肿瘤防治研究  2018, Vol. 45 Issue (5): 316-319
本刊由国家卫生和计划生育委员会主管,湖北省卫生厅、中国抗癌协会、湖北省肿瘤医院主办。
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文章信息

腹膜后脂肪肉瘤的PET/CT影像学特点
PET/CT Manifestations of Different Pathological Subtypes of Retroperitoneal Liposarcoma
肿瘤防治研究, 2018, 45(5): 316-319
Cancer Research on Prevention and Treatment, 2018, 45(5): 316-319
http://www.zlfzyj.com/CN/10.3971/j.issn.1000-8578.2018.17.1628
收稿日期: 2017-12-18
修回日期: 2018-01-22
腹膜后脂肪肉瘤的PET/CT影像学特点
周妮娜, 李囡, 王雪鹃, 朱华, 范洋, 杨志     
100142 北京,北京大学肿瘤医院暨北京市肿瘤防治研究所核医学科,恶性肿瘤发病机制及转化研究教育部重点实验室
摘要: 目的 分析不同病理亚型腹膜后脂肪肉瘤的PET/CT影像学表现,探讨PET/CT在腹膜后脂肪肉瘤中的应用价值。方法 搜集经手术病理证实的腹膜后脂肪肉瘤48例,根据WHO2013版软组织肿瘤分类及FNCCLE分级,分为G1组(9例高分化),G2组(7例黏液样),G3组(29例去分化、2例多形性、1例圆形细胞脂肪肉瘤)。分析不同病理亚型脂肪肉瘤的CT表现,比较不同分级组间FDG代谢的程度及代谢均匀度的差异,统计学方法采用方差齐性检验。结果 (1)高分化型以脂肪密度为主,内有索条和(或)小结节伴轻度代谢;黏液样型为代谢轻度增高的稍低密度肿块,伴或不伴脂肪;去分化、多形性、圆形细胞型为高代谢软组织肿块,伴或不伴脂肪;(2)48例均有局部浸润,无淋巴结转移,1例复发去分化型纵隔转移,1例圆形细胞型腹膜种植转移;(3)SUVmax值G1 < G2 < G3(2.6±1.6, 4.6±2.4, 9.8±9.3),G1与G3组间差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),余各组间差异无统计学意义。结论 不同亚型腹膜后脂肪肉瘤PET/CT表现不同,术前PET/CT可以准确判断肿瘤范围及转移情况,初步判断肿瘤病理亚型,帮助指导手术方案设计。
关键词: 腹膜后脂肪肉瘤     PET/CT     代谢     病理亚型     FNCCLE分级    
PET/CT Manifestations of Different Pathological Subtypes of Retroperitoneal Liposarcoma
ZHOU Ni'na, LI Nan, WANG Xuejuan, ZHU Hua, FAN Yang, YANG Zhi     
Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
Corresponding author: YANG Zhi, E-mail: pekyz@163.com.
Abstract: Objective To analyze PET/CT imaging manifestations of different pathological subtypes of retroperitoneal liposarcoma, to explore the application value of PET/CT in retroperitoneal liposarcoma. Methods We included 48 patients diagnosed pathologically as retroperitoneal liposarcoma. According to the classification of WHO2013 soft tissue tumor and FNCCLE criterion, the patients were divided into three groups, G1 group included nine well-differentiated liposarcoma(WDLS), G2 group included seven myxoid liposarcoma (MLS), and G3 group included 29 dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLS), two pleomorphic liposarcoma(PLS), and one round cell liposarcoma(RCLS). PET/CT manifestations of different subtypes of retroperitoneal liposarcoma were analyzed. FDG metabolic degree and uniformity among three groups were compared by ANOVA test. Results (1) WDLS showed fat density mass with septa and small nodules, with mild FDG uptake; MLS showed low density mass with mild to moderate FDG uptake, with or without fat; DDLS/PLS/RCLS showed soft tissue mass with high FDG uptake, with or without fat; (2)All lesions had local invasion, without lymph node metastasis; one recurrent DDLS had meditational metastasis; one RCLS had peritoneal metastasis; (3)The mean SUVmax G1 < G2 < G3 (2.6±1.6, 4.6±2.4, 9.8±9.3), there was significant difference between G1 and G3 groups(P < 0.05). Conclusion Different subtypes of retroperitoneal liposarcoma have different PET/CT manifestations. Preoperative PET/CT could accurately show the extent and metastasis of tumor and predict the pathological subtype, which could help the design of surgical scheme.
Key words: Retroperitoneal liposarcoma     PET/CT     Metabolism     Pathological subtype     FNCCLE grade    
0 引言

腹膜后脂肪肉瘤(retroperitoneal liposarcoma, RPLS)是罕见的间叶细胞来源的恶性肿瘤,发病率占全部恶性肿瘤的1%以下,但在腹膜后软组织肉瘤中则是最常见的类型,约占原发性腹膜后软组织肉瘤的41%~45%[1-2]。2013年WHO软组织肿瘤分类将脂肪肉瘤分类为高分化脂肪肉瘤(well-differentiated liposarcoma, WDLS)、去分化脂肪肉瘤(dedifferentiated liposarcoma, DDLS)、黏液样脂肪肉瘤(myxoid liposarcoma, MLS)、多形性脂肪肉瘤(pleomorphic liposarcoma, PLS)等类型,FNCCLE(french federation natinale des centres de lutte cotre le cancer)组织学分级分为G1~G3[3]。不同病理类型决定其不同的预后及侵袭性[4-5]

PET/CT是目前肿瘤学诊断和判定预后的常用手段,但国内外关于脂肪肉瘤的PET/CT报道不多,本研究对48例腹膜后脂肪肉瘤的PET/CT图像进行回顾性分析,总结不同病理亚型脂肪肉瘤的PET/CT影像学表现的差异,以提高对该病变的认识。

1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料

收集2009年12月—2017年11月于北京大学肿瘤医院经手术病理证实的腹膜后脂肪肉瘤患者影像资料,PET/CT检查于术前两周内进行。包括初治与复发患者,共有48例患者入选,其中男、女各24例,年龄29~77岁,平均54.4岁。47例行肿物联合脏器切除,1例行姑息切除。根据WHO2013版软组织肿瘤分类,其中高分化9例(2例为复发),去分化29例(13例为复发),黏液样7例(3例为复发),多形性2例(1例为复发),1例为圆形细胞肿瘤。根据FNCCLE分级,分为G1组(高分化9例)、G2组(黏液样7例)、G3组(去分化29例、多形性2例、圆形细胞脂肪肉瘤1例,共32例)。

1.2 PET/CT成像方法

18F-FDG PET/CT扫描采用飞利浦公司PET/CT显像仪(Gemini TF 16, Philips, Netherland),其中PET/CT部分采用LYSO晶体和微电子设备,CT部分为16排高分辨螺旋CT。所有患者检查前均空腹6 h以上,测定患者空腹血糖水平 < 10 mmol/L。按体质量(3.0 MBq/kg-3.7 MBq/kg)静脉注射18F-FDG后,患者平静休息,60 min左右行颅脑及躯干部PET/CT图像采集。躯干部PET采集1分钟/床位,9或10床位;头部PET: 7~10分钟/床位,1床位。衰减校正平扫CT:120 kV,100 mAs;OSEM法重建(重建层厚3 mm)。

1.3 图像分析

由两名核医学主治以上医师利用Philips GEMINI TR16软件共同阅片。分析不同病理亚型脂肪肉瘤的CT表现,包括病灶密度特点,局部浸润情况,远处转移情况。选取病灶中实性成分勾画ROI进行SUVmax测量,观察病灶代谢均匀度情况,比较不同组织学分级脂肪肉瘤的FDG代谢程度的差异。

1.4 统计学方法

用SPSS20.0软件进行数据分析,统计学方法采用单因素方差分析,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 不同亚型的脂肪肉瘤PET/CT表现

9例高分化型以脂肪密度为主,内有索条和(或)软组织小结节,伴轻度代谢;7例黏液样型为介于水与软组织之间的稍低密度,其中5例伴脂肪密度,2例无明显脂肪密度,肿块伴轻度代谢;去分化、多形性、圆形细胞型脂肪肉瘤以软组织密度肿块和脂肪组织混合为主,软组织肿块代谢活跃,部分无明显脂肪(7例去分化,1例多形性,1例圆形细胞型)。去分化脂肪肉瘤密度及代谢不均(28/29),黏液样脂肪肉瘤密度及代谢相对均匀(6/7),多形性脂肪肉瘤密度及代谢不均(2/2),圆形细胞脂肪肉瘤密度及代谢不均(1/1),PET图像更易显示病变的不均质,见表 1图 1

表 1 腹膜后不同病理亚型脂肪肉瘤的PET/CT表现 Table 1 PET/CT manifestations of different pathological subtypes of retroperitoneal liposarcoma

WDLS: well-differentiated liposarcoma; DDLS: dedifferentiated liposarcoma; MLS: myxoid liposarcoma; PLS: pleomorphic liposarcoma; RCLS: round cell liposarcoma; ①-⑥: axial PET image was on the upper left, axial CT image was on the upper right, fusion image of PET/CT was on the lower left, MIP image was on the lower right; ①: WDLS showed fat density masses with small nodules, with mild FDG uptake, SUVmax1.9; ②: MLS showed slightly low density mass between water and soft tissue, with mild to moderate FDG uptake, CT value 20HU, SUVmax2.5, the lesion showed homogeneous density and metabolism; ③: DDLS showed soft tissue density(red arrow) with fat density(blue arrow) mass, the soft tissue showed high FDG uptake, SUVmax6.4, ④: DDLS showed soft tissue density mass without fat density, with high FDG uptake, SUVmax8.1; ⑤: PLS showed soft tissue density mass with heterogeneous metabolism, SUVmax2.7; ⑥: RCLS showed soft tissue density mass with high FDG uptake, SUVmax47.3, the thin arrow showed the peritoneal metastasis 图 1 不同病理亚型脂肪肉瘤的PET/CT表现 Figure 1 PET/CT manifestations of different pathological subtypes of liposarcoma
2.2 病灶的局部边界与转移

PET/CT能清楚显示病变范围与毗邻脏器,病理证实48例脂肪肉瘤均有局部脂肪浸润和(或)脏器受累,38例PET/CT诊断为脏器受累,与术后病理一致,10例PET/CT表现为病灶边缘模糊或推挤脏器与之无明显分界,其中8例为局部脂肪浸润,2例为脏器受累。

48例患者的PET/CT均未见淋巴结转移。1例去分化脂肪肉瘤出现纵隔转移,1例圆形细胞脂肪肉瘤出现腹膜种植转移。

2.3 不同组织分级病灶的代谢程度差异

不同亚型脂肪肉瘤FDG代谢程度见表 1,不同组织分级的脂肪肉瘤SUVmax均值G1 < G2 < G3(2.6±1.6, 4.6±2.4, 9.8±9.3),G1与G3组间差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),G1与G2、G2与G3组间差异无统计学意义,见图 2

*, ●: outlier 图 2 不同组织分级脂肪肉瘤的SUVmax Figure 2 SUVmax value of different histological grades of liposarcoma
3 讨论 3.1 不同亚型腹膜后脂肪肉瘤的PET/CT表现

不同病理类型的脂肪肉瘤所含的肿瘤组织成分不同,导致肿块的密度差异很大[4-6]。高分化脂肪肉瘤中脂肪成分超过75%,非脂肪成分一般表现为分隔或灶性小结节。去分化脂肪肉瘤其特征为分化良好和分化差的肿瘤组织在瘤内同时存在,多以软组织密度与低密度脂肪混杂。黏液性脂肪肉瘤主要由不同分化程度的脂肪母细胞和黏液样基质组成,尽管为实质性肿瘤,但是CT表现为密度较均匀的囊性低密度肿块。多形性脂肪肉瘤分化程度最低,典型特点是高度异型和数量不等的泡沫细胞,CT以实性软组织密度肿块为主,内有坏死液化,圆细胞型脂肪肉瘤细胞排列紧密,血管丰富,易出血和坏死,间质内缺乏或仅有少量的黏液基质[7-9]。本组病例CT平扫表现与文献一致,PET图像中去分化脂肪肉瘤与多形性脂肪肉瘤显示病变代谢不均,提示病灶内的液化坏死区;黏液样脂肪肉瘤密度较低、代谢相对均匀,是比较特异的表现。

3.2 PET/CT对脂肪肉瘤病理分级的提示价值

脂肪肉瘤不同的病理亚型,具有不同的肿瘤生物学行为。高分化型脂肪肉瘤及黏液型脂肪肉瘤属低度恶性肿瘤,转移率低,但局部复发率高,5年生存率达90%;去分化型及多形性、圆形细胞脂肪肉瘤属高度恶性,极易复发及转移,5年生存率分别为75%、30%~50%[10-11]。本组病例G1组(高分化脂肪肉瘤)代谢程度最低,G3组(去分化、多形性、圆形细胞脂肪肉瘤)代谢程度最高,且两者差异有统计学意义,说明PET/CT可以提示病变的恶性程度,G2组SUVmax介于G1与G3之间,但是差异无明显统计学意义,可能与样本量较少有关。本组病例中代谢最高的1例为圆形细胞脂肪肉瘤,SUVmax值达到47.3,提示其高度恶性,该病例是本组病例中唯一出现腹膜种植转移的病例。

3.3 腹膜后脂肪肉瘤术前PET/CT检查的价值

手术根治性切除是目前治疗脂肪肉瘤的有效方法[11-13],扩大范围的手术,包括肿瘤及其周围可能受侵脏器(即使探查未发现明显受侵)、血管及其他组织结构的联合切除,能明显降低局部复发率、改善生存[14-15]。局部复发性肿瘤的治疗原则上与原发肿瘤相同。本组病例47例行肿物联合脏器切除,1例行姑息手术,术前PET/CT能明确显示病变范围、毗邻脏器、远处转移情况,有助于手术计划的制定。另外,熟悉不同亚型脂肪肉瘤的CT表现、代谢程度、代谢均匀度,有助于术前初步判断病理类型。

综上,腹膜后脂肪肉瘤以局部脂肪浸润及脏器浸润为主,淋巴结及远处转移少见,不同亚型的密度、代谢程度、代谢均匀度各有其特点,术前PET/CT可以明确显示病变范围,初步判断肿瘤病理亚型,有助于指导手术设计方案。

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