肿瘤防治研究  2020, Vol. 47 Issue (4): 294-297
本刊由国家卫生和计划生育委员会主管,湖北省卫生厅、中国抗癌协会、湖北省肿瘤医院主办。
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文章信息

腹腔镜与开腹全胃切除术治疗Ⅰ期胃癌的近期疗效对比
A Comparative Study on Short-term Efficacy Between Laparoscopic and Open Total Gastrectomy on Stage Ⅰ Gastric Cancer
肿瘤防治研究, 2020, 47(4): 294-297
Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2020, 47(4): 294-297
http://www.zlfzyj.com/CN/10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2020.19.1036
收稿日期: 2019-08-13
修回日期: 2019-12-19
腹腔镜与开腹全胃切除术治疗Ⅰ期胃癌的近期疗效对比
张林炜 ,    朱广伟 ,    叶建新 ,    黄永建     
350005 福州,福建医科大学附属第一医院胃肠外科二区
摘要: 目的 探讨腹腔镜全胃切除术与传统开腹全胃切除术对Ⅰ期胃癌的近期疗效。方法 回顾性分析89例肿瘤位于近端胃的Ⅰ期胃癌,并且行全胃切除术的患者。按照手术方式不同分为腹腔镜组(47例)和开腹组(42例)。通过观察两组患者手术时间、出血量、术后病理相关指标、术后并发症、术后首次进食流质饮食时间及术后住院天数,比较两种手术方式的近期疗效。结果 两组患者基线资料对比差异无统计学意义,具有可比性。与开腹组相比,腹腔镜组患者手术时间更长,但术中出血量、术后首次进食流质饮食时间、术后住院天数、术后并发症发生率及并发症等级均低于开腹组(P < 0.05)。结论 腹腔镜全胃切除术能够在保证Ⅰ期的近端胃癌患者手术安全性的同时,降低患者术中出血量、进食流质饮食时间、术后住院时间及术后并发症。
关键词: 胃癌    腹腔镜    全胃切除术    疗效对比研究    
A Comparative Study on Short-term Efficacy Between Laparoscopic and Open Total Gastrectomy on Stage Ⅰ Gastric Cancer
ZHANG Linwei , ZHU Guangwei , YE Jianxin , HUANG Yongjian     
Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2 Section, The First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
Abstract: Objective To compare the short-term efficacy between laparoscopic and open total gastrectomy on stageⅠgastric cancer. Methods A total of 89 patients with clinical stageⅠgastric cancer who underwent total gastrectomy were divided into two groups: Laparoscopic total gastrectomy group (n=47) and open total gastrectomy group (n=42). The short-term curative effect of two groups was compared. Results The preoperative data of the two groups were comparable. Compared with open total gastrectomy group, the operative time in the laparoscopic total gastrectomy group was longer, but the intraoperative blood loss, the time for bowel function recovery, the length of hospital stay and the incidence of postoperative complications were all significantly reduced (P < 0.05). Conclusion Compared with the open total gastrectomy, laparoscopic total gastrectomy is safe and feasible for stageⅠgastric cancer patients. It could reduce the bleeding volume, the time for bowel function recovery, the length of hospital stay and the incidence of postoperative complications.
Key words: Stomach neoplasms    Laparoscopy    Total gastrectomy    Effectiveness comparative research    
0 引言

胃癌是世界上第四大常见肿瘤,也是世界上第三大常见肿瘤死亡原因[1]。而对于早期胃癌,手术是其最为有效的治疗方式。Kitano等[2]于1994年完成了首例腹腔镜辅助下胃癌切除术,此后腹腔镜胃癌根治术被广泛应用于临床。世界范围内许多大型RCT研究也在如火如荼的进行着。然而,对位于近端胃的Ⅰ期胃癌行腹腔镜全胃切除术的安全性研究较少,目前尚无统一共识。本研究回顾性分析89例就诊于福建医科大学附属第一医院胃肠外科,且肿瘤位于近端胃并行根治性全胃切除术的Ⅰ期胃癌患者临床资料。将其分为腹腔镜组和开腹组,分析两组的近期安全性,旨在为临床治疗Ⅰ期胃癌提供证据。

1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料

纳入标准:(1)经术后病理确诊为Ⅰ期胃癌;(2)肿瘤位于近端胃;(3)既往无新辅助治疗及上腹部手术史;(4)行全胃切除+D2淋巴结清扫术。排除标准:(1)合并其他部位肿瘤的患者;(2)合并严重基础疾病,不能耐受手术的患者;(3)术前明确肿瘤有远处转移者。

采用回顾性分析的方法,收集2014年1月—2018年12月符合以上标准且行胃癌根治术的患者共89例,根据手术方式的不同分为腹腔镜组47例,开腹组42例。两组患者的基本临床资料比较,差异无统计学意义,具有可比性,见表 1

表 1 腹腔镜组与开腹组一般资料比较 Table 1 Comparison of general data between two groups
1.2 手术方法

1.2.1 腹腔镜组

通过气管插管与吸入式复合麻醉,采取平卧“人”字位,腹部通过五孔法置入穿刺套管,气腹压力维持在1.3~1.6 kPa,置入腹腔镜。用超声刀自横结肠上缘切断大网膜附着缘,自十二指肠球部至结肠脾曲。在脾门区胃网膜左动静脉起始处结扎切断,靠近脾门切断胃短血管,并游离至食管左侧。在胰头前方沿胃系膜与横结肠系膜间隙将两层系膜分开,在胃网膜右静脉与右结肠静脉汇合处结扎切断,掀起胰头被膜,向上至胰头上缘,在十二指肠球部内侧与胰头间沟,显露胃十二指肠动脉,清扫周围淋巴结,在胃网膜右血管根部钳夹剪断。再沿十二指肠动脉,向上分离至肝总动脉,钳夹并剪断,清扫其周围淋巴脂肪组织。向左沿肝总动脉清扫至腹腔干,胃左血管根部处钳夹剪断。沿肝固有动脉自下而上清扫胃十二指肠韧带淋巴组。在十二指肠球部予切割闭合器离断十二指肠。沿肝下缘切断肝胃韧带至贲门右侧,游离腹段食管。在上腹部做正中辅助口,将胃及清扫的淋巴脂肪组织及大网膜提出腹腔,在中路上缘2 cm处上荷包钳,荷包缝合,远端予切断,近端置入吻合器底订座,然后行食管空肠Roux-Y吻合。将肠管回纳腹腔,并进行冲洗,洗净冲洗液,置腹腔管于上腹部。依次缝合腹部各层及各穿刺孔,见图 1

1: transection of greater omentum at the upper edge of transverse colon; 2: disconnection of right gastroepiploic vein; 3: isolation of short gastric vessels at splenic hilum; 4: cleaning of gastroduodenal lymphatic tissue; 5: isolation of gastroduodenal artery; 6: dissection of right gastric artery; 7: amputation of duodenum; 8: cutting left gastric artery; 9: cutting ligaments of liver and stomach; 10: esophagojejunostomy. 图 1 腹腔镜全胃切除手术步骤 Figure 1 Surgical procedures of laparoscopic total gastrectomy

1.2.2 开腹组

通过气管插管与吸入式复合麻醉,采取平卧位,于上腹部做长约15~20 cm绕脐切口。手术切除范围以及上消化道重建方式与腹腔镜组相同,根据实际情况实施全胃切除、肠道吻合,并实施淋巴结清扫。

1.3 观察指标

术中指标为手术时间、术中出血量、术中并发症。术后指标为术后首次进食流质饮食时间、术后住院天数、术后并发症的发生情况以评价患者手术近期疗效,其中并发症等级采用Clavien-Dindo分类。病理指标为:淋巴结清扫数目、肿瘤大小、肿瘤分化程度等。

1.4 统计学方法

采用SPSS22.0软件进行数据分析。计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用两独立样本的t检验,计数资料采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 腹腔镜组与开腹组术中及术后资料比较

腹腔镜组患者手术持续时间长于开腹组,但术中出血量、术后首次进食流质饮食及术后住院天数均小于开腹组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。由于部分患者携带引流管出院,所以统计术后引流管拔除时间并未将这部分患者纳入,其中腹腔镜组术后引流管拔除患者44例,带管出院3例,平均拔管时间为248.75±71.54 h;开腹组术后引流管拔除患者32例,带管出院10例,平均拔管时间为292.50±75.31 h。结果显示腹腔镜组患者术后引流管拔除时间及带管出院人数均小于开腹组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。两组患者中胃管拔除时间差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),见表 2。两组患者术后病理示淋巴结清扫数目、神经脉管侵犯及肿瘤大小间差异均无统计学意义(均P > 0.05),见表 1

2.2 腹腔镜组与开腹组术后并发症比较

腹腔镜组术后并发症的发生率及等级均低于开腹组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),见表 2

表 2 两组患者术中术后资料比较 Table 2 Comparison of intraoperative and postoperative data between two groups
3 讨论

胃癌在我国的发病率及死亡率居所有肿瘤第二位,仅次于肺癌[3]。而手术治疗仍是胃癌治疗的主要方式,其中D2根治术是胃癌手术的标准术式。传统开腹D2胃癌根治术虽能达到较好的手术效果,但是创伤大、术后恢复时间长、术后并发症发生率高,严重影响了该术式在临床中的应用[4]。随着微创技术的发展,腹腔镜技术由于其切口小且具有独特的放大作用,手术局部视野较开腹手术更加清晰等优势而被广泛应用于恶性肿瘤根治术中[5]。腹腔镜下胃癌根治术也得到了广泛的开展,腹腔镜胃癌根治术的主要手术方式包括腹腔镜近端胃切除术、腹腔镜远端胃切除术和腹腔镜全胃切除术等。国际上JCOG0912、JCOG0703和JLSSG0901实验均证明了对于远端胃癌行腹腔镜远端胃切除术安全可行[6-8]。日本胃癌协会在日本胃癌治疗规约2014年(第4版)中将腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术列为早期胃癌治疗选择[9]。但由于全胃切除术具有比远端胃切除更大的手术难度,其主要难点在于消化道重建,尤其是食管空肠吻合。随着腹腔镜手术在胃癌根治中的应用,进而手术难度也相应的增加,手术难度的增加是否会导致相应术后并发症的发生率升高至今尚无高级别证据。目前,关于胃癌根治术后的并发症主要包括:(1)外科并发症:胃瘘、残胃无力、十二指肠残端破裂、吻合口狭窄、腹腔出血、吻合口出血、乳糜漏、吻合口瘘、切口感染、术后肠梗阻等;(2)非外科并发症:皮下气肿、高碳酸血症、败血症、泌尿系感染、腹腔感染、肺部感染、深静脉栓塞等[10-13]。腹腔镜全胃切除术的安全性一直都是关注的焦点,目前对于近端早期胃癌行腹腔镜全胃切除术的循证医学依据仍不足[14]

本研究表明,腹腔镜手术虽具有比开放手术更长的手术时间,但是术中出血量、术后首次进食流质饮食、术后住院时间、术后引流管拔除时间、带管出院人数、术后总体并发症及并发症等级均低于开腹手术组,且淋巴结检出数目与开腹组相近。这与世界范围内多数临床研究结论一致[15-16]。本研究中腹腔镜手术时间明显长于开腹手术,这可能与消化道重建难度大有关,即使做小辅助切口吻合,虽吻合技术与开腹手术一样,但辅助口相对于开腹手术空间更狭小,暴露困难,尤其是对于肥胖患者,其操作难度更大。而术中出血小,可能与腹腔镜所具有的放大条件及清晰的视野有关,且在手术过程中能清晰地辨别血管神经,避免副损伤发生的概率[17-18]。术后并发症也是衡量手术方式优劣的重要指标之一。本研究中腹腔镜组的并发症发生率低于腹腔镜组,有利于患者胃肠功能及身体的恢复,效果优于开腹组。本研究虽与之前的研究一样,均是探讨腹腔镜手术与开腹手术的安全性问题,但目前对近端早期胃癌行全胃切除的临床研究仍较少,本文通过回顾性研究验证了腹腔镜手术的安全性不劣于甚至优于传统开腹手术。

综上所述,与开腹手术相比,腹腔镜全胃切除术能够在保证患者肿瘤根治性切除的同时降低患者的术中出血量、术后恢复时间,具有创伤小、术后恢复快、并发症发生率较开腹手术低的特点,说明腹腔镜全胃切除术是安全可行的。但腹腔镜全胃切除术操作难度较开腹手术大,建议手术医师须有丰富的传统开腹胃癌根治术经验,且接受过系统的培训[19-21]。总之,微创外科是大势所趋,对于胃癌的手术治疗亦是如此,应该在确保手术的安全性及根治性的前提下追求微创。由于目前还没有大型RCT临床实验明确腹腔镜全胃切除的安全性,且手术难度较大,安全性与实施术者的手术技巧经验关系较大,所以不太适合经验不足的单位开展。

作者贡献

张林炜:实验设计、收集数据、统计分析、论文撰写与修改

朱广伟、叶建新:指导实验设计、审核数据及统计分析结果、论文修改

黄永建:文章的审查与指导

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