浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)  2016, Vol. 42 Issue (6): 687-693
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小檗科黄芦木和安徽小檗的叶片特征及其地理分布[PDF全文]
施小平, 袁森, 李新华 , 邢桂培    
南京农业大学生命科学学院,南京 210095
摘要: 为了进一步揭示近缘种黄芦木(Berberis amurensis)与安徽小檗(B. anhweiensis)的种间关系,通过野外调查取样及实验分析方法,研究它们的叶片形态与微形态特征,及其地理分布式样。结果显示:黄芦木和安徽小檗的叶片形状相似,两者叶缘具密集的细刺齿、网状脉序,叶片上表皮细胞平周壁轮廓呈近似的四边形至六边形、垂周壁波状或近平直,叶片下表皮具无规则型和辐射型气孔器,两者叶表皮蜡质层纹饰类型相似;并且,黄芦木和安徽小檗基本上存在连续的地理分布式样。此外,已有研究表明,2种植物在花序类型、果实形态等主要分类学特征方面也基本相同。因此,将安徽小檗处理为黄芦木的异名。
关键词: 小檗属    叶片    形态    微形态    地理分布    新异名    
Leaf characteristics and geographical distribution of Berberis amurensis and B. anhweiensis of Berberidaceae
SHI Xiaoping, YUAN Sen, LI Xinhua , XING Guipei    
College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
Summary: Within the genus Berberis L., B. amurensis Rupr. and B. anhweiensis Ahrendt are easily confused in the main taxonomic characters, and the demarcation between these two species usually depends on the site information of their living plants or specimens. In order to further reveal their interspecific relationship, the leaf morphological and micromorphological features of B.amurensis and B.anhweiensis were studied by means of field surveys and experimental observation, and their geographical distribution patterns were also mapped and analyzed based on specimen check and literature analysis. The results showed that, although the leaf shape of both B. amurensis and B. anhweiensis varied greatly, continuous variation patterns still existed in both species, and obvious similarities were found between the two species in features of leaf shape, dense spinescent teeth on the leaf margin, and the reticulate venation. Light microscopy observation showed that, the outline of the periclinal walls of the leaf adaxial epidermal cells was approximately tetragonal to hexagonal in both B. amurensis and B. anhweiensis, but the anticlinal walls of the leaf adaxial epidermal cells were undulate or approximately straight in B. amurensis, and nearly straight or slightly undulate in B. anhweiensis. The outline of the periclinal walls of the leaf abaxial epidermal cells was irregularly polygonal in B. amurensis, and its anticlinal walls were undulate. The outline of the periclinal walls of the leaf abaxial epidermal cells was regularly polygonal in B. anhweiensis, and its anticlinal walls were nearly straight or slightly undulate. Both the two species were hypostomatic, and their stomata were all actinocytic and anomocytic. Scanning electron microscope observation revealed that, the leaf adaxial epidermis of B. amurensis was nearly smooth, or was covered with dense granular wax ornamentation, and the outline of the periclinal walls of the epidermal cells was irregularly polygonal, and the anticlinal walls were undulate; the leaf abaxial epidermis was nearly smooth, or was covered with dense granular wax ornamentation and remarkable bifurcate ridges. The leaf adaxial epidermis of B. anhweiensis was covered with dense fine granular wax ornamentation, and the outline of the periclinal walls of the epidermal cells was irregularly polygonal, and the anticlinal walls were undulate or approximately straight; the leaf abaxial epidermis was covered with dense granular or short filiform wax ornamentation and notable bifurcate ridges. The outline of the periclinal walls and the anticlinal walls of the leaf abaxial epidermal cells were all obscure in both B. amurensis and B. anhweiensis, and the inner margin of the outer stomatal ledges was nearly smooth or partially notched. There existed no obvious disjunctive geographical distribution between B. amurensis and B. anhweiensis in China, and the populations of B. amurensis might have extended its distribution from North China, via Qinling Mountains and Funiu Mountains, southward to Dabie Mountains, located across Central and East China, and spread closely to the distribution areas of B. anhweiensis in East China. Berberis anhweiensis was reported by AHRENDT in 1961, although AHRENDT considered that this species resembled B. chekiangensis Ahrendt; in fact, B. anhweiensis was much more similar to B. amurensis. Because of the considerable similarities between B.amurensis and B.anhweiensis in the morphological and micromorphological characteristics of leaves, together with the notable resemblances in other key taxonomic characters, e.g. inflorescence type and fruit morphology, which have been revealed by previous studies, and its continuous geographical distribution patterns, it is reasonable to treat B.anhweiensis as the synonymy of B. amurensis.
Key words: Berberis L.    leaf    morphology    micromorphology    geographical distribution    new synonymy    

小檗属(Berberis L.)是小檗科最大的属。中国是世界上小檗属物种多样性最丰富的国家。小檗属植物富含生物碱,是一类重要的药用植物,也是分类学上比较复杂的类群之一。小檗属植物叶片的常绿与落叶性、叶片形状及其质地、叶脉式样、叶缘刺齿类型、叶片背面是否具粉霜等形态特征,在该属的经典分类学研究中一直得到广泛的应用[1-5]。叶表皮微形态特征受到遗传与环境因素的共同影响,相对比较稳定,在植物分类学及生物系统学研究中具有重要的意义[6-7]。扫描电子显微镜观察结果显示,印度小檗属植物叶表皮微形态特征具有一定的分类学意义[8-9]。迄今为止,尚未见到有关中国小檗属植物叶表皮微形态特征的研究报道。

黄芦木(B.amurensis Rupr.)与安徽小檗(B. anhweiensis Ahrendt)均为小檗属落叶灌木,两者在主要分类学特征上都比较相似[1, 3, 10-11],如果不借鉴地理分布信息或标本采集地点,仅根据植物形态特征难以区分这2种植物;因此,为了进一步探讨黄芦木和安徽小檗的种间关系,本文对这2个近缘种的叶片形态及微形态特征进行了深入的比较研究,同时,也全面分析了它们的地理分布式样。

1 材料与方法 1.1 叶片形态特征测量

在采自山东泰山的3份黄芦木标本及采自山西庞泉沟的2份黄芦木标本上,分别选取正常生长的20个叶片,共计100个叶片;在采自安徽黄山的3份安徽小檗标本上,分别选取25个正常生长的叶片,共计75个叶片。用数显游标卡尺测量各叶片的长度、宽度,同时记录叶片两边的刺齿数目。利用SPSS 17.0统计软件进行数据分析,运用非参数检验中的曼-惠特尼U检验(Mann-Whitney U test)分析有关性状特征的变异性,应用斯皮尔曼相关系数(Spearman correlation coefficient)分析有关性状特征的相关性。

黄芦木凭证标本:山东泰山丈人峰,1 492 m,2014-06-20,卢树军和范俊140607,140608;山东泰山傲徕峰,1 386 m,2014-06-20,卢树军和范俊140613;山西交城县庞泉沟镇大沙沟,1 993 m,2014-06-22,卢树军和范俊140619,140621。安徽小檗凭证标本:安徽黄山北海,1 630 m,2010-05-22,李新华847;安徽黄山白鹅岭,1 720 m,2010-05-22,李新华848;安徽黄山始信峰,1 690 m,2015-08-28,李文卉150801。凭证标本均保存于南京农业大学植物标本室(NAU)。

1.2 叶脉特征观察

分别选取黄芦木和安徽小檗形状相似的成熟叶片,用水浸泡并煮沸30 min,移至20% NaOH溶液中,在70℃水浴锅中处理30 min,使表皮、叶肉组织与叶脉离析,清水冲洗叶片,用毛笔轻轻刷去表皮和叶肉组织,得到叶脉标本,用20% NaClO溶液漂白脱色10 min,清水漂洗,1%番红染色30 min后,漂洗、吸干、压平叶脉标本。用尼康SMZ1000体视显微镜观察和富士数码相机拍照。叶脉特征描述参照ELLIS等[12]及王永等[5]的方法。

黄芦木凭证标本:山东泰山傲徕峰,1 386 m,2014-06-20,卢树军和范俊140613。安徽小檗凭证标本:安徽黄山始信峰,1 690 m,2015-08-28,李文卉150801。

1.3 叶表皮微形态光镜观察

分别选取黄芦木和安徽小檗形状相似的成熟叶片,取叶片中部,剪成0.5 cm×0.5 cm的小块,用沸水浸泡30 min后,移至35%的NaClO溶液中,待叶片材料变白后取出,用清水冲洗,分别撕取上、下表皮,其上滴加1%番红溶液染色12 h,然后用乙醇系列脱水,二甲苯透明,加拿大树胶封片,在奥林巴斯CX 41光学显微镜下观察并拍照。叶表皮微形态特征描述参照WILKINSON[6]和王宇飞等[13]的方法。

黄芦木凭证标本:山东泰山傲徕峰,1 386 m,2014-06-20,卢树军和范俊140613;山西交城县庞泉沟镇大沙沟,1 993 m,2014-06-22,卢树军和范俊140619。安徽小檗凭证标本:安徽黄山始信峰,1 690 m,2015-08-28,李文卉150801。

1.4 叶表皮微形态扫描电镜观察

取干燥叶片中部,剪成0.5 cm×0.5 cm的小块,用双面胶带固定到样品台上,喷金镀膜后,在日立S-3000N扫描电镜下观察并拍照。有关特征描述参照BARTHLOTT等[14]和SINGH等[8]的方法。

黄芦木凭证标本:山东泰山丈人峰,1 492 m,2010-05-29,李新华和卢树军100509;山西交城县庞泉沟镇公路边灌丛,1 900 m,2010-06-01,卢树军17。安徽小檗凭证标本:安徽黄山白鹅岭,1 720 m,2010-05-22,李新华848。

1.5 地理分布图绘制

通过查阅标本与文献,结合野外调查,综合确定黄芦木和安徽小檗的地理分布区域。在中国数字植物标本馆(http://www.cvh.org.cn/)、国家标本资源共享平台(http://www.nsii.org.cn/),以及K、E等世界主要标本馆网站中查阅相关标本及其采集记录信息,共获得168份黄芦木标本和12份安徽小檗标本的详细采集地点信息,而那些标本采集地点信息模糊(如只记录到省)的数据则不作参考。同时,参考《浙江植物志》《安徽植物志》《湖北植物志》《河南植物志》《山东植物志》《秦岭植物志》《内蒙古植物志》《北京植物志》《辽宁植物志》等地方植物志,以及有关学术期刊论文中关于黄芦木和安徽小檗地理分布的记载。应用Arc GIS 10.0绘制黄芦木和安徽小檗的分布图,每个县域分布点的确定,都依据至少1份标本记录或有关文献记载。中国省级和县级行政区划图层均来自国家基础地理信息中心网站(http://ngcc.sbsm.gov.cn/)。

2 结果与分析 2.1 叶片形态特征

根据野外调查及标本观察,黄芦木和安徽小檗叶片形状在个体内及个体间变异都较大。黄芦木叶片呈卵形、卵状椭圆形、倒卵形、倒卵状椭圆形、倒卵圆形、宽椭圆形、椭圆形等形状,先端圆或钝,基部楔形,叶缘具密集的细刺齿。安徽小檗叶片呈倒卵形、倒卵状椭圆形、倒卵圆形、宽椭圆形等形状,先端圆或钝,基部楔形,叶缘具密集的细刺齿,但当年生枝条上叶有时全缘。黄芦木和安徽小檗叶片大小、叶缘刺齿密度及脉序特征见表 1图 1

表1 黄芦木与安徽小檗叶片形态与脉序特征比较 Table 1 Comparison on features of the morphology and venation of leaves between Berberis amurensis and B. anhweiensis
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(A~D):黄芦木[A:叶及花序(山东泰山);B:叶缘;(C,D):脉序]。(E~H):安徽小檗[E:叶及花序(安徽黄山);F:叶缘;(G,H):脉序]。(B,C,F,G):标尺=1 cm;(D,H):标尺=1 mm。 (A-D): B. amurensis [A: Leaves and an inflorescence (Taishan Mountain,Shandong Province); B: Leaf margin; (C,D): Leaf venation]. (E-H): B. anhweiensis [E: Leaves and inflorescences (Huangshan Mountain,Anhui Province); F: Leaf margin; (G,H): Leaf venation]. (B,C,F,G): Bars =1 cm; (D,H): Bars =1 mm. 图1 黄芦木和安徽小檗叶片形态及脉序特征 Fig. 1 Features of leaf morphology and venation of B. amurensis and B. anhweiensis

黄芦木和安徽小檗的叶片长及长宽比在统计学上差异显著(P=0.012,0.007),但两者的叶宽、叶柄长及叶缘刺齿密度在统计学上无显著差异(P=0.307,0.076,0.201)。并且,黄芦木和安徽小檗的叶长与叶宽之间都存在显著的正相关(r=0.902,0.931,P<0.001)。从图 1表 1可以看出,黄芦木和安徽小檗在叶缘刺齿类型及脉序特征上十分相似。

2.2 叶表皮微形态特征 2.2.1 在光学显微镜下叶表皮特征

黄芦木山西庞泉沟居群叶片上表皮细胞平周壁轮廓呈不规则的四边形至六边形,垂周壁波状或近平直(图 2A),下表皮细胞平周壁轮廓呈不规则多边形,垂周壁波状(图 2B)。黄芦木山东泰山居群叶片上表皮细胞平周壁轮廓呈近似的四边形至六边形,垂周壁波状或近平直(图 2C),下表皮细胞平周壁轮廓呈不规则多边形,垂周壁波状(图 2D)。安徽小檗叶片上表皮细胞平周壁轮廓呈近似的四边形至六边形,垂周壁近平直或略呈波状(图 2E),下表皮细胞平周壁轮廓呈较规则多边形,垂周壁近平直或略呈波状(图 2F)。黄芦木和安徽小檗叶表皮气孔器都仅分布在下表皮,气孔器类型均为无规则型和辐射型(图 2B,D,F)。

(A,B):黄芦木山西庞泉沟居群(A:上表皮;B:下表皮);(C,D):黄芦木山东泰山居群(C:上表皮;D:下表皮);(E,F):安徽小檗(E:上表皮;F:下表皮)。Act:辐射型气孔器;Ano:无规则型气孔器。标尺=50 μm. (A,B): Population of B. amurensis from Pangquan Valley,Shanxi Province (A: Adaxial epidermis; B: Abaxial epidermis); (C,D): Population of B. amurensis from Taishan Mountain,Shandong Province (C: Adaxial epidermis; D: Abaxial epidermis); (E,F): B. anhweiensis (E: Adaxial epidermis; F: Abaxial epidermis). Act: Actinocytic stomata; Ano: Anomocytic stomata. Bars = 50 μm. 图2 黄芦木和安徽小檗叶表皮微形态特征的光镜观察 Fig. 2 Micromorphological features of leaf epidermis of B. amurensis and B. anhweiensis under light microscopy
2.2.2 在扫描电镜下叶表皮特征

黄芦木山西庞泉沟居群叶片上表皮近光滑,表皮细胞平周壁轮廓呈不规则多边形,垂周壁波状(图 3A),下表皮亦近光滑,具脊状突起(图 3B)。黄芦木山东泰山居群叶片上表皮具密集的颗粒状蜡质层纹饰,表皮细胞平周壁轮廓呈不规则多边形,垂周壁波状(图 3C),下表皮具密集的粗颗粒状蜡质层纹饰,具显著分叉的脊状突起(图 3D)。安徽小檗叶片上表皮具密集的细颗粒状蜡质层纹饰,表皮细胞平周壁轮廓呈不规则多边形,垂周壁波状或近平直(图 3E),下表皮具密集的颗粒状及短丝状蜡质层纹饰,具显著分叉的脊状突起(图 3F)。在黄芦木和安徽小檗叶片下表皮上,气孔器外角质膜拱盖内缘近平滑或部分呈缺刻状,细胞平周壁及垂周壁轮廓都不清晰(图 3B,D,F)。

(A,B):黄芦木山西庞泉沟居群(A:上表皮;B:下表皮);(C,D):黄芦木山东泰山居群(C:上表皮;D:下表皮);(E,F):安徽小檗(E:上表皮;F:下表皮)。标尺=15 μm。 (A,B): Population of B. amurensis from Pangquan Valley,Shanxi Province (A: Adaxial epidermis; B: Abaxial epidermis); (C,D): Population of B. amurensis from Taishan Mountain,Shandong Province (C: Adaxial epidermis; D: Abaxial epidermis); (E,F): B. anhweiensis (E: Adaxial epidermis; F: Abaxial epidermis). Act: Actinocytic stomata; Ano: Anomocytic stomata. Bars =15 μm. 图3 黄芦木和安徽小檗叶表皮微形态特征的扫描电镜观察 Fig. 3 Scanning electron microscope observation of the micromorphological features of leaf epidermis of B. amurensis and B. anhweiensis
2.3 地理分布式样

黄芦木和安徽小檗在中国的地理分布式样见图 4。黄芦木主要分布在淮河以北,贺兰山-六盘山-岷山一线以东的东北、华北、西北地区及山东丘陵,生长在中温带和暖温带山地及丘陵灌丛、林缘及林下。安徽小檗分布在淮河以南的大别山、皖南山地及浙江西北部的天目山,主要生长在北亚热带山地上部的灌丛、林缘及林下。

1:小兴安岭;2:大兴安岭;3:长白山;4:山东丘陵;5:太行山;6:阴山;7:贺兰山;8:六盘山;9:秦岭;10:伏牛山;11:岷山;12:天目山;13:皖南山地;14:大别山。 1: Lesser Khingan Mountains; 2: Great Khingan Mountains; 3: Changbai Mountains; 4: Shandong hills; 5: Taihang Mountains; 6: Yinshan Mountains; 7: Helan Mountains; 8: Liupan Mountains; 9: Qinling Mountains; 10: Funiu Mountains; 11: Minshan Mountains; 12: Tianmushan Mountains; 13: Mountains in southern Anhui; 14: Dabie Mountains. YR: The Yellow River; HR: The Huaihe River; CR: The Changjiang River. 图4 黄芦木和安徽小檗在中国的地理分布式样 Fig. 4 Geographical distribution patterns of B. amurensis and B. anhweiensis in China
3 讨论

黄芦木和安徽小檗叶片形状在个体内及个体间变异都较大,然而,2种植物的叶片形状都存在连续的种内变异式样,并且两者之间在叶片形状、叶缘刺齿类型及其密度、脉序等特征上都比较相似。虽然黄芦木叶片长度显著大于安徽小檗,但是叶片大小易受环境条件的影响,小檗属同种植物不同居群之间在叶片大小上也常常存在明显差异[15-16]

光镜观察结果显示,黄芦木与安徽小檗叶片上表皮细胞平周壁轮廓都呈近似的四边形至六边形,但它们叶片下表皮微形态特征差别较大。

扫描电镜观察结果显示,黄芦木2个居群之间在叶表皮蜡质层纹饰特征上差别比较显著。有关研究表明,受到气候类型、海拔高度等影响,植物种内不同居群之间在叶表皮蜡质纹饰特征上有时存在一定幅度的复杂变异式样[17]。安徽小檗与黄芦木山东泰山居群的叶表皮微形态特征十分相似。

黄芦木和安徽小檗在中国的地理分布式样并不存在明显的间断。其中,黄芦木种群可经由秦岭-伏牛山一线向大别山区呈辐射分布状。秦岭和大别山处于北亚热带向暖温带的过渡带上,在植物区系组成上也具有明显的过渡性[18]。虽然安徽小檗分布在北亚热带地区,但是其居群通常生长在海拔1 200 m以上的山地上部,或山顶地带[10],根据植被分布的垂直地带性,安徽小檗的实际生长环境近似于暖温带条件。

AHRENDT[1]发表安徽小檗时,将该种与浙江小檗(B. chekiangensis Ahrendt)进行了比较。浙江小檗叶片边缘全缘[1],已经被处理为庐山小檗(B. virgetorum C. K. Schneid.)的异名[3, 19]。事实上,在叶片形态与微形态特征上,在花序与果序类型、果实形态等主要分类学特征方面[1, 3, 10-11, 19],以及在地理分布式样上,安徽小檗与黄芦木之间都存在连续的变异式样;因此,有必要将安徽小檗作为黄芦木的异名处理。

黄芦木

Berberis amurensis Ruprecht in Bull. Cl. Phys. -Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Petersbourg. 15: 260,1857,Type: 黑龙江附近山谷(Amur River valley),Maximowicz s.n. (holotype,LE); Ahrendt in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 57: 193,1961; T. S. Ying in Fl. Reipbl. Popularis Sin. 29:189. 2001; T. S. Ying,Fl. China 19: 762. 2011.

—B. anhweiensis Ahrendt in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 57: 185,1961,syn. nov. Type: 中国(China)安徽省(Anhui Province):黄山(Huangshan Mountain),狮子峰(Lion Ridge),elevation 1 620 m,1925-07-12,Ching R. C. 2981 (holotype,K!); T. S. Ying in Fl. Reipbl. Popularis Sin. 29: 188. 2001; T. S. Ying,Fl. China 19: 761. 2011.

4 结论

黄芦木和安徽小檗都具倒卵形、倒卵状椭圆形、倒卵圆形、宽椭圆形等叶片形状,叶缘都具密集的细刺齿,在网状脉序特征上也十分相似。本文首次利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜,观察了黄芦木和安徽小檗叶表皮微形态特征,发现两者在叶表皮细胞平周壁轮廓及垂周壁特征、气孔器类型、叶表皮蜡质层纹饰特征上都比较相似,或存在连续的变异式样。鉴于黄芦木和安徽小檗在形态特征上的相似性,以及在地理分布式样上的连续性,将安徽小檗处理为黄芦木的异名。

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