肿瘤防治研究  2019, Vol. 46 Issue (4): 316-321
本刊由国家卫生和计划生育委员会主管,湖北省卫生厅、中国抗癌协会、湖北省肿瘤医院主办。
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文章信息

敲低EN2诱导肝癌细胞凋亡并提高PTEN蛋白的表达
Knockdown of EN2 Induces Apoptosis and Enhances PTEN Protein Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells
肿瘤防治研究, 2019, 46(4): 316-321
Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2019, 46(4): 316-321
http://www.zlfzyj.com/CN/10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2019.18.1295
收稿日期: 2018-09-10
修回日期: 2018-10-24
敲低EN2诱导肝癌细胞凋亡并提高PTEN蛋白的表达
杨启 ,    万春 ,    吕新远     
473000 南阳,河南省南阳市中心医院肝脏外科
摘要: 目的 探讨EN2对肝癌细胞凋亡及细胞中PTEN蛋白表达的影响。方法 用EN2 siRNA慢病毒感染肝癌细胞HuH-7,qRT-PCR和Western blot方法检测干扰效果。MTT方法测定细胞活力变化,PI单染法测定细胞周期分布,Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法测定细胞凋亡变化,Western blot测定细胞中激活型Caspase-3(Cleaved Caspase-3)、激活型Caspase-9(Cleaved Caspase-9)、第10号染色体同源缺失性磷酸酶-张力蛋白(PTEN)及细胞周期素B 1(Cyclin B l)蛋白水平,JC-1法测定线粒体膜电位变化,Western blot测定胞浆中细胞色素C(Cytochrome C)蛋白水平。结果 EN2 siRNA慢病毒感染可明显下调肝癌细胞中EN2的表达。沉默EN2表达后的肝癌细胞活力降低,细胞凋亡率升高,细胞G2/M期比例升高,细胞中Cleaved Caspase-3、Cleaved Caspase-9、PTEN蛋白水平明显升高,Cyclin B1蛋白水平明显降低,线粒体膜电位下降,胞质中Cytochrome C蛋白水平升高。结论 敲低EN2可以阻滞肝癌细胞周期,诱导肝癌细胞凋亡,其作用机制可能与PTEN、线粒体凋亡途径有关。
关键词: 肝癌细胞     EN2     PTEN     凋亡    
Knockdown of EN2 Induces Apoptosis and Enhances PTEN Protein Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells
YANG Qi , WAN Chun , LYU Xinyuan     
Department of Liver Surgery, Nanyang City Central Hospital, Nanyang 473000, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the effect of EN2 on the apoptosis and PTEN protein expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Methods Hepatoma cells HuH-7 was infected with EN2 siRNA lentivirus. qRT-PCR and Western blot methods were used to detect the interference effect. The changes of cell vitality was measured by MTT method, PI single staining method was used to determine cell cycle distribution, the apoptosis was measured by Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining, Western blot was used to measure the levels of Cleaved Caspase-3, Cleaved Caspase-9, PTEN and Cyclin B1 protein, the changes of mitochondrial membrane potential was measured by JC-1 method, and Western blot was used to measure the level of Cytochrome C protein in the cytoplasm. Results EN2 siRNA lentivirus infection could significantly reduce the expression of EN2 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. After EN silence, the activity of hepatoma cells was decreased, the rate of apoptosis was increased, the proportion of G2/M phase in cells was increased, the levels of Cleaved Caspase-3, Cleaved Caspase-9 and PTEN protein were increased significantly, the level of Cyclin B1 protein was decreased significantly, the mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased, and the level of Cytochrome C protein in the cytoplasm was increased. Conclusion Knockdown of EN2 could block the cell cycle of liver cancer and induce the apoptosis of hepatoma cells, and the mechanism may be related to PTEN and mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
Key words: Hepatoma cells     EN2     PTEN     Apoptosis    
0 引言

肝癌作为一种常见的恶性肿瘤具有恶性程度高、进展迅猛等特点,同其他恶性肿瘤一样,肝癌的发病机制十分复杂,其涉及到一系列基因、信号转导过程,这些基因的异常表达通常与肿瘤细胞周期、凋亡等生物学特性有关[1-2]。Engrailed-2(EN2)属于非Ⅰ类同源性盒基因家族成员,其具有特异性结合DNA调控基因转录的作用,目前的研究表明,EN2参与肿瘤发生,在正常细胞中高表达EN2可以促进细胞恶性增殖,缩短细胞周期[3-5]。EN2在肝癌组织中高表达,对于其在肝癌细胞凋亡中的作用尚不明确[6]。本研究拟通过敲低肝癌细胞中EN2的表达水平,明确EN2在肝癌细胞凋亡中的作用,为以后靶向EN2治疗肝癌和研究肝癌的发病机制奠定基础。

1 材料与方法 1.1 材料

HB-9018肝癌细胞HuH-7购自美国ATCC细胞库; EN2 siRNA和siRNA阴性对照慢病毒载体由广州辉骏生物科技有限公司构建; E092 SYBR Green qRT-PCR Super Mix、反转录试剂均购自德国Qiagen公司; ab28731EN2抗体购自美国Abcam公司; 12963细胞色素C(Cytochrome C)抗体、52873激活型Caspase-9(Cleaved Caspase-9)抗体、9559第10号染色体同源缺失性磷酸酶-张力蛋白(phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10, PTEN)抗体、9661激活型Caspase-3(Cleaved Caspase-3)抗体、12231细胞周期素B 1(Cyclin B l)抗体购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司; 70-MJ101JC-1线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒购自杭州联科生物技术股份有限公司; BC3740胞质蛋白提取试剂盒购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司。

1.2 慢病毒感染

人肝癌细胞HuH-7接种到12孔细胞板中,观察细胞融合度为60%时进行感染,添加适量的慢病毒液,使MOI=10,同时在细胞中加入polybrene(浓度为5 μg/ml),培养12 h以后,将慢病毒培养液吸弃以后,更换新鲜的培养液,在感染后72 h观察荧光表达情况,感染率高于85%时可用于后续实验。取稳定感染EN2 siRNA和siRNA阴性对照(NC)慢病毒的HuH-7细胞标记为EN2 siRNA、siRNA-NC,未感染慢病毒的细胞作为空白对照(Control)。

1.3 qRT-PCR测定干扰效果

RNA抽提:Control、EN2 siRNA、siRNA-NC细胞中添加TRIzol,静置5 min,添加1/5 TRIzol体积的氯仿,振荡混合30 s,将水相层和有机相混合以后,静置2 min分层,吸取上层水相层溶液与500 μl的异丙醇轻轻混合后,置于室温中结合10 min,此时RNA存在于底部沉淀中,用75%的乙醇将RNA洗涤,风干,溶解在DEPC水中。反转录:1.0 μg RNA85℃孵育5 min后,立即放于冰上冷却,PCR管中配制反转录体系(0.5 μl Oligo dT,0.5 μl Random primer,2.0 μl的10 mmol/L dNTP,4.0 μl 5×Buffer,0.5 μl M-MLV),30℃反应10 min,42℃反应60 min,85℃反应10 min。PCR反应:取5.0 μl cDNA,添加0.5 μl上下游引物、10 μl 2×SYBR Green qRT-PCR Super Mix、4.0 μl的dH2O,95℃变性5 min后,95℃反应15 s,60℃反应32 s,72℃反应30 s,循环40次。使用Ct值进行分析,内参为β-actin。EN2上游:5’-TCTTGGAGTGGCTGCTTCTG-3’,下游:5’-TCCTGGAGGATTCTGAGTTCTT -3’。β-actin上游:5’-AGAGCTACGAGCTGCCTGAC-3’,下游:5’-TCTGCGCAACTTAGGTTTTG-3’。

1.4 Western blot测定干扰效果

细胞蛋白提取:Control、EN2 siRNA、siRNA-NC细胞中添加PIRA裂解液,冰上孵育30 min,4℃,12 000 g离心10 min后,吸取上清液,用Bradford法测定蛋白浓度。SDS-PAGE电泳:配制8%的分离胶和5%的浓缩胶,将蛋白同上样缓冲液混合煮沸5 min变性,用恒压80 V电泳约50 min以后,蛋白进入到分离胶,120 V恒压电泳2 h,关闭电泳,取出凝胶,100 V恒压转膜80 min,将NC膜在5%的牛血清白蛋白中室温孵育1 h,取出封闭后的NC膜,放在TBST中室温洗涤3次,每次5 min。同1:200稀释的EN2抗体在4℃结合过夜,TBST中洗涤3次,每次5 min。再与1:6 000稀释的HRP标记的二抗在室温结合2 h后,TBST中洗涤3次,每次5 min。ECL化学发光,使用Lab Works对电泳的条带分析灰度值,以β-actin作为参照。

1.5 细胞活力测定

细胞活力检测用MTT法,步骤为:Control、EN2 siRNA、siRNA-NC细胞配制成4×104个/毫升的细胞悬浮液,分别种植到96孔板(每孔添加100 μl),分别在各个时间点(24、48、72和96 h)将培养板从培养箱内取出,加入MTT溶液,孵育4 h,弃上清液。继续添加150 μl的DMSO,用不含细胞的孔调零,在酶标仪上读板,测定490 nm波长处的A值。

1.6 PI单染法测定细胞周期检测

Control、EN2 siRNA、siRNA-NC细胞配制成每毫升含有1×106个细胞的单细胞悬浮液,取1 ml至离心管中,2 000 g离心10 min,添加预冷后的PBS洗涤细胞3次,用预冷的75%甲醇悬浮后在4℃条件过夜,离心后,添加PI染液,4℃反应30 min,置于流式细胞仪上检测细胞周期。

1.7 Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法检测细胞凋亡

Control、EN2 siRNA、siRNA-NC细胞配制成每毫升含有1×106个细胞的单细胞悬浮液,取1 ml至离心管中,2 000 g离心10 min,PBS洗涤3次,添加200 μl缓冲液,加入PI和Annexin V-FITC染液,再加入300 μl缓冲液,立即置于流式细胞仪上检测。

1.8 Western blot方法检测细胞中Cleaved Caspase-3、Cleaved Caspase-9、PTEN及Cyclin B1蛋白表达

步骤同1.4,Cleaved Caspase-3抗体稀释倍数为1:200、Cleaved Caspase-9抗体稀释倍数为1:200、PTEN抗体稀释倍数为1:400及Cyclin B1抗体稀释倍数为1:400。

1.9 线粒体膜电位及胞质中Cytochrome C蛋白检测

细胞线粒体膜电位检测用JC-1法,结果用红色荧光与绿色荧光的比值表示,具体的操作步骤同杭州联科生物技术股份有限公司70-MJ101线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒(JC-1法)说明书,细胞胞质中Cytochrome C蛋白检测方法用Western blot,步骤同1.4,用北京索莱宝科技有限公司BC3740胞质蛋白提取试剂盒提取胞质蛋白。

1.10 统计学方法

实验数据经过SPSS21.0软件统计分析以后,以(x±s)表示,组间比较采用SNK-q检验,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 敲低EN2后的检测结果

肝癌细胞感染EN2 siRNA慢病毒后,细胞中的EN2转录和表达水平均降低(mRNA: F=70.336, P=0.000;蛋白:F=29.404, P=0.001),见图 1。表明成功构建了稳定下调EN2表达的肝癌细胞株。

*: P < 0.05, compared with siRNA-NC and Control group; EN2: engrailed-2 图 1 EN2 siRNA慢病毒感染后肝癌细胞中EN2 mRNA(A)和蛋白(B~C)表达变化 Figure 1 EN2 mRNA(A) and protein(B-C) expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells after EN2 siRNA lentivirus infection determined by Western blot
2.2 细胞增殖活性检测结果

肝癌细胞经MTT检测后发现,与对照组比较,敲低EN2表达的细胞24、48、72和96 h的A值明显降低(24 h: F=8.690, P=0.017; 48 h: F=16.814, P=0.004;72 h: F=23.165, P=0.002; 96 h: F=35.707, P=0.001),细胞活力降低,见图 2。表明敲低EN2降低肝癌细胞活力。

*: P < 0.05, compared with siRNA-NC and Control group 图 2 敲低EN2对肝癌细胞活力的影响 Figure 2 Effect of knock down EN2 on the viability of hepatocellular carcinoma cells
2.3 细胞周期变化检测结果

与对照组相比,敲低EN2表达的肝癌细胞G2/M期比例明显升高(G0/G1期:F=4.95, P=0.054; S期:F=0.906, P=0.453;G2/M期:F=29.301, P=0.001),细胞周期受到阻滞,见图 3

*: P < 0.05, compared with siRNA-NC and Control group 图 3 各组肝癌细胞细胞周期分布变化 Figure 3 Cell cycle distribution of liver cancer cells in each group
2.4 细胞凋亡检测结果

与对照组相比,敲低EN2表达的肝癌细胞凋亡率明显升高(F=221.807, P=0.000),见图 4。说明敲低EN2可以诱导肝癌细胞凋亡。

*: P < 0.05, compared with siRNA-NC and Control group 图 4 敲低EN2后肝癌细胞凋亡的变化 Figure 4 Apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells after knocking down EN2 detected by flow cytometry
2.5 细胞中Cleaved Caspase-3、Cleaved Caspase-9、PTEN及Cyclin B1蛋白检测结果

与对照组相比,敲低EN2表达的肝癌细胞中Cleaved Caspase-3、Cleaved Caspase-9和PTEN蛋白水平明显升高,Cyclin B1蛋白水平明显降低(Cleaved Caspase-3: F=54.177, P=0.000; Cleaved Caspase-9: F=128.368, P=0.000; PTEN: F=17.299, P=0.003; Cyclin B1: F=19.500, P=0.002),见图 5。敲低EN2可以影响肝癌细胞中凋亡蛋白、周期蛋白及PTEN蛋白表达。

*: P < 0.05, compared with siRNA-NC and Control group 图 5 敲低EN2对肝癌细胞中Cleaved Caspase-3、Cleaved Caspase-9、PTEN及Cyclin B1蛋白水平的影响 Figure 5 Effect of EN2 knockdown on Cleaved Caspase-3, Cleaved Caspase-9, PTEN and Cyclin B1 protein levels in hepatocellular carcinoma cells detected by Western blot
2.6 线粒体膜电位和胞质中Cytochrome C蛋白检测结果

敲低EN2后肝癌细胞胞质中Cytochrome C蛋白水平明显升高(F=31.371, P=0.001),线粒体膜电位明显降低(F=17.966, P=0.003),见图 6。敲低EN2可以降低肝癌细胞线粒体膜电位,提高胞质中Cytochrome C蛋白水平。

*: P < 0.05, compared with siRNA-NC and Control group 图 6 敲低EN2对肝癌细胞胞质中Cytochrome C蛋白表达和线粒体膜电位的影响 Figure 6 Effect of EN2 knockdown on Cytochrome C protein expression and mitochondrial membrane potential in hepatocellular carcinoma cells
3 讨论

人类的EN2基因可以编码333个氨基酸,其定位于7q36染色体上,EN2蛋白包括5个功能较为保守的亚区,按照N端到C端依次命名为EH1~EH5,EH4为同源结构区域,具有调控EN2蛋白的摄取及分泌作用,EH1、EH5能够抑制EN2蛋白的促转录作用,EH2、EH3调控EN2蛋白同DNA的亲和能力[7-9]。目前研究报道表明,EN2在胚胎发育、细胞恶性增殖等过程中具有重要作用,其表达水平的高低与肿瘤发生有关[10-11]。在人类膀胱癌中的研究表明,沉默EN2表达可以降低膀胱癌细胞的增殖能力,同样在胃癌、肾癌等肿瘤细胞中得到证实[9, 12-14]。本实验结果显示,敲低EN2的肝癌细胞活力降低,细胞凋亡增多,G2/M期细胞比例升高,敲低EN2具有抑制肝癌细胞增殖的作用,EN2在肝癌中可能发挥促进作用。

细胞周期进程是细胞增殖的基础,细胞周期进程与细胞内多种蛋白的表达调控有关,其中G2期是细胞周期进程中的检查点,Cyclin B1是调控G2期的周期相关蛋白,其可以通过促进周期相关蛋白复合物的形成促使细胞完成G2/M期的转变[15-16]。EN2具有调控细胞周期的作用,沉默EN2表达可以将肾小管上皮细胞周期阻滞在G2/M期,在正常乳腺细胞中的研究也显示,高表达EN2可以缩短细胞周期,促进细胞快速增殖[17-18]。本实验的结果表明,敲低EN2后的肝癌细胞G2/M期比例升高,细胞中Cyclin B1蛋白水平降低,敲低EN2可以通过调控周期蛋白的表达阻滞肝癌细胞周期。

肿瘤细胞恶性增殖的同时凋亡水平降低,肿瘤细胞的凋亡与细胞内的Caspase蛋白家族有关,Caspase蛋白家族是广泛存在于多种细胞中的凋亡调控因子,含有多个成员,在细胞凋亡中发挥促进作用,Caspase-3活化是细胞凋亡进入不可逆阶段的标志,Caspase-9活化增多是Caspase凋亡反应的标志[19-20]。Caspase-9参与细胞线粒体凋亡途径,可以被胞质中的Cytochrome C激活,正常情况下的Cytochrome C多存在于线粒体中,只有受到病理或生理因素刺激以后,线粒体膜电位降低,线粒体内的Cytochrome C才可以被释放到胞质中,发挥凋亡促进的作用[21-22]。本实验的结果显示,敲低EN2表达可以促进Caspase-3和Caspase-9活化,降低线粒体膜电位,提高胞质中Cytochrome C蛋白水平,敲低EN2可以通过线粒体途径诱导肝癌细胞凋亡。

本实验还显示,敲低EN2可以提高肝癌细胞中PTEN的表达水平,从而影响肝癌细胞的生物学特性。PTEN是一种抑癌基因,具有影响肿瘤浸润、生长、骨架蛋白组装等作用,参与细胞内多种信号的转导[23]。有研究报道显示,外源性的PTEN可以诱导肿瘤细胞的凋亡并阻滞细胞周期,并且对于不同的细胞周期阻滞作用不同,PTEN诱导细胞凋亡作用机制与影响线粒体中Cytochrome C的释放有关[24-26]。本实验提示敲低EN2能够通过PTEN介导的线粒体凋亡途径诱导肝癌细胞凋亡发生,为以后研究肝癌的发病机制提供了基础,而对于其具体的作用机制尚未验证,我们将会在以后的实验中进行探讨。

作者贡献

杨启:论文撰写和数据分析

万春:前期资料文献查询及整个实验思路设计

吕新远:实验基础操作和数据整理

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