第二军医大学  2015, Vol. 36 Issue (7): 790-793   PDF    
B超引导定位侧脑室-心房分流术治疗脑积水的疗效观察
陈文, 王君玉, 张丹枫, 吕立权, 黄承光, 侯立军    
第二军医大学长征医院神经外科, 上海市神经外科研究所, 上海 200003
摘要目的 探讨B超引导定位侧脑室-心房分流术治疗脑积水的临床疗效. 方法 回顾分析13例脑积水患者临床资料,所有患者均行B超引导定位侧脑室-心房分流术,术后采用Salmon标准评定疗效,出院后通过门诊和电话定期对患者进行随访,记录并分析患者并发症诊治情况. 结果 B超引导定位侧脑室-心房分流术一次穿刺成功率100%,手术平均时间(1.5±0.31) h.13例患者中12例脑室大小有不同程度缩小,症状明显改善.术后1个月根据Salmon分流术疗效评定标准,近期治疗有效12例,有效率为92.3%;随访半年内12例患者均无心内膜炎、心律失常、血栓形成等并发症发生. 结论 应用深静脉穿刺置管技术配合B超定位行脑室-心房分流术具有微创、操作时间短、定位准确等优点,值得临床推广.
关键词腔内超声检查     侧脑室-心房分流术     脑积水     治疗结果    
Ultrasound-guided ventriculoatrial shunt in treatment of hydrocephalus: an observation of outcome
CHEN Wen, WANG Jun-yu, ZHANG Dan-feng, LV Li-quan, HUANG Cheng-guang, HOU Li-jun    
Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai Neurosurgical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China Corresponding author
Abstract: Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of ultrasound-guided ventriculoatrial shunt in the treatment of hydrocephalus. Methods The clinical data of 13 hydrocephalus patients were analyzed retrospectively; all of them underwent ultrasound-guided ventriculoatrial shunt. Salmon score was used to assess the clinical outcome after operation. The patients were followed up after operation by means of outpatient service and telephone. The diagnosis and treatment of complications of patients were recorded and the reasons were analyzed. Results The successful rate of first puncturing attempt was 100%, with the mean operative time being (1.5±0.31) h. The size of cerebral ventricles decreased to different degrees and the symptoms were greatly improved in 12 of the 13 patients. According to the efficacy standard of shunt therapy of Salmon, it was effective in 12 cases one month after operation, with an effective rate of 92.3%. Six months follow-up found no complications such as endocarditis, arrhythmia or thrombosis in the patients. Conclusion Ultrasound-guided ventriculoatrial shunt combined with ultrasound-guided central venous catheter placement has the advantage of mini-invasion, shorter operating time, and accurate location, making it worth popularizing in clinic.
Key words: endosonography     ventriculoatrial shunt     hydrocephalus     treatment outcome    

侧脑室-心房分流术是治疗脑积水的经典术式之一,在心电图监测下,Mark等[1]于1960年完成了世界首例侧脑室心房分流术;但由于术后较高的并发症发生率,脑室心房分流一度被侧脑室腹腔分流取代[2, 3, 4, 5, 6]。近年来,随着分流材料工艺和手术技术的进步,侧脑室-心房分流术又逐步应用于临床并取得良好的效果[7],引起广泛重视。第二军医大学长征医院神经外科近年应用侧脑室-心房分流治疗各型脑积水13例,效果满意,现报告如下。 1 资料和方法 1.1 一般资料

13例患者中男性10例,女性3例;年龄20~66岁,平均(43±2.3)岁。临床表现:头晕、头痛1例,走路不稳3例,恶心、呕吐1例,记忆力下降3例,语言功能障碍5例。嗜睡2例,昏迷1例,尿失禁4例。头颅CT或MRI检查提示脑室系统扩大13例,合并脑白质水肿10例。13例患者中有高颅压性脑积水1例(脑脊液压力大于300 mmH2O,1 mmH2O=9.78 Pa),正常颅压性脑积水12例;梗阻性脑积水1例,交通性脑积水12例。脑积水的原因:有颅脑外伤病史及(或)颅脑外伤手术史者8例,颅内占位术后患者2例,颅内占位患者1例,不明原因2例。 1.2 纳入及排除标准

纳入标准:交通性脑积水、正常压力脑积水、颅后窝占位引起脑积水,肿瘤切除后脑积水未解除,但有腹部疾病时(腹部大手术、腹膜炎、病态肥胖及有坏死性小肠结肠炎的早产儿可能无法耐受手术);排除标准:心功能不全、先天性心脏病、肺动脉高压患者;术前有颅内感染病史或脑脊液常规怀疑感染以及脑脊液蛋白含量高、有絮状物等易形成栓子者均不采用心房分流术。 1.3 术前准备

13例患者术前均行头颅CT和(或) MRI检查。所有患者术前均行腰穿测定颅内压力,以便选择合适的脑室心房分流装置,同时行脑脊液生化及细胞学检查,如提示有可疑颅内感染者,则应排除颅内感染后方可考虑行分流手术。 1.4 手术方法

首先根据手术前对患者行腰穿术测得的腰穿压力来选择适当压力的脑室心房分流装置,并将脑室心房分流装置置于溶有抗生素(万古霉素等)的生理盐水内。患者全麻后,予以取平卧位,将手术侧肩抬高,使术侧肩部及枕部呈过伸体位,头稍向对侧旋转,并将下肢抬高15°以充盈颈内静脉,预防空气栓塞。超声频率设置为8~10 MHz,将超声探头沿气管由内向外依次确定颈总动脉及颈内静脉位置,并仔细观察颈内静脉周围结构及沿颈内静脉延伸方向扫描。行颈内静脉穿刺时将超声探头置于颈内静脉穿刺点的横轴线上,即与颈内静脉长轴线垂直。穿刺时,穿刺针应与体表呈30°~45°夹角,其刺入颈内静脉后,根据回抽血液颜色确认,并且调整探头方向,使其置于颈内静脉纵轴线上,再次确认穿刺针已准确穿刺进入颈内静脉。根据超声图像控制穿刺针进入颈内静脉的长度,沿穿刺针将引导导丝置入。并于超声下调整引导导丝置入长度,撤出穿刺针,弯曲导丝尾端并予以贴膜固定,防止导丝滑出。将术侧冠状缝前、中线旁2 cm的位置设置为侧脑室前角穿刺点,以该点为中心作弧形皮瓣,并将分流阀置于此皮瓣下,并且避开手术切口位置。钻孔暴露硬脑膜,十字烧灼及切开硬脑膜及软脑膜;穿刺侧脑室前角,进针约5 cm,有清亮脑脊液沿脑室端引流管流出,拔出脑室端引流管内导丝,并将脑室端引流管与分流阀近端相连,打通皮下隧道直至颈内静脉穿刺点处,顺引导导丝将导引器及撕开鞘送入颈内静脉内,撤出导引器后,把浸泡过抗生素及含有肝素生理盐水的心房端分流管经撕开鞘送入颈内静脉内,送入心房端分流管的同时撤出撕开鞘,超声探头定位心房端引流管末端,将心房端引流管末端送至上腔静脉右心房交界处,并剪去头端多余的引流管,与分流阀远端相连。将切口缝合,并予以无菌敷料包扎。 1.5 疗效评估

术后采用Salmon标准[8]评定疗效,基本恢复正常:3级;明显好转:2级;轻度改善:1级;无变化:0级;恶化:-1级;术后死亡:-2级。总有效率=(基本恢复正常+明显好转+轻度改善)/本组样本量×100%。 1.6 统计学处理

所有数据录入Excel 2003进行统计分析,计量资料以χ±s表示。 2 结果 2.1 脑积水症状改善情况

13例患者中有12例症状显著改善;1例患者手术效果较差,且术后出现并发症,自动出院。术后近期内对12例患者均行腰穿检查,腰穿结果基本达到术前要求,即脑室心房分流装置所调压力标准,术后2~6个月复查头部CT,并准确测量脑室大小,发现12例患者脑室大小有不同程度缩小,术后1个月Salmon评分2级及以上者认为治疗有效;评分2级以下者为治疗无效。术后近期治疗有效率12例,有效率为92.3%。 2.2 术后并发症

1例患者术后出现脑室内出血,并自动出院。2例患者出现短时间发热,使用抗生素治疗后恢复正常。余患者无心律失常、血栓形成、心内膜炎等并发症发生。 2.3 术后随访

术后对12例患者进行电话和门诊随访,时间为8~34个月,平均(14±2.3)个月。随访期间根据Salmon分流术疗效评定标准,发现12例患者术后近期治疗有效率为92.3%,其中8例患者可进行日常工作、生活和学习,其余4例患者与术前相似。随访期间对12例患者均行头颅CT检查,结果提示脑室大小与术前相比均有不同程度的缩小,并且随访期内均未出现脑积水复发、心内膜炎、心律失常、血栓形成等并发症。 3 讨论

脑积水手术治疗包括脑室矢状窦分流[9]、脑室心房分流[10]、脑室腹腔分流[11]、腰大池腹腔分流[12]及神经内镜第三脑室造瘘[13]等方法。各种新型引流装置的发明和手术操作技术的提高,使得脑室分流术得到更广泛的应用[14]。脑积水脑室腹腔分流术是目前脑室颅外分流的首选方法,但临床上其再次手术率高达25%~58%[15, 16];其中分流管阻塞是脑室腹腔分流术失败最常见的原因[17],常需反复多次进行分流管调整或拔除。侧脑室-心房分流术将分流管永久留置于心脏内,具有引流管位置确切、引流端始终维持负压等特点。随着分流材料的进步和技术的改进,应用时常出现的并发症,如分流管梗阻、感染、静脉血栓形成及肺心病等[18, 19, 20]逐渐减少。侧脑室-心房分流逐步应用于临床[7],成为治疗脑积水可选择的一种方法。

本组患者术后早期有效率为92.3%;术后2例有短暂发热,应用抗生素后恢复正常;随访半年内均无心内膜炎、心律失常、血栓形成等并发症发生。较其他文献[21, 22]报道并发症发生率明显低。分析本组手术成功主要原因有以下几点,(1)手术指征把握严格:凡是心功能不全、先天性心脏病、肺动脉高压患者;术前有过颅内感染病史或脑脊液常规怀疑感染及脑脊液蛋白含量高、有絮状物等易形成栓子者均不采用心房分流。(2)术前准备充分:所有患者术前1 d洗必泰沐浴,手术当日理发;术前仔细检查手术区域,应用双氧水、碘酊擦去残留皮屑及痂皮。(3)术中严格无菌操作流程,除了预防应用抗生素外,分流管根据术前腰穿压力选择相应分流管,均选择抗虹吸分流管。术中应用万古霉素溶液浸泡分流装置,预防感染。(4)外院转来的颅脑外伤术后患者,进行全身营养状态评估,如有内环境紊乱、营养状态欠佳者予以纠正;待调整至最佳状态后再行手术。脑积水症状严重者,可暂行腰大池置管外引流以缓解脑积水症状。

传统侧脑室-心房分流手术在放置心房分流导管时,对颈内静脉进行盲穿刺操作,因个体血管变化较大,且距体表较深,可能发生动脉损伤、气胸、空气栓塞等一系列并发症[23]。侧脑室-心房分流手术心房端位置的判断可通过以下几种方法:(1)术中X线定位心房端的位置;(2)通过心电图波形改变判断:心房分流管置入心房后,会出现房性早搏,逐步退管至早搏消失后,则为心房端置入的合适位置。本组根据术中B超调整心房端导管位置,直视下确定心房端导管位于上腔静脉入右心房处,减少因心房导管置入长度过浅或过深而引起的并发症。本组手术患者采用超声引导下颈内静脉穿刺术可以直观了解颈内静脉走行、管径、充盈情况等,并了解其与周围器官的位置关系,对肥胖、畸形等不易明确体表解剖标志的患者尤为适用;可以观察穿刺针在组织内的位置、走向及与颈内静脉的位置关系,避免穿入颈内动脉,提高穿刺成功率,减少并发症发生。与X线定位、心电图表现判断相比较,B超引导下定位具有以下优点:(1)B超引导具有解剖定位准确的优势,可在直视下调整心房端导管,使之位于上腔静脉入右心房处;较X线定位、通过心电图改变判断导管心房端位置更为精确。(2)与X线定位比较则具有占地面积小、投资小、无辐射的优点,临床应用方便,易为患者接受。

综上所述,应用深静脉穿刺置管技术配合B超定位行脑室心房分流术具有微创、操作时间短、定位准确等优点,值得临床推广。

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