gladioli

1.4 体外药敏试验

采用纸片扩散法(Kirby-Bauer法)进行体外药敏试验,由于目前美国临床和实验室标准协会(Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute,CLSI)和欧洲抗菌药物敏感性测试委员会(European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing,EUCAST)均无针对B. gladioli的药敏分组与折点标准,因此,依据文献[3, 7]按铜绿假单胞菌的药敏标准,选择分组药物行B. gladioli药敏试验,同时添加儿科常用的抗革兰阴性菌药物注射用头孢哌酮钠/舒巴坦钠作为试验药。使用英国Oxoid公司的药敏纸片,在Mueller-Hinton琼脂板(武汉市中晋生物技术公司)上进行体外药敏试验。质控菌为大肠埃希菌ATCC 25922、铜绿假单胞菌ATCC 27853和阴沟肠杆菌ATCC 700323。

1.5 统计学处理

采用SPSS 17.0软件进行数据分析。计量资料以x±s表示,组间比较采用两样本均数比较的t检验。检验水准(α)为0.05。

2 结果 2.1 感染B. gladioli患儿的临床特征

感染B. gladioli的患儿主要集中在婴幼儿时期,年龄≤3岁者占82.54%(52/63)。感染B. gladioli的患儿均患有严重的基础疾病,主要为支气管炎和肺炎(30例,47.62%),其次为白血病(12例,19.05%),见表 1

表 1 感染B. gladioli患儿的年龄和基础疾病分布

2.2 感染B. gladioli患儿的CRP水平、PCT水平和WBC计数

与对照组比较,感染B. gladioli组患儿的PCT水平、CRP水平和WBC计数均升高,差异均有统计学意义(P均 < 0.05),见表 2

表 2 感染B. gladioli组与对照组患儿CRP水平、PCT水平和WBC计数的比较

2.3 B. gladioli的体外药敏结果

依据铜绿假单胞菌药敏标准,所分离的B. gladioli对阿米卡星、庆大霉素、四环素、米诺环素、复方新诺明、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦高度敏感,对氯霉素低度耐药,对头孢他啶、氨曲南高度耐药。见表 3

表 3 63株B. gladioli的体外药敏试验结果

3 讨论

本研究结果表明感染B. gladioli的患儿主要集中在婴幼儿时期,年龄≤3岁者占82.54%(52/63),所有患儿均患有严重的基础疾病,主要为支气管炎、肺炎和白血病。表明年龄小、免疫力低下、抵抗力差、患有严重基础疾病的患者更易感染B. gladioliB. gladioli广泛存在于自然界中,在医院环境中常污染空气、水源、体温计、喷雾器,可引起多种院内感染。患儿免疫系统缺陷、抵抗力低下、生理发育不完善,以及各种侵入性诊疗操作、联合抗菌药物治疗影响体内的微生态等,都易引起B. gladioli血流感染[7-8]。Dursun等[2]和Zhou等[7]分别报道了13例和87例有基础疾病的B. gladioli阳性新生儿或早产儿,分析原因为新生儿的呼吸系统发育不完善、免疫力低下,若进行侵入性诊疗操作则易感染B. gladioliB. gladioli血流感染早期临床表现(发热、咳嗽、胸痛、肺部干湿啰音、X线片肺部表现)常不明显,缺乏典型表现,临床容易忽视,从而耽误诊断;因此应尽早进行血培养以确诊B. gladioli感染。在治疗过程中需反复检查血培养和WBC计数、PCT及CRP水平等炎性指标,监测治疗效果并指导用药。

本研究中感染B. gladioli患儿的PCT水平、CRP水平和WBC计数均升高,与非细菌感染对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。根据CRP和PCT水平与感染程度之间的关系,可大致判断患儿是否感染菌血症[9-10],结合血培养结果即可确诊是否感染B. gladioli。当治疗有效时,患儿体内PCT水平、CRP水平和WBC计数会逐渐下降至正常水平,结合血培养结果可以确定是否治愈,提示血培养结果及CRP水平、PCT水平和WBC计数可作为疾病转归的判断指标。

血流感染B. gladioli多表现为急重症,加上患儿免疫系统缺陷、抵抗力低下、生理发育不完善,治疗不及时、抗感染药物选择不当常可导致病情迅速恶化,因此选择合理、准确的药物非常重要。本研究分离的B. gladioli对阿米卡星、庆大霉素、四环素、米诺环素、复方新诺明、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢吡肟、哌拉西林、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦高度敏感,对氯霉素低度耐药,对头孢他啶、氨曲南高度耐药。阿米卡星和庆大霉素为氨基糖苷类抗菌药物,可引起听力减退、耳鸣或耳部饱满感等耳毒性反应;四环素和米诺环素为四环素类抗生素,可引起牙齿永久性变色、牙釉质发育不良,并抑制骨骼的发育生长;复方新诺明为磺胺类抗菌药,可与胆红素竞争在血浆蛋白上的结合,增加核黄疸的发生危险;环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星为喹诺酮类抗菌药物,可抑制软骨的生长。上述药物对儿童的不良反应大、安全性差,因此不能作为治疗儿童B. gladioli感染的常规用药。亚胺培南、美罗培南和头孢吡肟均属特殊使用级抗菌药物,具有广泛、强大的抗菌效果,在非限制使用类或限制使用类抗菌药物无法控制感染时方可考虑使用,不能作为首选。哌拉西林是一种抗假单胞菌类青霉素,对假单胞菌属具有较高的抗菌活性;头孢哌酮为第3代广谱半合成头孢菌素,能对抗多种β-内酰胺酶的降解作用,抗菌谱广,对革兰阳性菌和阴性菌均有作用,这2种药物都复合了β-内酰胺酶的抑制剂,可进一步提高其抗菌活性,并且对儿童安全性高、不良反应少。根据本研究结果并结合临床和既往研究[11-13],哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦可作为B. gladioli血流感染的经验性首选治疗药物。

综上所述,感染B. gladioli的患者常为年龄小、免疫力低下、抵抗力差的儿童,血培养结果及CRP水平、PCT水平和WBC计数可作为疾病转归的判断指标,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦是治疗儿童感染B. gladioli的首选药物。本研究的不足之处在于B. gladioli的体外药敏试验结果是依据铜绿假单胞菌的药敏折点标准制定的,没有单独的B. gladioli药敏分组和折点标准,这也是下一步的研究方向。

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