肿瘤防治研究  2019, Vol. 46 Issue (4): 305-310
本刊由国家卫生和计划生育委员会主管,湖北省卫生厅、中国抗癌协会、湖北省肿瘤医院主办。
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文章信息

反馈激活STAT3调控HER2阳性乳腺癌细胞拉帕替尼耐药的机制
Feedback Activation of STAT3 Confers Resistance of HER2-positive Breast Cancer Cells to Lapatinib
肿瘤防治研究, 2019, 46(4): 305-310
Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2019, 46(4): 305-310
http://www.zlfzyj.com/CN/10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2019.18.1410
收稿日期: 2018-09-26
修回日期: 2018-12-12
反馈激活STAT3调控HER2阳性乳腺癌细胞拉帕替尼耐药的机制
胡晓红1,2 ,    柏华3,4 ,    段娟娟1,2 ,    雷秀1,2 ,    张启芳1,2     
1. 550004 贵阳,贵州医科大学地方病与少数民族性疾病教育部重点实验室;
2. 550004 贵阳,贵州医科大学贵州省医学分子生物学重点实验室;
3. 558000 都匀,贵州医科大学院第三附属医院神经内科;
4. 558000 都匀,贵州医科大学第三附属医院医学中心实验室
摘要: 目的 探讨白介素-6(IL-6)在HER2阳性BT-474乳腺癌细胞拉帕替尼耐药中的作用及其相关分子机制。方法 建立BT-474耐拉帕替尼细胞株(BT-474R)。Western blot检测耐药标志蛋白P-gp的表达,MTT法检测BT-474R细胞的IC50。Caspase-Glo® 3/7法检测拉帕替尼BT-474R与BT-474细胞的Caspase3/7酶活性的变化。Western blot法检测IL-6、p-STAT3、STAT3、Cleaved Caspase 3的蛋白表达水平;RNAi法沉默STAT3基因表达;Caspase-Glo® 3/7法和Annexin V-FITC/PI染色检测沉默后细胞凋亡程度。结果 BT-474R组P-gp表达水平显著高于BT-474组(P < 0.05)。拉帕替尼增强STAT3活性,沉默STAT3基因可恢复BT-474R细胞对拉帕替尼的敏感度、增加cleaved caspase 3蛋白表达水平和Caspase 3/7酶的活性(P < 0.01)。沉默STAT3增强了拉帕替尼诱导的耐药细胞凋亡(P < 0.01)。拉帕替尼诱导的IL-6表达和分泌激活STAT3,用IL-6抗体抑制拉帕替尼诱导的IL-6,可以阻止拉帕替尼刺激STAT3活性。结论 拉帕替尼通过诱导BT-474细胞分泌IL-6激活STAT3信号通路,增加HER2阳性乳腺癌细胞对拉帕替尼的耐药性。
关键词: HER2阳性乳腺癌     拉帕替尼     白介素-6 (IL-6)     耐药性    
Feedback Activation of STAT3 Confers Resistance of HER2-positive Breast Cancer Cells to Lapatinib
HU Xiaohong1,2 , BAI Hua3,4 , DUAN Juanjuan1,2 , LEI Xiu1,2 , ZHANG Qifang1,2     
1. Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China;
2. Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China;
3. Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Duyun 558000, China;
4. Medical Laboratory Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Duyun 558000, China
Abstract: Objective To explore the role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in lapatinib-resistant HER2-positive breast cancer cells BT-474. Methods Lapatinib-resistant BT-474 (BT-474R) cells were established. Western blot was used to test P-gp expression. The growth inhibition rate(IC50) was tested by MTT assay, and Caspase 3/7 enzymatic activity levels in parental BT474 and BT-474R cells were investigated by Caspase-Glo® 3/7 assay kit. The apoptotic rate of BT-474R cells infected by siRNA STAT3 was tested by flow cytometry. The protein expression levels of IL-6, P-STAT3, STAT3 and Cleaved Caspase 3 were assayed by Western blot. Caspase 3/7 Glo assay and Annexin V-FITC/PI were used to assay cellular apoptosis. Results BT-474R cells displayed significantly elevated P-gp expression when compared with BT-474 cells. Lapatinib treatment stimulated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activity, and STAT3 activity was also upregulated in BT-474R cells. STAT3 silencing not only remarkably restored sensitivity to lapatinib and enhanced lapatinib-induced cleaved caspase 3 and cspase3/7 enzymatic activity, but also increased the apoptosis of BT-474R cells (P < 0.01). Furthermore, lapatinib-mediated IL-6 secretion regulated STAT3 activity. Blocking IL-6 using anti-IL-6 antibody abrogated lapatinib-induced STAT3 activity. Conclusion Lapatinib-induced IL-6 secretion enhances the resistance through STAT3 signaling in HER2-positive breast cancer cells.
Key words: HER2-positive breast cancer     Lapatinib     Interleukin-6(IL-6)     Drug resistance    
0 引言

乳腺癌是女性常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其中20%~25%乳腺癌患者携带过表达表皮生长因子受体2(human epithelial growth factor receptor 2, HER2)[1-2]。HER2过表达预示着患者易有淋巴结转移、肿瘤分化差、无疾病总体生存期短[3]。靶向HER2阳性的药物,例如人源化曲妥珠单抗和双重HER2-EGFR酪氨酸激酶抑制剂拉帕替尼,可使HER2阳性乳腺癌患者的临床结果得到显著改善[4-6]。但是,患者对两种药物产生耐药性是治疗HER2阳性乳腺癌面临的巨大挑战,大约50%的HER2阳性患者在治疗一年后表现出对曲妥珠单抗的抗药性[7]。拉帕替尼在接受过曲妥珠单抗治疗失败的晚期转移性HER2阳性乳腺癌中取得了较好的临床疗效,然而,只有不到25%达到一定疗效,其中大部分最终会产生获得性耐药[8-9]。因此,这些抗性产生的机制仍然是临床上尚未解决的重要问题。

本研究中,我们用HER2阳性乳腺癌细胞株BT-474建立拉帕替尼耐药细胞株,检测拉帕替尼诱导分泌的白介素-6(Interleukin-6, IL-6)在拉帕替尼耐药中的作用,旨在探讨靶向治疗HER2阳性乳腺癌的耐药机制,为突破耐药提供可能的新靶点和思路。

1 材料与方法 1.1 细胞培养及处理

人乳腺癌BT-474细胞购自美国ATCC细胞库,RPMI培养基中加入10%胎牛血清(美国Gibco公司)以及1%青霉素和链霉素双抗Antibiotic-Antimycotic(美国Gibco公司),置于37℃、5%CO2的培养箱中培养。

1.2 药物与试剂

拉帕替尼购自美国MedchemExpress(MCE)公司, 人源IL-6R ELISA和MTT检测试剂盒购自美国ThermoFisher Scientific公司,Caspase 3/7Glo购自美国Promega公司,RNeasy Plus kit购自德国Qiagen公司,cDNA合成试剂盒(iScript)购自美国Bio-Rad公司。P-gp、兔抗STAT3、兔抗P-STAT3,兔抗Cleaved caspase-3、兔抗TUBULIN、辣根过氧化物酶标记的羊抗兔二抗、兔抗羊二抗均购自美国CST公司。

1.3 MTT检测细胞IC50

调整细胞悬液的浓度,以5×103个/孔的密度分别将细胞接种于96孔板内,每孔加200 μl完全培养基,置于细胞培养箱内培养。第二天用DMSO或拉帕替尼处理。处理48 h后,每孔细胞加入12 mmol/L MTT液10 μl,连续孵育4 h,停止培养,弃上清液,每孔加入150 μl DMSO,避光摇晃,酶标检测仪测定540 nm处的吸光度值。根据公式计算细胞增殖抑制率:抑制率=(1-加药组OD值/对照组OD值)×100%。

1.4 拉帕替尼耐药细胞株的建立

用0.2、0.5、1.0、2.0 μmol/L拉帕替尼逐渐递增浓度直至4.0 μmol/L处理细胞加以诱导,维持6月,建立稳定BT-474耐药株(BT-474R)。Western blot法检测耐药标志蛋白P-gp的表达。用MTT法检测BT-474R细胞的生长抑制IC50值。用Caspase-Glo® 3/7法验证拉帕替尼诱导的Caspase3/7酶的活性在BT-474R细胞是否比在BT-474细胞降低。

1.5 Western blot检测蛋白表达水平

收集细胞,提取总蛋白。SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离蛋白, 将蛋白转移到PVDF膜上,封闭,常规一抗和二抗孵育后, 用ECL超敏免疫印迹检测试剂(英国Amersham公司)检测蛋白表达,用Image J软件分析蛋白图像强度。

1.6 Caspase-Glo® 3/7法检测细胞凋亡

把16 000个细胞(100 μl)接种于96孔不透明白板,按实验方案加入DMSO或拉帕替尼处理6 h。不含细胞的培养基样品吸收值作为背景值。DMSO处理的细胞样品作为阴性对照。按照试剂盒说明书进行操作。用药细胞处理到达时间时,取出96孔板,平衡至室温。每孔加入100 μl Caspase-Glo®3/7试剂,混匀,室温孵育90 min。采用具备荧光检测功能的读板机读取荧光值。

1.7 细胞转染

选取对数生长期的乳腺癌BT-474细胞株,悬浮在无抗生素的培养液里,按1×106个细胞接种10 cm培养皿培养过夜。制备终浓度为50 nmol/L的siSTAT3或siScr。用无血清OPTI-MEM分别稀释siSTAT3、siScr和Lipofectamine™ RNAiMAX转染试剂,室温静置5 min后混合,逐滴加入待转染的细胞中。转染12 h后换新鲜培养基。Western blot检测基因沉默效率。Stat3 siRNA(siSTAT3)正义链为:5′-GGAAGCUGCAGAAAGAUACGACUGA 3′, 阴性siRNA (siScr)正义链为:5′-CUGCUAUCACCGACAGCUAAGGGAC-3′。

1.8 qPCR检测IL-6 mRNA的表达

用RNeasy试剂抽提细胞总RNA,按iScript反转录试剂盒说明书合成cDNA,用Sybr Green分别进行实时荧光定量PCR反应。人IL-6引物:上游为5′-CCAGGAGCCCAGCTATGAAC-3′,下游为5′-GATGCCGTCGAGGATGTACC-3′,扩增片段长度为206 bp; β-actin内参引物为:上游引物5′- ATCGTGCGTGACATTAAGGAGAAG-3′,下游引物:5′-AGGAAGGAAGGCTGGAAGA GTG-3′,扩增片段长度为179 bp; 人IL-6R引物:上游引物为5′-TGAGCTCAGATATCGGGCTGAAC-3′,下游引物为5′-CGTCGTGGATGACACAGTGATG-3′。

反应条件为:95℃ 30 s, 95℃ 5 s, 60℃ 30 s, 40个循环。采集待测基因和内参(β-actin), 计算ΔΔCt及相对含量(RQ),RQ=2–ΔΔCt

1.9 流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡

用siSTAT3或siScr转染BT-474R细胞6 h后,用DMSO或拉帕替尼处理细胞48 h,在37℃、5%CO2培养箱孵育48h,收集细胞后用Annexin V-FITC/PI双染色法凋亡试剂盒(eBioscience)检测细胞凋亡,按使用说明书操作。样品准备好后上流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,数据用FlowJo软件处理。

1.10 统计学方法

采用GraphPad Prism 6.0自带统计分析软件处理数据,每组实验重复3次,实验数据以均数±标准差(x±s)表示。两组之间的数据采用t检验, 多组间的单变量比较采用单因素方差分析(One way ANOVA)。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 拉帕替尼耐药细胞株BT-474R的鉴定

Western blot结果显示,BT-474R细胞中P-gp的表达比BT-474显著增加,见图 1A。用MTT法检测BT-474细胞的IC50大约是0.22 μmol/L, 而BT-474R细胞的IC50大约是2.8 μmol/L,即BT-474R细胞IC50是BT-474细胞的12.7倍,见图 1B。Caspase Glo®3/7法显示BT-474R细胞中拉帕替尼诱导的Caspase3/7酶的活性比BT-474细胞显著降低,见图 1C。以上结果说明BT-474R细胞具有拉帕替尼耐药性。

A: P-gp protein expression in BT-474 and BT474R cells were measured by Western blot. TUBULIN serviced as a loading control, ***: P=0.0000548; B: lapatinib-mediated inhibition rates of BT-474 and BT474R cells, *: P=0.034, **: P=0.000937; C: Caspase 3/7 activities in BT-474 and BT-474R cells were measured using Caspase 3/7 Glo assay kit, *: P=0.0389, ***: P=0.00009 图 1 拉帕替尼耐药细胞株BT-474R的构建 Figure 1 Establishment of lapatinib-resistant BT-474 cell line (BT-474R)
2.2 拉帕替尼对STAT3活性的影响

Western blot结果显示,拉帕替尼能上调p-STAT3水平,即增强STAT3活性,见图 2A。在BT-474R细胞中p-STAT3的表达比BT-474细胞显著升高,见图 2B。由此说明拉帕替尼增强STAT3活性。

A: Phosoho-STAT3 and STAT3 expression levels in DMSO-or Lapatinib-treated BT-474 cells measured by Western blot, TUBULIN serviced as a loading control, ***: P=0.0000961; B: Phosoho-STAT3 and STAT3 expression levels in BT-474 and BT-474R cells measured by Western blot. ***: P=0.00000869 图 2 拉帕替尼诱导STAT3活性 Figure 2 Lapatinib treatment induced STAT3 activity
2.3 抑制STAT3表达对Caspase 3/7活性的影响

Western blot结果显示,siSTAT3有效地沉默了STAT3表达,见图 3A。用DMSO或拉帕替尼处理BT-474R细胞24 h后,用Western blot检测细胞凋亡标志产物Cleaved Caspase 3的表达水平,沉默STAT3后,BT-474R细胞中拉帕替尼诱导的Cleaved Caspase 3的表达水平显著高于未沉默组(siScr),见图 3B。用Caspase Glo® 3/7法结果显示:沉默STAT3后,BT-474R中拉帕替尼诱导的Caspase 3/7的表达水平显著高于未沉默组(siScr),见图 3C。这些结果说明BT-474R细胞对拉帕替尼的耐药性依赖STAT3活性。

A: the efficiency of STAT3 silencing by siRNA, STAT3 expression levels were assessed by Western blot. TUBULIN serviced as a loading control, ***: P=0.0000901; B: The expression levels of lapatinib-mediated Cleaved Caspase 3 in BT-474R cells were measured by Western blot, *: P=0.0421, **: P=0.000579. C: Caspase 3/7 activity levels were measured using Caspase 3/7 Glo assay kit in lapatinib-treated BT474, BT-474R and BT-474R +siSTAT3 cells, *: P=0.0376, **: P=0.00082 图 3 抑制STAT3表达对拉帕替尼诱导耐药细胞裂解的Caspase 3和Caspase3/7活性的作用 Figure 3 STAT3 silencing enhanced lapatinib-mediated cleavage Caspase 3 and Caspase 3/7 activity
2.4 沉默STAT3对拉帕替尼诱导耐药细胞凋亡的影响

流式细胞术结果显示,拉帕替尼诱导的细胞凋亡率在STAT3沉默组为33.42%,在未沉默组(siScr)组细胞为18.52%,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01),见图 4A。Western blot检测结果表明沉默STAT3后显著抑制耐药基因P-gp表达,见图 4B

A: 6h after transfection with siSTAT3 or siScr in BT-474R cells, cells were treated with lapatinib at indicated concentration for 48h and stained with Annexin V/PI. Cell apoptosis was assayed by flow cytometry. B: At 48 h after transfection with siSTAT3 or siScr in BT-474R cells, P-gp expression was analyzed by Western blot. *: P=0.0321, **: P=0.00982 图 4 STAT3表达对拉帕替尼诱导耐药乳腺癌BT-474细胞凋亡的调控 Figure 4 STAT3 expression mediated lapatinib-induced apoptosis of breast cancer BT-474 cells
2.5 拉帕替尼通过刺激乳腺癌细胞分泌IL-6对STAT3活性的影响

qPCR检测结果显示,拉帕替尼显著诱导了BT-474细胞的IL-6 mRNA表达,见图 5A。Western blot检测结果表明BT-474R细胞的IL-6蛋白表达水平显著高于BT-474细胞,见图 5B。与BT-474细胞相比,qPCR检测结果显示拉帕替尼没有显著诱导BT-474R细胞中IL-6R mRNA的表达,见图 5C。Western blot检测上清液中IL-6表达,BT-474+DMSO作为阴性对照,BT-474+Lapatinib作为阳性对照,结果表明BT-474R细胞分泌IL-6蛋白,见图 5D

A: IL-6 mRNA expression was measured by qPCR in DMSO or lapatninb-treated BT-474 cells, **: P=0.000894; B: IL-6 protein levels in BT-474 and BT-474R cells were measured by Western blot, **:P=0.000672; C: IL-6 mRNA expression was measured by qPCR in BT-474 and BT-474R cells; D: Western bolt was used for assessing IL-6 expression in the supernatants derived from DMSO-or lapatinib treated BT-474 and BT-474R cells, **: P=0.00091, ***: P=0.0000821; E: conditional medium (CM) representd supernatants derived from lapatinib-treated BT-474 cells, P-STAT3 and STAT3 expression levels were measured by Western blot, ***: P < 0.0001. 图 5 拉帕替尼通过刺激乳腺癌细胞分泌IL-6影响STAT3的活性 Figure 5 Lapatinib stimulated STAT3 activity via IL-6 signaling

用IgG或IL-6抗体预处理BT-474细胞,然后用拉帕替尼处理BT-474细胞后的上清液(CM)刺激BT-474细胞,Western blot检测结果显示,IL-6抗体组没有刺激STAT3活性,这个结果说明IL-6抗体中和上清液的IL-6,导致STAT3没有被激活,见图 5E。这些结果表明拉帕替尼诱导的IL-6分泌刺激STAT3活性,增强了BT-474细胞耐药性。

3 讨论

拉帕替尼是靶向HER2阳性癌症的第二代靶向药物,但患者对其产生的耐药阻碍了它的疗效。研究显示拉帕替尼会激活一些信号通路,包括PI3K/AKT/mTOR、Ras/ERK和HER2通路,由此引起拉帕替尼耐药[10-11]。拉帕替尼能上调耐药蛋白P-gp的表达。虽然拉帕替尼能有效抑制HER2活性,但是最近用拉帕替尼单药治疗癌症的临床试验也宣告失败,其原因是拉帕替尼诱导HER2与HER3形成持续激活的异聚体,促进乳腺癌细胞生长[12]。在靶向EGFR、ERK治疗中,反馈信号激活促癌基因信号转导和转录激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, STAT3)是靶向耐药的主要原因[13-14]。在EGFR突变的非小细胞肺癌细胞,酪氨酸激酶抑制剂埃洛替尼诱导持续性激活STAT3 [15]

虽然拉帕替尼自身能抑制HER2活性,但最新研究发现拉帕替尼也会促进乳腺癌细胞生长,原因可能是拉帕替尼诱导了HER2与HER3形成持续激活的异聚体[13]。拉帕替尼耐药机制有待研究。本研究发现拉帕替尼通过诱导乳腺癌细胞表达和分泌细胞因子IL-6激活STAT3,引起细胞耐药。

我们首先建立了拉帕替尼耐药细胞株BT-474R。通过检测证实了BT-474R细胞株高表达耐药标志蛋白P-gp,IC50是BT-474的12.7倍,拉帕替尼诱导的Caspase3/7活性在BT-474R显著低于亲本细胞,说明BT-474R是耐药细胞。

因为STAT3在许多肿瘤、耐药细胞株,包括一些靶向耐药细胞中处于持续性激活状态,促进肿瘤细胞增殖、抗凋亡、促血管生成等。在携带EGFR突变的非小细胞肺癌细胞,酪氨酸激酶抑制剂埃洛替尼诱导STAT3持续性激活[15]。因此本实验检测了拉帕替尼是否能增强STAT3的活性。结果显示,拉帕替尼可以诱导STAT3活性,在BT-474R中,我们观察到随着时间的推移拉帕替尼逐渐增加STAT3活性,表明反馈机制可能是STAT3持续激活的基础。

为了探究STAT3表达是否有助于提高拉帕替尼抗性,我们在BT-474R细胞中沉默STAT3基因,显著增加了拉帕替尼诱导的细胞凋亡标志蛋白Cleaved Caspase 3表达和Caspase3/7的活性,说明拉帕替尼耐药依赖STAT3表达,STAT3的反馈激活有助于耐药性的出现。流式细胞术检测的细胞凋亡结果也显示STAT3基因沉默增强了拉帕替尼诱导的细胞凋亡。

与我们这些结果类似,在HER2阳性乳腺癌和胃癌中,曲妥珠单抗耐药与由上游纤连蛋白/EGF /IL-6诱导的以STAT3为中心的正反馈环机制相关[14]; 对非小细胞肺癌耐药机制的研究也清楚地证明,抑制各种络氨酸激酶受体,包括EGFR、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶MEK、FGFR和HER2,可以触发STAT3的反馈激活[15]

为了进一步探索STAT3反馈激活的机制, 对拉帕替尼调控的可激活STAT3的候选上游激活因子进行了理论筛选。在HER2阳性乳腺癌中,IL-6可诱导耐药的发生、促进肿瘤细胞生长及反馈激活STAT3,因此我们认为IL-6是最可能的候选因子。IL-6或其受体的表达升高常见于许多癌症类型,并且与预后不良有关[16-17]。此外,IL-6表达使肿瘤细胞对抗癌疗法具有抗性[18-19]。Hartman等报道HER2过表达增强IL-6转录,导致IL-6/JAK/STAT3自分泌环的激活,这在HER2阳性乳腺癌的发生中起关键作用[20]。因此我们检测了拉帕替尼是否能刺激IL-6的表达和分泌,结果显示拉帕替尼的确能够诱导IL-6的表达和分泌,来自拉帕替尼处理的细胞上清液可以激活BT-474细胞STAT3活性,而用IL-6抗体中和拉帕替尼诱导分泌的IL-6上清液,不能激活BT-474细胞STAT3活性,说明拉帕替尼耐药中增强的STAT3活性是通过拉帕替尼分泌的IL-6反馈机制调控的。最近一项研究成果与我们的结果一致,IL-6调控HER2阳性乳腺癌拉帕替尼耐药,他们发现IL-6通过维持HER2阳性乳腺癌干细胞引起对拉帕替尼耐药[21]。除此之外,有研究已经证实IL-6R也参与激活STAT3促进肿瘤发生发展及化疗耐受[22-23], 但我们的结果显示拉帕替尼没有显著上调BT474细胞IL-6R的表达,因此,我们认为拉帕替尼是通过诱导IL-6表达激活STAT3的活性。

综上所述,抑制IL-6/STAT3信号通路可抑制HER2阳性乳腺癌拉帕替尼耐药。鉴于STAT3是调控多个肿瘤细胞生存、增殖、抗凋亡、血管生成和耐药等信号通路的枢纽和转录因子[24],至今没有非常有效的方法抑制STAT3表达,研究IL-6/STAT3信号通路中可驾驭的因子,有望为HER2阳性乳腺癌拉帕替尼耐药提供新的思路和靶点。

作者贡献

胡晓红:完成实验,分析数据和撰文

柏华:设计实验

段娟娟、雷秀:完成实验

张启芳:设计实验,分析数据和撰文

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