肿瘤防治研究  2020, Vol. 47 Issue (12): 992-995
本刊由国家卫生和计划生育委员会主管,湖北省卫生厅、中国抗癌协会、湖北省肿瘤医院主办。
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文章信息

恶性腹膜间皮瘤的诊疗现状及进展
Current Status and Progress on Diagnosis and Treatment of Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma
肿瘤防治研究, 2020, 47(12): 992-995
Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2020, 47(12): 992-995
http://www.zlfzyj.com/CN/10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2020.20.0384
收稿日期: 2020-04-20
修回日期: 2020-08-10
恶性腹膜间皮瘤的诊疗现状及进展
李娜 ,    陈忠坚 ,    毛伟敏     
310022 杭州,中国科学院大学附属肿瘤医院(浙江省肿瘤医院),中国科学院基础医学与肿瘤研究所
摘要: 恶性腹膜间皮瘤是一种临床罕见,与石棉暴露密切相关的高侵袭性肿瘤。由于前期石棉材料的广泛应用,目前发病率呈明显上升趋势。该病起病隐匿,临床确诊时多为晚期,预后较差,中位生存期仅为12月。恶性腹膜间皮瘤治疗方法主要是肿瘤细胞减灭术联合腹腔热灌注化疗,目前多项免疫及分子靶向治疗正在研究中。本文就恶性腹膜间皮瘤的诊治现状作一综述,以期提高对该病的认识,进而为恶性腹膜间皮瘤的诊治提供参考。
关键词: 恶性腹膜间皮瘤    诊断    治疗    
Current Status and Progress on Diagnosis and Treatment of Malignant Peritoneal Mesothelioma
LI Na , CHEN Zhongjian , MAO Weimin     
Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhengjiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou 310022, China
Abstract: Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma(MPM) is a rare and aggressive tumor and highly associated with asbestos exposure. Due to the wide application of asbestos materials in the early stage, the incidence of MPM is increasing now. The symptoms of MPM are atypical, so most of patients are in the late stage when diagnosed. And the prognosis is so poor that the median survival time is only 12 months. Now the main treatment of MPM is CRS-HIPEC, at the same time, a number of immune and targeted treatments are under study. This article reviews the current status of treatment on MPM, aiming to improve the understandings of this disease and provide a reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Key words: Malignant peritoneal mesothelioma    Diagnosis    Therapy    
0 引言

恶性腹膜间皮瘤(malignant peritoneal mesothelioma, MPM)是一种起源于腹膜间皮细胞的高侵袭性肿瘤,临床罕见,发病率约为0.13/10万,占恶性间皮瘤的15%~20%[1]。中位年龄65~69岁,石棉是MPM公认的高危致病因素[2]。因其临床表现缺乏特异性,多数患者确诊时已为晚期,且对放化疗不敏感,导致其预后较差,中位生存期仅为12月[1]。现对恶性腹膜间皮瘤的诊疗现状及进展综述如下。

1 MPM的诊断 1.1 MPM的影像学表现

CT是MPM的主要影像学检查方法,典型表现为腹膜局限性或弥漫性增厚,可同时合并多发大小不等的结节,并多伴有中至大量腹水。由于其表现缺乏特异性,因此,需与女性卵巢癌腹膜转移、男性胃癌腹膜转移、淋巴瘤及结核性腹膜炎相鉴别[3]。临床上胸部CT检查发现,胸膜斑是石棉暴露的特异性表现,这一特点有利于该疾病的诊断[4]。MRI和PET-CT能进一步明确该病患者是否有淋巴结及远处转移,评估临床分期,但其临床价值有待于进一步明确[1]

1.2 MPM的病理学特点

目前MPM的确诊主要依靠病理诊断,根据WHO组织病理学分类方法,可分为上皮型、肉瘤型、混合型(双相型)3大类。其中以上皮型多见,占MPM的75%~90%,光学显微镜下呈管状乳头小细胞样,预后最好;混合型约占25%左右;肉瘤型常表现为梭形细胞的条束状或杂乱排列形成纤维肉瘤样结构,较为罕见,且预后最差,总生存期小于6月[3, 5]

免疫组织化学法在MPM的鉴别诊断中也发挥着重要作用,当免疫组织化学指标:钙网膜蛋白(Calretinin)、细胞角蛋白5/6(CK5/6)、Wilms肿瘤基因1(WT-1)和平足蛋白(Dodoplanin, D2-40)为阳性;癌胚抗原(CEA)、雌激素受体(ER)、Moc31、Ber-Ep4、LeuM1和血型相关抗原8(Bg8)为阴性时,可以诊断为MPM[6]。Tandon等[7]回顾性分析了244例MPM患者的病理资料,发现尽管Calretinin、WT-1、CK5/6、D2-40是MPM的敏感指标,但单个指标的敏感度和特异度均未到达100%,因此需至少有2个间皮瘤指标阳性和2个其他鉴别肿瘤指标阴性才能建立MPM的诊断[8]

1.3 基因检测

Hassan等[9]研究发现12%的间皮瘤患者可携带有胚系遗传突变,其中以BAP1突变最为常见,约占3%~7%。携带有遗传突变的患者往往具有以下特点:(1)发病年龄更小;(2)对石棉暴露的易感性增加;(3)常有肿瘤家族史;(4)多伴发第二肿瘤;(5)预后较好[10-11]。因此,国内外学者认为发病年龄小于50岁并伴有肿瘤家族史的患者及家属应行基因检测明确是否携带有遗传突变,通过对高危人群实行早期干预,可有效改善患者的预后[3, 12]

1.4 MPM的分期

Yan等[13]于2011年提出了一个基于腹腔肿瘤负荷(T)、腹腔淋巴结转移(N)和远处转移(M)的TNM分期系统,用以规范和指导MPM的临床治疗以及预后评估,见表 1。通过对腹腔9个象限及肠系膜4个节段共13个区域的疾病严重程度进行评分(LS-0:无可见肿瘤;LS-1:肿瘤结节≤0.5 cm;LS-2:0.5 cm < 肿瘤结节≤5 cm; LS-3:肿瘤结节 > 5 cm),各象限评分相加计算腹膜播散指数(peritoneal cancer index, PCI)。根据PCI的四分位数(1~10,11~20,21~30,> 30),作为T1~T4分期的依据。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期患者的5年生存率分别为87%、53%、29%。

表 1 恶性腹膜间皮瘤TNM分期系统 Table 1 TNM stage grouping for malignant peritoneal mesothelioma
2 MPM的治疗方法 2.1 肿瘤细胞减灭术联合腹腔热灌注化疗

肿瘤细胞减灭术(cytoreductive surgery, CRS)联合腹腔热灌注化疗(hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, HIPEC)联合治疗是目前MPM的首选治疗方案[14]。CRS通过切除病灶,分离腹腔粘连使微小残留病灶达到最佳药物暴露,提高HIPEC疗效。目前认为全腹膜切除患者预后优于选择性腹膜切除患者,其术后5年生存率分别为63.9%和40.0%[15]。因为MPM在腹腔内生长方式与其他肿瘤不同,常广泛累及肠系膜及壁层腹膜,即使肉眼正常的腹膜在光学显微镜下仍有54%的病理阳性率,因此要想达到完全切除,需行腹膜及肠道广泛切除[16-17]。在CRS基础上,充分止血后,可选择行开放式或闭合式HIPEC。多项回顾性研究显示以高剂量顺铂(250 mg/m2)为基础的HIPEC临床有效率最高,安全性良好[14, 18-19]

CRS/HIPEC联合治疗会导致肠漏、骨髓抑制等并发症[20],3级及以上并发症发生率为28%~41%,围手术期死亡率为1%~11%,术后复发率为35%[3, 21]。因此,术前应仔细评估患者的一般状况(PS评分)、肿瘤负荷、腹腔浸润情况、年龄、性别、组织学类型和术前血小板水平,严格掌握适应证和禁忌证。多项研究表明,男性、PS评分 > 2分、年龄 > 60岁、混合型或肉瘤型、病灶不能完全清除、深部组织浸润、术前CT显示小肠及其肠系膜广泛累及和术前血小板升高患者疾病复发率高,预后较差[21]。其中最重要的预后因素为肿瘤细胞减灭程度(completeness of cytoreduction, CCR),可通过Sugarbaker CCR评分法对CCR进行评分:CCR-0分:术后无残余瘤;CCR-1分:残余瘤直径 < 2.5 mm;CCR-2分:残余瘤直径2.5 mm~2.5 cm;CCR-3分:残余瘤 > 2.5 cm或存在不可切除病灶[22]

2.2 化疗

2.2.1 全身辅助化疗

对于不能手术的患者,可参照胸膜间皮瘤的治疗方法,予以培美曲塞联合铂类全身化疗,治疗的有效率和疾病控制率分别为26.0%和71.2%[1],化疗耐受性良好,不良反应发生率 < 10%,但患者的中位生存期为13.1月,对改善患者的预后作用有限。Simon等[23]报道的一项以培美曲塞联合吉西他滨为MPM一线治疗的Ⅱ期临床试验中,虽然患者的中位生存期提高至26.8月,但总体有效率仅为15%,60%患者发生Ⅲ~Ⅳ度粒细胞缺乏,伴发严重不良反应。因此,培美曲塞联合顺铂仍为MPM的一线化疗方案。二线治疗可考虑长春瑞滨单药治疗、曲美木单抗(tremelimumab)等,但其有效率仍有待于进一步研究[3]

2.2.2 术后腹腔灌注化疗

术后腹腔灌注化疗分为术后早期腹腔灌注化疗(early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy, EPIC)和术后长期常温腹腔灌注化疗(normothermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy, NIPEC)两种。EPIC是指于术后1~5天行紫杉醇腹腔化疗。Schaub等[24]回顾性分析了104例MPM患者,其中69例患者行EPIC治疗,35例未予EPIC治疗,其总生存期分别为67月和35月,差异无统计学意义(P=0.345)。由于EPIC的实施会增加术后并发症的风险[20],因此,目前EPIC尚未列入标准治疗。NIPEC指术后4~6周后行腹腔化疗,每3周为一周期,共6周期,常用化疗药物为紫杉醇和培美曲塞。Sugarbaker等[25]对比了42例行CRS+HIPEC、58例行CRS+HIPEC+EPIC和29例行CRS+HIPEC+NIPEC的MPM患者的5年生存率分别为44%、52%和75%,认为接受NIPEC治疗可使患者的预后明显受益,差异有统计学意义(P=0.0108)。

2.3 分子靶向治疗

随着人们对MPM研究的日益深入,分子靶向治疗开始倍受关注。虽然31%的MPM患者EGFR呈过表达状态[26],但络氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitors, TKIs)在MPM中的疗效却不甚理想,阿昔替尼(axitinib)、索拉非尼(sorafenib)、伊马替尼(imatinib)等均未能使患者获益[27]。在一项Ⅱ期临床研究中[28],与安慰剂组对比,尼达尼布(nintedanib)组患者中位PFS为9.7月(HR: 0.49, P=0.006);中位OS为20.6月(HR: 0.70, P=0.197),显示出一定的疗效,目前正在进行Ⅲ期临床研究。此外,Zalcman等[29]对比贝伐联合培美曲塞加顺铂组(223例)和培美曲塞加顺铂单纯化疗组(225例),发现患者的中位PFS延长了2月(18.8 vs. 16.1月),证实了贝伐单抗在间皮瘤治疗中的价值。

NF2/Hippo、PI3K/mTOR通路在间皮瘤的发生发展中发挥着至关重要的作用。NF2基因的改变可使局部黏附斑激酶(focal adhesion kinase, FAK)持续活化,导致细胞信号紊乱[3]。PI3K/mTOR通路的过度激活是肿瘤发生的关键驱动基因[30]。因此抑制PI3K/mTOR、FAK等信号通路均有望成为MPM的治疗靶点。但目前在mTOR抑制剂(依维莫司)、FAK抑制剂(defactinib)等的相关研究中,MPM患者的生存均未得到明显改善[5]

BAP1、TP53、NF2和ALK是MPM常见的突变基因[31],亦有望成为潜在的治疗靶点。BAP1基因缺失可增加间皮瘤细胞对EZH2抑制剂的敏感度,EZH2抑制剂(tazemetostat)在Ⅰ期临床试验中已展示出对治疗BAP1缺失的晚期胸膜间皮瘤患者的良好临床前景,目前正在进行Ⅱ期临床研究中[27]。与胸膜间皮瘤不同,3%的MPM患者可伴有ALK基因重排,特别是年轻非石棉暴露患者,对于该部分患者,ALK抑制剂可作为治疗选择[32]

2.4 免疫治疗

近期免疫检查点抑制剂在多种肿瘤的治疗中显示出一定的优势,其中研究最多的是细胞毒T淋巴细胞相关抗原-4(cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4, CTLA-4)和细胞程序性死亡受体-1(programmed cell death 1, PD-1)。tremelimumab是CTLA-4的单克隆抗体,尽管前期Ⅱ期临床研究显示tremelimumab在间皮瘤的治疗中有良好的临床前景[33],但Maio等[34]报道的一项多中心、双盲、安慰剂对照的Ⅱb期研究结果显示,一线或二线化疗失败的晚期恶性间皮瘤患者二线或三线予以tremelimumab治疗未能显著获益。PD-1与其配体PD-L1相互作用可促进抗原特异性T细胞凋亡[33]。单药PD-1抑制剂nivolumab、pembrolizumab及PD-L1抑制剂avelumab在多项研究中显示出较好的临床疗效和安全性[27],为晚期间皮瘤患者的治疗提供了新的治疗选择,但目前尚无腹膜间皮瘤的针对性研究。

CTLA-4抗体和PD-1/PD-L1抗体作用并不重叠,两者的免疫应答是由不同的细胞机制驱动的[35]。鉴于单药CTLA-4和PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂治疗MPM的理论基础,Calabrò等[36]开展的CTLA-4抗体tremelimumab和PD-L1抗体durvalumab联合应用治疗晚期间皮瘤患者的多中心开放的Ⅱ期临床研究中,患者的中位PFS为5.7月,中位OS为16.6月,具有良好的临床有效性和安全性。CTLA-4抗体ipilimumab和PD-1抗体nivolumab联合治疗也取得了类似的结果[37]。目前多项免疫检查点抑制剂联合化疗的临床研究也正在进行中,相信会为MPM的治疗带来突破。

3 总结

综上所述,MPM起病隐匿,临床表现缺乏特异性,容易造成误诊、漏诊。目前MPM现有的治疗方式疗效欠佳,预后较差。相信随着对该病研究、认识的不断深入,分子靶向、免疫治疗的不断发展,必会为MPM的诊疗带来新的曙光。

作者贡献

李娜:文献搜集、整理及论文撰写

陈忠坚:文章审校

毛伟敏:提出选题、确定文章架构及文章审校

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