肿瘤防治研究  2019, Vol. 46 Issue (5): 406-410
本刊由国家卫生和计划生育委员会主管,湖北省卫生厅、中国抗癌协会、湖北省肿瘤医院主办。
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文章信息

NDUFA4过表达对人结直肠癌细胞体外生长的影响
Effects of NDUFA4 Overexpression on Growth of Human Colon Cancer Cells in vitro
肿瘤防治研究, 2019, 46(5): 406-410
Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2019, 46(5): 406-410
http://www.zlfzyj.com/CN/10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2019.18.1693
收稿日期: 2018-11-09
修回日期: 2019-03-04
NDUFA4过表达对人结直肠癌细胞体外生长的影响
刘士明1,2 ,    丁涛1,2 ,    雷良玉1,2 ,    胡琳1,2 ,    冒灵1,2 ,    陈超1,2 ,    郭萌萌1,2 ,    徐林1,2     
1. 563099 遵义,贵州省基因检测与治疗特色重点实验室暨贵州省生物治疗人才基地;
2. 563099 遵义,遵义医学院免疫学教研室
摘要: 目的 探讨过表达NDUFA4对人结直肠癌细胞体外生长的影响及其机制。方法 将p-NDUFA4重组质粒(p-NDUFA4组)和p-Cont对照质粒(p-Cont组)体外分别转染人结直肠癌HCT116细胞;采用Real-time PCR和Western blot检测细胞中NDUFA的表达;CCK-8法和克隆形成实验分别检测HCT116细胞增殖活性和克隆形成能力;实时荧光定量PCR法检测HCT116细胞中CDK2、CDK3、CDK4、CDK6的mRNA水平;Western blot法检测细胞中蛋白总AKT、ERK1/2以及磷酸化AKT(p-AKT)、ERK1/2(p-ERK1/2)的表达水平。结果 与p-Cont对照组相比,p-NDUFA4组中NDUFA4的表达水平显著升高(均P < 0.01);细胞增殖和克隆形成能力明显增强(均P < 0.05);CDK2、CDK3等的mRNA水平显著上调(均P < 0.05);p-NDUFA4组中p-AKT和p-ERK1/2蛋白的表达水平明显上调(均P < 0.05)。结论 过表达NDUFA4能明显促进人结直肠癌细胞的体外生长,其机制可能与AKT和ERK信号通路的变化相关。
关键词: NDUFA4     真核表达     结直肠癌     HCT116     增殖    
Effects of NDUFA4 Overexpression on Growth of Human Colon Cancer Cells in vitro
LIU Shiming1,2 , DING Tao1,2 , LEI Liangyu1,2 , HU Lin1,2 , MAO Ling1,2 , CHEN Chao1,2 , GUO Mengmeng1,2 , XU Lin1,2     
1. Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection & Therapy of Guizhou Province, Talent Base of Biological Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi 563099, China;
2. Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563099, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the effects of NDUFA4 overexpression on the growth of human colon cancer cells in vitro and to explore its potential mechanism. Methods The recombinant plasmid p-NDUFA4 (p-NDUFA4) and the control plasmid (p-Cont) were transiently transfected into human colon cancer HCT 116 cells, respectively. Then, the relative expression level of NDUFA4 was determined by Real-time PCR and Western blot. The proliferation and colony formation ability of HCT116 cells were detected by CCK-8 assay and clone formation assay. The mRNA expression levels of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2, CDK3, CDK4 and CDK6 were determined by Real-time PCR. The expression levels of AKT (p-AKT) and ERK1/2(p-ERK1/2) were analyzed by Western blot. Results Compared with control group, the expression levels of NDUFA4 were increased remarkably in p-NDUFA4 group (all P < 0.01). The proliferation and clone formation capacity of HCT116 cells in p-NDUFA4 group were obviously increased (all P < 0.05). The expression of CDK2 and CDK3 mRNA were increased significantly(all P < 0.05). The expression of p-AKT and p-ERK1/2 were increased obviously (all P < 0.05). Conclusion The overexpression of NDUFA4 could significantly promote the growth of human colon cancer HCT116 cells in vitro, which might be closely related to the change of AKT and ERK signaling transduction.
Key words: NDUFA4     Eukaryotic expression     Colon cancer     HCT116     Proliferation    
0 引言

结直肠癌是人类最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其发生发展机制的阐明对于诊断、治疗及预后均有重要意义[1-5]。Ⅰ型辅酶脱氢酶1α亚复合物4(NADH dehydrogenase 1 alpha subcomplex 4, NDUFA4),是由定位于人7号染色体p21.3上的NDUFA4基因编码的线粒体呼吸链蛋白质,也是哺乳动物线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶(COX; Complex Ⅳ)中的重要亚基,能够将电子从NADH转移至呼吸链,参与能量代谢[6-8]。研究显示NDUFA4的异常表达与包括肿瘤在内的多种疾病发生发展密切相关[9-12]。我们课题组前期发现NDUFA4过表达可促进人肺癌细胞的增殖和侵袭[13]。然而,NDUFA4在人结直肠癌发生中的可能作用和研究机制尚未阐明。因此,本研究利用前期构建的p-NDUFA4真核表达载体,观察NDUFA4过表达对人结直肠癌细胞体外生长的可能影响并探讨其机制,以期为后续研究NDUFA4在人结直肠癌发生中的作用提供前期实验依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 质粒、细胞株和主要试剂

人结直肠癌HCT116细胞株购自中国生命科学院,质粒p-NDUFA4和p-Cont均由本实验室保存。McCoy' s 5A细胞培养基、胎牛血清购自美国Gibco公司;100×三抗(青霉素-链霉素-两性霉素B)购自上海第四制药股份有限公司;CCK-8试剂盒购自东仁化学科技(上海)有限公司;1%结晶紫染液购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司;Lipofectamine3000试剂购自赛默飞世尔科技公司; SYBR Premix Ex Taq,Premix Ex Taq Version2.0,以及RNAisoTM Plus均购自北京宝日医生物技术有限公司;RevertAidTM First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit反转录合成试剂盒购自美国Fermentas公司;总RNA提取试剂盒购自北京天根科技有限公司,兔抗NDUFA4、β-actin、p-AKT、AKT一抗以及兔抗ERK1/2、p-ERK1/2一抗、HRP标记的羊抗兔二抗均购自Abcam公司(英国的剑桥科学园);全蛋白提取试剂盒、ECL显色液、RIPA裂解液均购自上海生工生物工程股份有限公司。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 重组质粒p-NDUFA4瞬时转染人结直肠癌HCT116细胞

将人结直肠癌HCT116细胞株置于10%优质胎牛血清、100×三抗(青霉素-链霉素-两性霉素B)、McCoy' s 5A细胞培养液中培养,待HCT116细胞密度达到80%左右时,使用0.25%胰蛋白酶37℃消化2 min,离心收集细胞,使用PBS重复冲洗3次后备用。细胞实验分组:空载体对照组(p-Cont)、重组质粒实验组(p-NDUFA4)。以每孔1×105个细胞铺于6孔板中,置于培养箱中培养12 h后,按照Lipofectamine3000转染试剂盒说明书进行转染,并于荧光显微镜下观察转染细胞的形态学变化和转染效率。

1.2.2 实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot检测转染细胞中NDUFA4的表达

总RNA的提取参考文献[13]。按照RevertAidTM First Strand cDNA合成试剂盒说明书的反应条件和反应体系进行RNA反转录。

1.2.2.1 Real-time PCR反应

反应体系:TaKaRa PCR Mix 10 μl,cDNA 2 μl,NDUFA4 1 μl,上下游引物各0.5 μl,ddH2O 6 μl。反应条件:95℃预变性30 s;95℃ 15 s、60℃ 1 min,40个循环。以GADPH为内参照,NDUFA4基因的PCR引物序列:上游引物:5'-TCCCCCTCTTTGTATTTATTGG-3';下游引物:5'-GGGCTCTGGGTTATTTCTGTC-3' 。反应结束后,采用2-ΔΔCt法计算NDUFA4的相对表达量[13]

1.2.2.2 Western blot检测转染细胞中NDUFA4的表达

(1)制备浓缩胶和分离胶:10%分离胶,5%浓缩胶;(2)跑胶:SDS-PAGE电泳80 V跑浓缩胶,120 V跑分离胶;(3)上样:将蛋白样品上样到SDS-PAGE胶加样孔内;(4)电泳1 h;(5)转膜:将目的蛋白转至PVDF膜(30 min);(6)封闭:转膜完毕后立刻把蛋白置于含5%脱脂奶粉的TBST中,封闭1 h;(7)一抗孵育:将兔抗人的β-actin、NDUFA4(1:2 000)加入上述封闭液中孵育,4℃冰箱过夜;(8)洗膜:24 h后用TBST洗膜,10 min×3次;(9)二抗孵育、洗膜:将含有NDUFA4蛋白的HRP标记的羊抗兔二抗(1:2 000)加入含PBST的孵育膜,1 h;PBST洗膜,10 min×3次;(10)加入等量发光试剂,进行蛋白曝光。以β-actin作为内参分析结果。

1.2.3 CCK-8法检测HCT116细胞的增殖情况

以每孔1×104个细胞接种至96孔板,并设置三个复孔,每孔加入细胞悬液和培养液的总量为200 μl,待细胞密度达90%,Lipofectamine3000瞬时将p-NDUFA4质粒和p-Cont质粒转染人结直肠癌HCT116细胞。在指定的时间分别向每孔加入10 μl CCK-8试剂,并置于37℃培养箱中继续培养3 h,在酶标仪主波长为450 nm处读取每孔吸光度(OD)值变化。

1.2.4 克隆形成实验检测HCT116细胞的克隆形成能力

收集已转染的细胞,制成细胞悬液,细胞悬液反复吹打,使单个细胞百分率在95%以上,并进行细胞计数,调整细胞悬液密度为1×103个/毫升细胞,并以400个/孔和1 000个/孔接种于6孔板中,用于克隆形成实验,然后将细胞置于37℃、5%CO2细胞培养箱中静置培养2~3周。当出现肉眼可见克隆时,终止培养,弃去培养液,PBS液小心清洗3次,空气干燥。甲醇固定15 min,弃甲醇后空气干燥。1%结晶紫染液染色菌落,并对菌落直径和数量进行统计学分析。

1.2.5 实时荧光定量PCR检测HCT116细胞中与生长相关基因的表达

细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶(cyclin- dependent kinase, CDK)表达的检测同前期工作[13]

1.2.6 Western blot检测HCT116细胞中AKT、ERK1/2、磷酸化AKT、磷酸化ERK1/2蛋白的表达情况

细胞蛋白质样品的制备及BCA法定量蛋白的检测、Western blot检测AKT等相关信号通路的变化的方法参考文献[13]

1.3 统计学方法

GraphPad Prism 5.0软件统计分析数据。所有数据均独立重复3次,实验数值结果以(x±s)表示。其中计量资料组间比较采用Student t检验或单因素方差分析,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 瞬时转染p-NDUFA4重组质粒后HCT116细胞中NDUFA4的表达

结果显示:与p-Cont组相比,p-NDUFA4组中NDUFA4 mRNA和蛋白表达水平均明显上调(Pm-RNA=0.0015,P蛋白=0.0024),见图 1

**: P<0.01, compared with p-Cont group 图 1 p-NDUFA4转染HCT116细胞后NDUFA4 mRNA(A)和蛋白(B)的表达 Figure 1 Expression levels of NDUFA4 mRNA(A) and protein(B) in human colon cancer HCT116 cells transfected with p-NDUFA4
2.2 NDUFA4过表达促进HCT116细胞体外生长

结果显示:与p-Cont组相比,转染24 h时,p-NDUFA4组细胞的增殖无明显差异(P=0.0546);但从48 h开始,p-NDUFA4组细胞的增殖均明显高于p-Cont组细胞(P48h=0.0077; P72h=0.0033; P96h=0.0442; P120h=0.0310),见图 2

*: P<0.05, **: P<0.01, compared with p-Cont group 图 2 NDUFA4过表达对HCT116细胞增殖的影响 Figure 2 Effects of NDUFA4 overexpression on proliferation of HCT116 cells
2.3 NDUFA4过表达促进HCT116细胞的克隆形成能力

结果显示:与p-Cont组相比,p-NDUFA4组HCT116细胞的克隆形成率较p-Cont组明显增加(P400/well=0.0015, P1000/well=0.0011),见图 3

**: P<0.01, compared with p-Cont group 图 3 NDUFA4过表达对HCT116细胞克隆形成的影响 Figure 3 Effects of NDUFA4 overexpression on clonal formation of HCT116 cells
2.4 NDUFA4过表达促进细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶的表达

结果显示:与p-Cont组相比,p-NDUFA4组中肿瘤细胞生长周期相关的周期蛋白依赖性激酶CDK3和CDK4的表达水平均显著上调(PCDK2=0.0285, PCDK3=0.0025, PCDK4=0.0197, PCDK6=0.0046),见图 4

*: P<0.05, **: P<0.01, compared with p-Cont group 图 4 NDUFA4过表达对细胞中细胞生长周期相关的CDKs表达的影响 Figure 4 Effects of NDUFA4 overexpression on CDKs expression related with cell cycle of HCT116 cells
2.5 Western blot检测各组转染细胞中相关信号通路表达情况

结果显示:与p-Cont组相比,p-NDUFA4组中p-ERK1/2、p-AKT的蛋白表达水平明显增加(Pp-ERK1/2= 0.0075, Pp-AKT=0.0254),见图 5

*: P<0.05, **: P<0.01, compared with p-Cont group 图 5 NDUFA4过表达对HCT116细胞中AKT、ERK1/2和AKT、ERK1/2磷酸化水平的影响 Figure 5 Effects of NDUFA4 overexpression on expression levels of AKT, ERK1/2, p-AKT and p-ERK1/2 in HCT116 cells
3 讨论

NDUFA分子参与了肿瘤发生发展过程,且不同的NDUFA分子在特定肿瘤中的表达功能存在差异[14]。例如,NDUFA13在人肺癌组织中表达量明显下降,与肿瘤增殖和转移等恶性生物学行为存在密切联系[15]。陆仁飞等[16]发现人结直肠癌患者标本中NDUFA13的表达显著下调,且高表达NDUFA13能够抑制结直肠癌细胞的增殖。此外,NDUFA4L2在不同癌中的表达量存在明显差异,其在肝细胞癌、神经母细胞瘤、肾透明细胞癌中表达量上调[17-18]。这些研究提示NDUFA家族分子参与肿瘤发生过程中的复杂性。因此,探讨不同NDUFA家族分子在特定肿瘤发生中的作用不仅有利于NDUFA家族分子生物学功能的解析,而且对于相关肿瘤发生机制认识和临床生物防治新策略开发均具有重要意义。

作为NDUFA家族成员之一,NDUFA4也参与了肿瘤的发生过程[12]。我们在前期研究中发现,肿瘤抑癌分子微小RNA-7可抑制肺癌中NDUFA4的表达,且过表达NDUFA4可促进人肺癌细胞的生长[13]。本研究,我们将前期构建的p-NDUFA4真核表达载体瞬时转染HCT116细胞,发现细胞中NDUFA4的表达水平明显增加,提示该载体可在人结直肠癌细胞中有效表达NDUFA4分子,这与我们前期工作一致。重要的是,CCK-8实验和克隆形成实验显示,上调NDUFA4表达后,HCT116细胞的增殖能力和克隆形成能力明显增强。为了进一步明确NDUFA4过表达对人结直肠癌细胞体外生长的效应,我们进一步检测了细胞中生长周期相关分子CDKs家族成员的表达,发现CDK2和CDK3等家族成员明显上调,提示NDUFA促进人结直肠癌细胞体外生长的效应与细胞周期变化有关。现已知,AKT和ERK信号途径与肿瘤细胞生长密切相关[19-21],且与细胞呼吸链能量传递存在关联[22-24]。因此,我们检测了细胞中p-AKT和p-ERK等蛋白的表达情况,且发现p-AKT和p-ERK等蛋白的表达水平均明显上调。这些研究结果提示,NDUFA4过表达促进人结直肠癌细胞体外生长的效应可能与相关信号途径传递变化有关。然而,鉴于NDUFA4分子在细胞能量代谢中的重要作用,以及AKT等信号途径与能量代谢的密切关系,因此,NDUFA4过表达对人结直肠癌细胞体外生长的作用机制,包括细胞能量代谢改变,仍有待后续研究阐明。

综上所述,本研究发现过表达NDUFA4可促进人结直肠癌细胞的体外生长,且AKT和ERK等信号途径传递发生变化,为后续深入NDUFA4在人结直肠癌发生中的作用及相关机制提供了重要的前期实验基础。

作者贡献

刘士明:大部分实验的实施及文稿初稿撰写

丁涛、雷良玉、陈超、郭萌萌:给予实验技术支持

胡琳、冒灵:数据的整理及帮助文章撰写

徐 林:实验构思及文稿的撰写与修改

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