肿瘤防治研究  2021, Vol. 48 Issue (10): 929-933
本刊由国家卫生和计划生育委员会主管,湖北省卫生厅、中国抗癌协会、湖北省肿瘤医院主办。
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文章信息

抑制NEK7促进肝癌细胞凋亡的实验
Experiment on Inhibiting NEK7 to Promote Apoptosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells
肿瘤防治研究, 2021, 48(10): 929-933
Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2021, 48(10): 929-933
http://www.zlfzyj.com/CN/10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2021.21.0261
收稿日期: 2021-03-11
修回日期: 2021-06-30
抑制NEK7促进肝癌细胞凋亡的实验
宋燕州1 ,    张昆1 ,    陈琦军1 ,    魏文平1 ,    赵新1 ,    李志伟1 ,    李伟2     
1. 518000 深圳,深圳市第三人民医院(南方科技大学第二附属医院)肝胆外科;
2. 222000 连云港,连云港市第一人民医院(徐州医科大学附属连云港医院)肝胆外科
摘要: 目的 采用体外实验验证抑制NEK7表达后肝癌细胞增殖、衰老及凋亡的变化,并探索其机制。方法 Western blot及RT-PCR检测不同肝癌细胞系及人肝永生化THLE-2细胞系中的NEK7表达,针对NEK7基因序列设计抑制其表达的shRNA,转染肝癌细胞后,观察细胞体外增殖活性、衰老、凋亡及细胞周期的变化,Western blot检测抑制NEK7表达后细胞周期相关因子的变化。结果 肝癌细胞中NEK7呈高表达,shRNA慢病毒转染肝癌细胞抑制NEK7表达后,肝癌细胞增殖能力受到抑制,细胞衰老及凋亡比例显著升高,S及G2/M期细胞数明显减少,细胞周期受到阻滞,C-myc、c-Fos、cyclin D1、cyclin E等细胞周期因子表达水平受到抑制,P16及P27表达水平升高,CDK2、CDK4及CDK6的表达无明显变化。结论 靶向抑制NEK7表达,降低了肝癌细胞的增殖能力,并促进细胞衰老、诱导其凋亡,同时肝癌细胞周期进程受阻。
关键词: 肝癌    NEK7    细胞周期    
Experiment on Inhibiting NEK7 to Promote Apoptosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells
SONG Yanzhou1 , ZHANG Kun1 , CHEN Qijun1 , WEI Wenping1 , ZHAO Xin1 , LI Zhiwei1 , LI Wei2     
1. Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen (The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518000, China;
2. Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang (The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University), Lianyungang 222000, China
Abstract: Objective To use in vitro experiments to verify the changes of proliferation, senescence and apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells after inhibiting the expression of NEK7, and to explore the related molecular mechanism. Methods Western blot and RT-PCR were used to detect the expression of NEK7 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells and THLE-2 cells. A viral vector was designed to inhibit the expression of NEK7 based on the gene sequence. After hepatocellular carcinoma cells were transfected, we observed the changes of proliferation activity, cell senescence, cell apoptosis and cell cycle in vitro. Western blot was used to detect the expression of cell cycle-related factors. Results Compared with THLE-2 cells, NEK7 was highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. After inhibiting the expression of NEK7 with shRNA, the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells was inhibited, the proportions of cell senescence and apoptosis were increased, meanwhile, the cell number in stage S and G2/M was significantly reduced, the cell cycle progression was blocked, the expression levels of C-myc, c-Fos, cyclin D1 and cyclin E were inhibited, P16 and P27 expression were increased, and CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6 expression were not significantly changed. Conclusion After inhibiting the expression of NEK7, the proliferation ability of hepatocellular carcinoma cells is reduced, cell senescence is promoted and apoptosis is induced; meanwhile, the cell cycle progress is blocked.
Key words: Hepatocellular carcinoma    NEK7    Cell cycle    
0 引言

NEK7(NIMA-related kinase 7)作为NEK家族中的重要一员,在纺锤体形成及促进有丝分裂过程中发挥了重要作用:在有丝分裂期间,NEK7主要定位于中心体,通过减少G2/M期的中心体周膜物质的丢失及停搏来确保有丝分裂进程的准确执行[1-3]

既往研究表明,相较于正常组织,NEK7在胆囊癌中高表达,并且与肿瘤分化、转移和患者生存率之间有着显著关系[4]。本课题组前期的研究表明NEK7在肝癌组织中呈高表达,且其表达水平与患者预后密切相关。

本实验拟在前期研究基础上,进一步从细胞学角度探究NEK7表达与细胞生物学行为之间的关系,并初步探究引起相关变化的分子机制。

1 材料与方法 1.1 细胞及试剂

肝癌细胞系HepG2、Hep3B、MHCC-97H、Huh-7及人肝永生化THLE-2细胞系,购自中科院上海生命科学研究院,RPMI 1640培养基、TRIzol和细胞裂解液均购自上海赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司,20%胎牛血清购自上海语纯生物科技有限公司,胰蛋白酶购自上海雅心生物技术有限公司,兔抗人NEK7单克隆抗体购自美国Proteintech公司,MTT液购自上海泛科生物有限公司,ECL试剂购自上海圣克鲁斯生物技术有限公司,PCR试剂盒购自大连TaKaRa宝生物工程有限公司,NEK7引物购自北京三博远志生物公司,考马斯亮蓝和辣根标记山羊抗兔购自美国Sigma-Aldrich生物公司,PI-Annexin V FITC双标试剂盒购自美国BD公司。

1.2 靶向设计NEK7-shRNA

根据PubMed查询到的NEK7 mRNA基因序列号信息(NM_133494.2),遵守RNAi总体设计原则,应用shDirect vershon 2.0软件构建了三条NEK7-shRNA寡核苷酸序列及阴性shRNA序列:shRNA-70:Sense-5’-CCGGATATGGGCTATAATACATT-3’, shRNA-269:Sense-5’-ACCATCCAAATGTAATAAAATAT-3’,shRNA-469:Sense-5’-GTCATGCATAGAGA TATAAAACC-3’,阴性shRNA序列:Sense-5’- TACTTTCTATCGTGACATAATGA-3’。以上序列均由上海吉玛生物制药技术有限公司合成及装载慢病毒转染载体。

1.3 NEK7-shRNA慢病毒转染及筛选

应用不同浓度嘌呤霉素进行HepG2肝癌细胞的筛选浓度,将所设计的三条不同shRNA序列(shRNA-469、shRNA-269及shRNA-70)及阴性shRNA序列(Negative)进行质粒组装,应用Western blot及RT-PCR检测不同shRNA抑制效果,筛选抑制NEK7表达效果最佳的shRNA序列。将所筛选抑制效果最佳的shRNA进行慢病毒组装,实验分三组,按HepG2细胞病毒转染最佳MOI 20 pfu number/cell进行shRNA-慢病毒载体、阴性shRNA-慢病毒载体(Negative)及空载慢病毒载体(Blank)转染肝癌细胞,4 μg/ml嘌呤霉素进行转染后肝癌细胞为期一周的筛选,Western blot及RT-PCR检测转染慢病毒后抑制NEK7表达效果。

1.4 RT-PCR检测细胞中NEK7 mRNA的表达

按照飞捷生物公司RNA Fast 2000总RNA提取试剂盒说明书操作步骤,提取不同细胞中总RNA,以37℃ 15 min→85℃ 5 s→-20℃冰箱中保存反转录合成cDNA,PCR 25 μl体系包括cDNA 2.5 μl、Primer1 1 μl、Primer2 1 μl、2×Master Mix 12.5 μl及灭菌蒸馏水8 μl进行PCR扩增,扩增条件:50℃预变性2 min, 95℃ 30 s, 58℃ 30 s, 72℃ 1 min,共循环30次,72℃ 10 min进行PCR扩增,扩增结束后进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测NEK7 mRNA的表达。

1.5 Western blot检测细胞中NEK7及细胞周期相关因子的表达

按照说明书操作步骤,收集细胞,将细胞加入Pierce 100 μl,振荡后冰上放置5 min,予以13 000 r/min离心10 min,收集细胞蛋白至EP管,于聚丙烯凝胶进行电泳后转膜于偏聚二氟乙烯膜上,脱脂奶浸泡后分别予以1:1000的一抗(兔抗人NEK7抗体)及1:20000的二抗进行封闭与杂交,通过凝胶成像系统对目的蛋白以及内参蛋白免疫印迹条带进行分析,探究不同肝癌细胞系中NEK7及细胞周期相关因子的表达。

1.6 MTT实验

MTT法检测不同处理组细胞增殖活性、β-半乳糖苷酶染色检测细胞衰老、Annexin V处理细胞后流式细胞仪检测转染后肝癌细胞的凋亡及细胞周期的变化。

1.7 统计学方法

采用SPSS20.0统计软件对所得数据进行统计分析,组间差异比较采用t检验,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 不同肝癌细胞系及THLE-2细胞系中NEK7的表达

相较于THLE-2细胞系,所有肝癌细胞系NEK7表达均显著升高(均P < 0.05),其中HepG2细胞系NEK7表达高于其余三种细胞系,见图 1。选取HepG2细胞系进行探究抑制NEK7表达后对细胞增殖活性、衰老及凋亡的影响。

图 1 Western blot(A)及RT-PCR(B)检测不同肝癌细胞系及THLE-2细胞系中NEK7表达情况 Figure 1 Expression level of NEK7 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells and THLE-2 cells detected by Western blot (A) and RT-PCR(B)
2.2 转染不同shRNA质粒抑制肝癌细胞中NEK7的表达

HepG2细胞株转染不同shRNA质粒72 h后,与阴性shRNA组细胞相比,各干扰组细胞中NEK7表达均有不同程度的下降,其中shRNA-70抑制NEK7表达效果较其他两组抑制效果更加明显(P < 0.001),见图 2

图 2 Western blot(A)及RT-PCR(B)检测转染不同shRNA后肝癌细胞中NEK7表达情况 Figure 2 NEK7 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells after transfection of different shRNA detected by Western blot(A) and RT-PCR(B)
2.3 不同处理组肝癌细胞中NEK7的表达

HepG2肝癌细胞株转染阴性shRNA及shRNA-70慢病毒载体后,与空白对照组及阴性对照组相比,转染shRNA-70慢病毒载体组肝癌细胞NEK7表达显著下降(均P < 0.01),见图 3

图 3 Western blot(A)及RT-PCR(B)检测不同处理组肝癌细胞中NEK7表达情况 Figure 3 Expression level of NEK7 in different treatment groups of hepatocellular carcinoma cells detected by Western blot(A) and RT-PCR(B)
2.4 MTT法检测细胞增殖活性

与空白对照组、阴性对照组相比,转染shRNA-70组的肝癌细胞,其增殖活性在24 h时开始出现降低趋势,在第72 h增殖活性受到的抑制最为显著,见图 4表 1

图 4 MTT法检测不同处理组肝癌细胞增殖活性 Figure 4 Proliferation activity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in different treatment groups detected by MTT

表 1 不同处理组细胞增殖活性 Table 1 Cell proliferation activity in different treatment groups
2.5 β-半乳糖苷酶染色检测肝癌细胞衰老

与空白对照组及阴性对照组比较,转染shRNA-70组的肝癌细胞,其衰老细胞比例显著升高,见图 5

图 5 不同处理组细胞衰老情况 Figure 5 Cell senescence in different treatment groups
2.6 不同处理组肝癌细胞凋亡及细胞周期的变化

应用不同处理方法处理肝癌细胞48 h后,经过PI-Annexin V-FITC标记双染,结果表明,与空白对照组及阴性对照组比,转染shRNA-70组抑制NEK7表达后,肝癌细胞凋亡百分率显著升高,其细胞周期进程受阻,G2/M期细胞数目明显减少,组间比较差异有统计学意义,见图 6

Compared with blank control group(A, D) and negative control group(B, E), the cell cycle progression was blocked(C, G), and the proportion of apoptosis was significantly increased(F, H) after inhibiting the expression of NEK7. 图 6 不同处理组细胞48h后细胞周期及细胞凋亡情况 Figure 6 Cell cycle and apoptosis in different treatment groups after 48 hours
2.7 Western blot检测细胞周期相关因子表达

与空白对照组及阴性对照组相比,转染shRNA-70慢病毒载体的肝癌细胞,其C-myc、c-Fos、cyclin D1及cyclin E表达明显降低,而P16及P27的表达显著升高,CDK2、CDK4及CDK6在三者中的差别并不明显,见图 7

Compared with the blank control group and the negative control group, the expression of C-myc, c-Fos, cyclin D1 and cyclin E in hepatocellular carcinoma cells transfected with shRNA-70 lentiviral vector were significantly decreased, the expression of P16 and P27 were significantly increased, while the differences of CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6 expression were not obvious; *: P < 0.05, compared with shRNA-70 group. 图 7 不同处理组细胞周期因子的变化 Figure 7 Changes of cell cycle-related factors in different treatment groups
3 讨论

NEK家族成员在有丝分裂中主要参与了G2/M期关键点的调控,并在促进中心体成熟并影响染色体的浓集和纺锤体形成过程中发挥重要作用[5]

NEK7作为NEK家族中重要的一员,既往研究表明在多种实体肿瘤中,NEK7均呈高表达状态[4, 6-7],为了探究NEK7在肝癌细胞中的功能,首先我们分析了不同肝癌细胞及人肝永生化THLE-2细胞系中NEK7的表达情况,结果显示肝癌细胞中NEK7呈高表达状态。

针对NEK7,我们设计了不同的shRNA序列,并筛选出最佳抑制序列,进而构建慢病毒载体转染所筛选出的肝癌细胞,抑制NEK7的表达水平。与实验预期的设想一致,抑制NEK7表达后,肝癌细胞的增殖活性受到显著抑制,同时肝癌细胞在不同时象出现了细胞衰老的表现,凋亡实验则表明NEK7的表达受到抑制后,肝癌细胞凋亡的比例显著升高。

进一步研究结果表明,抑制NEK7表达后,细胞周期进程受阻,处于S期及G2/M期的细胞比例显著下降。研究表明细胞周期中P16及P27可与细胞周期素D竞争性结合CDK2/4/6,阻止细胞从G1期进入到S期,从而对有丝分裂进行负调节[8-9],本实验结果同样表明,抑制NEK7后P16及P27的表达均有所升高,而在细胞增殖中通过结合形成活化蛋白1,进而诱导或抑制相关基因或蛋白的表达而对细胞周期起到正调控作用的C-myc、c-Fos因子[10-11],其表达则受到了抑制。与设想不一致的是与对照组细胞相比,抑制了NEK7表达的肝癌细胞其CDK的表达似乎并未受到影响,我们推测可能由于P16、cyclin D1/CDK4(6)及P27、cyclin E/CDK2复合物作为抑制剂,其表达的下降可能遮掩了NEK7对于CDK的单独抑制影响。

基于本研究结果,我们推断NEK7在肝癌细胞的发生及发展中可能起到了一定的推动作用,进一步的体内研究及探究其在肝癌细胞发生及发展过程中的具体机制,可能会为肝癌的早期诊断及分子靶向治疗提供新的靶位点。

作者贡献

宋燕州、张昆:实验设计及实施、数据分析及文章撰写

陈琦军、魏文平:实验操作、数据收集及分析

赵新、李志伟:指导数据分析、审核及文章撰写与修改

李伟:实验设计、指导文章撰写与修改

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