2. 吉林大学第二医院呼吸内科, 长春 130041
通信作者:李波,E-mail:libosf@gmail.com;
2. Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130041, Jilin, China
肺通过呼吸道与外界相通,时刻暴露在较高的氧分压环境下。与此同时,外源性氧化剂和空气中的各种致病因素可以刺激细胞释放大量以过氧化氢(H2O2)为主的自由基,诱发肺部氧化应激,进而诱导包括DNA、蛋白质、酶和脂类在内的大分子物质的氧化损伤[1, 2]。1988年Cantin等[3]首次发表了肺纤维化中氧化应激的研究报告,表明特发性肺纤维化(idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,IPF)患者支气管肺泡腔中炎性细胞释放H2O2能力明显增强,提示氧化应激可能在肺纤维化发病机制中发挥重要作用。此后,氧化应激在肺部疾病中的作用受到了广泛的关注和重视。过氧化物酶6(peroxiredoxin 6,Prdx6)是一种非硒代谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)过氧化物酶(non-selenium glutathione peroxidase,NSGPx),兼有GSH过氧化物酶活性和磷脂酶A2(phospholipase A2,PLA2)活性,具有强大的抗氧化应激作用,在肺部疾病发生发展中扮演重要角色[4]。本文通过对Prdx6的结构、功能、分布、表达调控等方面的回顾,并进一步结合相关实验研究,对Prdx6在肺部抗氧化过程中发挥的作用和调控机制等作一综述。
1 Prdx6简介 1.1 Prdx6的结构Prdx6是一种非硒代谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶,属于过氧化物酶超家族,也是过氧化物酶超家族中唯一一个仅含有1个保守半胱氨酸残基的成员,保守半胱氨酸残基在N末端附近(C47)[5]。Prdx6一级结构由224个氨基酸组成,相对分子质量为25 100,等电点(isoelectric point,pI)约为5.1,并且该值可随其氧化或磷酸化作用而发生改变[6]。 1.2 Prdx6的功能
Prdx6有2个独立的活性中心,一个是过氧化物酶活性中心,可利用GSH作为还原因子,还原无机和有机氧化物(如H2O2和过氧脂质);另一个是PLA2活性中心,具有PLA2活性[7, 8]。Sorokina等[9]研究表明,板层小体和溶酶体等酸性细胞器中的Prdx6主要和PLA2活性有关,而Prdx6的过氧化物酶活性主要在细胞质中发挥作用。
1.3 Prdx6的分布Prdx6基因与蛋白广泛分布在哺乳动物各个器官中,其中肺内含量最高[10, 11]。肺组织内的Prdx6酶含量丰富,特别是肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞(alveolar epithelial cell Ⅱ,AEC Ⅱ)、支气管Clara细胞和肺泡巨噬细胞内。在肺的亚细胞器中,Prdx6蛋白存在于细胞质、溶酶体和板层状小体中,肺灌洗后细胞外液中也检测到Prdx6蛋白。
1.4 Prdx6表达的调控氧化应激是诱导Prdx6表达的一个重要因素,在高氧暴露或氧化剂(H2O2、百草枯等)的刺激下,肺泡上皮细胞系Prdx6的表达明显增加[12, 13]。氧化应激是通过一种抗氧化反应原件的转录机制来控制细胞中Prdx6基因的表达,这种抗氧化反应元件共有序列位于Prdx6基因翻译起始点上游的357和349位点之间,当抗氧化反应原件与核因子E2相关因子 2 (Nrf2)接触时,Prdx6基因的转录便被激活;而当与Nrf3接触时,转录则被抑制[14, 15]。
1.5 Prdx6抗氧化作用及其机制Prdx6的抗氧化活性表现在它能够清除机体内的H2O2以及其他的氢过氧化物,大量研究表明Prdx6具有重要的抗氧化作用。Paula等[16]证明Prdx6是一种抵抗氧化应激重要的酶,是决定细胞抗氧化能力的关键。Yu等[17]的实验也从侧面证实了Prx6具有强大的抗氧化应激能力。此外,肿瘤相关研究表明,Prdx6的表达水平与氧化应激的程度密切相关[18, 19, 20]。
以往对Prdx6的抗氧化作用研究中人们更多注意的是该酶的过氧化物酶活性,但随着研究的深入,有实验发现Prdx6的PLA2活性也与其抗氧化作用密不可分。Lien等[21]的研究表明Prdx6的PLA2活性确实在Prdx6的抗氧化活性中起到了一定的作用。与此同时,Prdx6过氧化物酶活性与PLA2活性并不是单一存在的,两种酶活性之间相互影响、相互作用。Chatterjee等[22]通过实验证明,激动剂介导的烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷磷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate,NADPH)氧化酶激活需要Prdx6的磷酸化作用以及其PLA2活性——激活剂诱导的丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinase,MAPK)激活导致Prdx6磷酸化作用和移位至细胞膜,并且在此处其PLA2活性促进NADPH氧化酶2复合体的装配和激活。在Wu等[23]的研究中,Prdx6的磷酸化作用被证明可以增强PLA2活性。Yamada等[24]的实验表明Prdx6的PLA2活性在抗氧化应激中具有重要意义。Prdx6的抗氧化功能通过与表面蛋白A的相互作用而实现,而表面蛋白A可以调节Prdx6的PLA2活性,并且改变其降解表面活性物质主要磷脂的能力。另外,Lien等[21]证明,Prdx6的PLA2活性通过外生的氢过氧化物酶在抗氧化应激中起重要作用。而Kim等[25]的实验表明,Prdx6的两种酶活性在氧化应激介导与肿瘤坏死因子介导的细胞凋亡中分别起重要的作用。
2 Prdx6肺部抗氧化作用2.1 Prdx6肺部抗氧化作用相关基础研究 Liu等[8]实验表明Prdx6有清除磷脂氢过氧化物的作用,从而保护AEC Ⅱ抵抗H2O2诱导的细胞凋亡;Prdx6过表达的细胞表现出了较强的对抗氧化应激的能力[26],相反,缺乏Prdx6基因的细胞对氧化应激的敏感度明显增强[27]。H2O2诱导的细胞凋亡实验发现,Prdx6可以保护AEC Ⅱ免受氧化应激伤害[28]。采用高压氧进行氧化应激建模实验中,Prdx6基因敲除小鼠与野生型小鼠相比,肺损伤更为严重,死亡率明显升高[14]。在百草枯诱导氧化应激的实验中发现,Prdx6基因敲除小鼠和野生型小鼠相比,前者更易造成肺损伤;大剂量百草枯处理后,所有的Prdx6基因敲除小鼠均在4 d内死亡,然而86%的野生型小鼠依然存活[29]。杨冬等[30]证实了肺部Prdx6对氧化应激有防御作用。实验发现Prdx6基因敲除小鼠较野生型小鼠损伤更为严重并伴有蛋白羰基化水平的增高。这说明Prdx6基因的缺失,通过增加活性氧簇(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的表达促进脂质和蛋白氧化,可以使脂多糖(LPS)诱发的肺损伤进一步恶化。进一步研究表明,Prdx6缺失使肺部氧化应激水平提高,加重了LPS诱导的急性肺损伤和炎症反应,一定程度上依赖于NF-κB、胞外信号调节激酶和c-Jun氨基末端激酶通路[31]。上述实验从不同侧面都证明了Prdx6确实在肺部能有效对抗氧化应激,减轻氧化应激诱导的肺部损伤,从而可能在各种肺部疾病中扮演重要角色。
2.2 Prdx6与肺部疾病的相关研究Prdx6在急性肺损伤中的抗氧化作用也已经得到了充分的证实。王燕等[32]研究表明,Prdx6在保护肺急性氧化损伤中扮演重要角色,并且其抗细胞凋亡能力和抗细胞膜磷脂氧化能力是其保护细胞能力的基础。Lee等[33]通过实验证明,Prdx6抑制剂MJ33可以显著抑制Prdx6的PLA2活性,对LPS诱导的急性肺损伤有着不错的治疗效果。
哮喘的病程中涉及氧化应激反应,而Prdx6等过氧化物酶是细胞内重要的控制氧化应激的酶类,Kwon等[34]的实验评估了哮喘中Prdx家族及其过氧化物的表达变化。结果表明哮喘患者Prdx6过氧化物与Prdx6的比值在外周血单核细胞中明显升高,且与疾病的严重程度有关,即哮喘越严重则该比值越高。该发现说明Prdx6过氧化物可作为哮喘病程中判定哮喘严重程度的指标,并且可以反映哮喘患者外周血单核细胞对氧化应激反应敏感性的增加程度。
Sundar等[35]研究了Prdx6对香烟介导的肺部炎症和损伤的调控作用,发现在急性香烟暴露情况下,与野生型小鼠相比,Prdx6基因敲除小鼠肺部并未表现出明显的炎性细胞增长或肺部前炎性细胞活素的增加,但Prdx6过表达小鼠肺部在急性香烟暴露下抗氧化酶含量明显减少。同时,在6个月的慢性香烟暴露下,与野生型小鼠相比,Prdx6基因敲除小鼠肺内的炎症反应有了明显增加。这些结果说明Prdx6基因敲除并不能增加急性香烟暴露下小鼠肺部的炎症反应,但Prdx6的缺失和抗氧化酶的增加有关,这暗示了Prdx6在急性香烟诱发的炎症反应中作用重要且有相应的代偿机制存在。
另一方面,Trudel等[36]研究了Prdx6在囊性纤维化跨膜调控子(cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator,Cftr)基因敲除小鼠体内与肺囊性纤维化(cystic fibrosis,CF)的相关关系,结果显示Prdx6未能保护Cftr基因敲除小鼠肺内的磷过氧化反应。实验结果证实了Cftr基因敲除小鼠肺部容易对氧化应激产生易损性,且Prdx6在CF中的抗氧化反应失衡中起主要作用。并且Prdx6磷脂氢过氧化物解毒机制的受损会加重氧化应激对肺组织的伤害,使CF患者的炎症反应范围扩大[36]。这从侧面反映了Prdx6的重要性。
3 小 结越来越多的实验证明,Prdx6的过氧化物酶活性和PLA2活性都与其抗氧化能力密切相关,在肺部氧化应激中起防御作用。同时,Prdx6所具有的维持细胞稳定、调节细胞分化、抗细胞凋亡等作用在一定程度上也是通过其抗氧化功能来实现的。提高肺内Prdx6的表达水平有望成为一种治疗急性肺损伤、IPF等氧化应激相关疾病的有效方式。Prdx6的抗氧化、抗细胞凋亡的功能预示Prdx6以细胞损伤与修复为理论基础的替代治疗应用于治疗氧化性肺损伤相关性肺疾病具有光明前景[37]。
4 利益冲突所有作者声明本文不涉及任何利益冲突。
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