中国医科大学学报  2025, Vol. 54 Issue (9): 786-790

文章信息

王硕, 李柳, 高志超, 耿红, 徐雷, 武如冰
WANG Shuo, LI Liu, GAO Zhichao, GENG Hong, XU Lei, WU Rubing
衰减斑块患者PCI术前冠状动脉内注射腺苷及硝普钠的疗效分析
Efficacy of intracoronary injection of adenosine and sodium nitroprusside before PCI in patients with attenuated plaques
中国医科大学学报, 2025, 54(9): 786-790
Journal of China Medical University, 2025, 54(9): 786-790

文章历史

收稿日期:2024-12-18
网络出版时间:2025-09-16 07:23:49
衰减斑块患者PCI术前冠状动脉内注射腺苷及硝普钠的疗效分析
王硕1 , 李柳2 , 高志超2 , 耿红1 , 徐雷1 , 武如冰1     
1. 石家庄市人民医院心内科,石家庄 050031;
2. 河北医科大学第一医院心内科,石家庄 050011
摘要目的 探讨经皮冠脉介入术(PCI) 术前冠状动脉内注射腺苷及硝普钠对衰减斑块(AP) 患者的疗效。方法 选择2022年1月1日至2024年1月1日在石家庄市人民医院心内科住院的血管内超声下发现AP的患者200例,随机将其分为常规治疗组[按照PCI常规流程治疗]和预处理组(在PCI前冠状动脉内预先经指引导管注射硝普钠及腺苷后再按照常规流程治疗),每组100例。观察PCI术中无复流(NR) 的发生率、术后心肌梗死溶栓治疗心肌灌注帧数(TMPFC)、围手术期心肌坏死(PMN) 和术后6个月的主要不良心脑血管事件(MACCE)。结果 预处理组PCI术中NR发生率、术后TMPFC、PMN程度均显著低于常规治疗组,差异有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。结论 预先冠状动脉内注射腺苷及硝普钠可降低AP患者PCI术中NR发生率,改善PCI术后TMPFC和PMN,但不能改善PCI术后6个月的MACCE。
关键词衰减斑块    腺苷    硝普钠    经皮冠脉介入术    无复流    
Efficacy of intracoronary injection of adenosine and sodium nitroprusside before PCI in patients with attenuated plaques
1. Department of Cardiology, Shijiazhuang People's Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050031, China;
2. Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the efficacy of preprocedural intracoronary injections of adenosine and sodium nitroprusside in patients with intravascular ultrasound-attenuated plaques (AP). Methods In total, 200 patients with AP detected using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) at Shijiazhuang People's Hospital from January 1, 2022, to January 1, 2024, were selected and randomly divided into conventional treatment and pretreatment groups, with 100 patients in each group. The conventional treatment group underwent standard percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures, whereas the pretreatment group underwent intracoronary injection of sodium nitroprusside and adenosine through a guiding catheter prior to PCI. The observation parameters included intraoperative no-reflow (NR) incidence, post-PCI TIMI myocardial perfusion frame count (TMPFC), perioperative myocardial infarction (PMN), and 6-month major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). Results The pretreatment group exhibited a significantly lower intraoperative NR incidence, reduced postoperative TMPFC, and attenuated PMN severity than the conventional treatment group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Preprocedural intracoronary administration of adenosine and sodium nitroprusside through a guiding catheter can effectively reduce PCI-related NR occurrence, improve post-PCI TMPFC, and mitigate PMN in patients with AP, although no significant improvement in MACCE incidence can be observed at the 6-month follow-up.

针对冠状动脉病变的精准化、个体化治疗对减少经皮冠脉介入术(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI) 术后并发症、改善疗效非常重要[1]。血管内超声(intravascular ultrasound,IVUS) 是目前介入治疗中最常用的工具[2-3]。IVUS下经常发现一些非钙化病变伴有斑块后方超声信号衰减或缺失,造成斑块后方组织无法显影,这类斑块称为衰减斑块(attenuated plaque,AP) [4-5]。研究[6-7]证实,AP与PCI术中无复流(no-reflow,NR)、围手术期心肌坏死(periprocedural myocardial necrosis,PMN) 风险增加相关。AP成分中含有胆固醇结晶、巨噬细胞渗出及点状钙化,造成超声波难以穿过斑块[8]。PCI术中不可避免挤压AP,其富脂成分释放引起微血管阻塞是引发NR和PMN的主要原因[9]。一旦PCI术中出现NR,立即冠状动脉内注射腺苷及硝普钠是常用处理手段[10]。本研究拟探讨PCI术前预先经指引导管冠状动脉内注射硝普钠及腺苷药物预处理对AP患者的疗效,旨在为指导AP患者的治疗提供新方法。

1 材料与方法 1.1 研究对象

选择2022年1月1日至2024年1月1日在石家庄市人民医院心内科住院的IVUS下发现AP的患者200例。按照随机数字表法将所有患者分为常规治疗组和预处理组,每组100例。常规治疗组患者年龄35~69岁,其中男63例,女37例,平均年龄(53.74±9.37) 岁;预处理组患者年龄37~75岁,其中男65例,女35例,平均年龄(54.27±8.94) 岁。本研究获得石家庄市人民医院医学伦理委员会审查批准(2021第197号),所有患者自愿参与并签署知情同意书。

纳入标准:年龄20~75岁;IVUS发现AP,且冠状动脉狭窄 > 70%,行PCI。排除标准:左主干病变或IVUS发现需处理血管存在Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级钙化病变(钙化范围 > 180°) [11];对注射用硝普钠、腺苷注射液药物过敏;PCI术中收缩压≤100 mmHg;PCI术前左室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF) < 30%;心室率≤50次/min,二度、三度房室传导阻滞;冠状动脉造影示冠状动脉多支病变,或术式复杂,如手术需处理2根以上血管、手术时间超过2 h、慢性闭塞病变、应用旋磨;患有除冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病以外的其他严重心脏病;PCI术中发生严重并发症,如冠状动脉穿孔、冠状动脉夹层、分支血管闭塞;严重肝肾功能、凝血功能异常;伦理委员会拒绝入选。

1.2 治疗方法

2组患者PCI术中均应用肝素钠注射液(12 500 U/支,常州千红生化制药股份有限公司) 按照100 U/kg进行肝素化,术中均在IVUS指导下植入药物洗脱支架[冠状动脉雷帕霉素洗脱钴基合金支架系统Firebird2,上海微创医疗器械(集团) 有限公司],术后IVUS检查支架贴壁良好,无夹层、血肿。

常规治疗组按照PCI常规流程进行治疗,支架植入后造影达到心肌梗死溶栓治疗(thrombolysis in myocardial infarction,TIMI) 血流3级,则终止手术,若TIMI血流≤2级,则应用指引导管于冠状动脉内注射硝普钠注射液(悦康药业集团股份有限公司)、腺苷注射液(蓬莱诺康药业有限公司)、盐酸替罗非班氯化钠注射液[远大医药(中国)有限公司],直至达到TIMI血流3级。预处理组在PCI前应用指引导管于冠状动脉内预先注射硝普钠注射液100 μg,于2 min内缓慢推注,以及腺苷注射液200 μg,于2 min内缓慢推注后,再按照常规流程进行治疗。2组围手术期均按照2016中国经皮冠脉介入治疗指南[12]规范化药物治疗。

1.3 观察指标

1.3.1 主要观察指标

(1) PCI术中NR的发生率;(2) PCI术后TIMI心肌灌注帧数(TIMI myocardial perfusion frame count,TMPFC),2组患者PCI术后造影从心肌刚可见造影剂着色至着色排空所需的影像帧数(以30帧/s为标准帧数速率) [12];(3) PMN指标,2组患者PCI术前及术后24 h血浆肌钙蛋白I (cardiac troponin I,cTnI)、肌酸激酶同工酶(creatine kinase isozyme-MB,CK-MB) 水平。

1.3.2 其他观察指标

2组患者PCI术后6个月的主要不良心脑血管事件(major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular event,MACCE),包括心脏死亡、心肌梗死、心力衰竭、靶血管再次血运重建、短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)、脑梗死、脑出血。

1.4 统计学分析

采用SPSS 17.0软件进行统计学分析。计量资料用x±s表示,组间比较采用t检验。计数资料用率(%) 表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。以术中发生NR为因变量进行logistic二元分析,P < 0.05 (双侧) 为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 2组患者基线特征比较

常规治疗组与预处理组患者临床特征、病变特征比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P > 0.05),具有可比性。见表 1

表 1 常规治疗组与预处理组患者的基线特征比较[n (%)] Tab.1 Comparison of the baseline characteristics of patients between conventional treatment group and pre-treatment group [n (%)]
Item Conventional treatment group (n = 100) Pre-treatment group (n = 100) t/χ2 P
Clinical characteristics
  Age (year) 53.74±9.37 54.27±8.94 0.409 0.682
  Male [n (%)] 63 (63.0) 65 (65.0) 0.086 0.768
  Type 2 diabetes mellitus [n (%)] 32 (32.0) 35 (35.0) 0.202 0.653
  Hypertension [n (%)] 42 (42.0) 39 (39.0) 0.186 0.665
  Smoking [n (%)] 37 (37.0) 39 (39.0) 0.084 0.770
  Family history of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases [n (%)] 42 (42.0) 45 (45.0) 0.183 0.668
  Angina pectoris [n (%)] 29 (29.0) 28 (28.0) 0.024 0.875
  ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction [n (%)] 37 (37.0) 35 (35.0) 0.086 0.768
  Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction [n (%)] 34 (34.0) 37 (37.0) 0.196 0.657
  Glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (U) 33.76±13.55 32.89±12.11 0.478 0.632
  Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (U) 31.62±14.35 32.35±12.47 0.384 0.701
  Blood creatinine (μmol/L) 74.39±16.35 75.27±15.03 0.396 0.692
  Total cholesterol (mmol/L) 4.96±0.78 4.87±0.81 0.800 0.424
  Triglyceride (mmol/L) 2.05±1.37 1.93±1.68 0.553 0.580
  Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L) 3.86±0.74 3.91±0.54 0.545 0.585
  High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L) 1.07±0.28 1.13±0.42 1.188 0.236
  NT-proBNP (ng/mL) 305.76±125.52 314.49±138.25 0.467 0.640
  Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) 52.02±13.83 51.35±11.67 0.370 0.711
  Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (mm) 48.01±7.39 47.84±7.23 0.164 0.869
Coronary artery lesion characteristics
  Left anterior descending branch [n (%)] 42 (42.0) 45 (45.0) 0.183 0.668
  Left circumflex branch [n (%)] 21 (21.0) 22 (22.0) 0.029 0.863
  Right coronary artery [n (%)] 37 (37.0) 33 (33.0) 0.351 0.553
  SYNTAX Ⅱ score 21.34±7.63 22.02±8.02 0.614 0.539
  Average stenosis degree of target vessel (%) 87.56±11.37 89.14±11.12 0.993 0.321
  Average stent length (mm) 32.73±13.62 33.32±14.81 0.293 0.769

2.2 观察指标比较

预处理组PCI术中NR发生率和TMPFC显著低于常规治疗组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.001)。2组患者PCI术前cTnI、CK-MB比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);2组患者术后24 h cTnI、CK-MB较术前明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);预处理组PCI术后24 h cTnI、CK-MB显著低于常规治疗组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表 2

表 2 2组PCI术前及术后主要观察指标比较 Tab.2 Comparison of the key observation indicators before and after PCI between two groups
Item Conventional treatment group (n = 100) Pre-treatment group (n = 100) t/χ2 P
NR during PCI [n (%)] 43 (43.0) 14 (14.0) 20.635 < 0.001
Disease species [n (%)]
  Angina pectoris 9 (7.0) 2 (2.0) 4.713 0.029
  ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction 18 (18.0) 7 (7.0) 5.531 0.018
  Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction 16 (16.0) 5 (5.0) 6.437 0.011
Intraoperative treatment of blood vessels [n (%)]
  Left anterior descending branch 20 (20.0) 9 (9.0) 4.880 0.027
  Left circumflex branch 9 (9.0) 3 (3.0) 3.191 0.074
  Right coronary artery 14 (14.0) 2 (2.0) 9.782 0.002
TMPFC after PCI (frame) 104.23±22.61 89.76±16.24 5.197 < 0.001
PMN
  Before operation
    cTnI (ng/mL) 3.87±1.33 3.62±1.26 1.364 0.173
    CK-MB (U/L) 57.13±24.37 56.28±21.55 0.261 0.794
  24 h after operation
    cTnI (ng/mL) 6.97±2.171) 4.42±1.731) 9.188 < 0.001
    CK-MB (U/L) 69.77±29.681) 59.82±20.611) 2.753 0.006
1) P < 0.05 vs. before operation. cTnI,cardiac troponin I;CK-MB,creatine kinase isozyme-MB.

以术中发生NR为因变量,进行二元logistic分析,结果显示,NR仅与PCI术前是否进行硝普钠+腺苷预处理相关(P < 0.001),与其他均无显著关联(P均 > 0.05)。见表 3

表 3 二元logistic分析评估NR关联因素 Tab.3 Binary logistic analysis for evaluating factors associated with NR
Variable OR (95%CI) P Variable OR (95%CI) P
Sodium nitroprusside and adenosine pre-treatment 0.187 (0.090-0.389) < 0.001 Age 0.978 (0.951-1.025) 0.987
Sex 1.247 (0.622-2.501) 0.533 Type 2 diabetes mellitus 0.703 (0.327-1.514) 0.369
Hypertension 0.623 (0.425-1.440) 0.365 Smoking 0.621 (0.327-1.353) 0.347
Family history of cardiovascular and cerebrovascula diseases 0.692 (0.297-1.612) 0.328 Angina pectoris 0.775 (0.277-1.473) 0.381
ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction 0.622 (0.273-1.419) 0.359 Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction 0.785 (0.262-1.408) 0.387
Glutamic-pyruvic transaminase 1.013 (0.987-1.040) 0.333 Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1.094 (0.880-1.139) 0.418
Blood creatinine 0.987 (0.966-1.008) 0.221 Total cholesterol 1.125 (0.483-1.805) 0.670
Triglyceride 1.370 (0.523-1.614) 0.633 Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol 1.158 (0.335-1.727) 0.653
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol 1.113 (0.396-1.602) 0.693 NT-proBNP 1.001 (0.996-1.044) 0.818
Left ventricular ejection fraction 0.978 (0.956-1.039) 0.267 Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter 0.899 (0.975-1.138) 0.321
Left anterior descending branch 0.674 (0.281-1.427) 0.353 Left circumflex branch 0.711 (0.238-1.596) 0.227
Right coronary artery 0.618 (0.336-1.425) 0.352 SYNTAX Ⅱ score 1.052 (0.671-1.205) 0.425
Average stenosis degree of target vessel 0.941 (0.953-1.475) 0.363 Average stent length 1.235 (0.465-1.927) 0.732

常规治疗组PCI术后6个月发生MACCE 10例(10%),其中心肌梗死2例,心力衰竭2例,靶血管再次血运重建1例,TIA 4例,脑梗死1例;预处理组MACCE 7例(7%),其中心肌梗死1例,心力衰竭3例,靶血管再次血运重建1例,TIA 2例。将MACCE事件发生作为终点事件,绘制Kaplan-Meier生存曲线,2组患者比较差异无统计学意义(P = 0.445)。见图 1

图 1 2组患者术后6个月Kaplan-Meier生存曲线 Fig.1 Kaplan-Meier survival curve for the patients of two groups 6 months after PCI

3 讨论

通过IVUS准确识别易损斑块有助于进一步精准治疗以及改善患者预后[2]。MULLER等[13]最早提出将具有破裂倾向、容易形成血栓的斑块称为易损斑块,它是急性冠脉综合征的重要发病机制。AP是易损斑块的影像学表现之一,AP中往往含有巨大坏死核心和伴有病理性内膜增厚的脂质池[14]。大量研究[8, 15-16]证实,AP与NR的发生相关。

本研究中,常规治疗组NR发生率为43%,预处理组NR发生率降低至14%。以术中发生NR为因变量进行logistic二元分析结果显示,NR仅与PCI术前是否进行硝普钠+腺苷预处理相关(P < 0.001),可见PCI术前给予硝普钠+腺苷预处理可起到显著减少NR的作用。本研究结果还显示,预处理组PCI术后TMPFC显著低于常规治疗组(P < 0.001),表明经硝普钠+腺苷预处理后心肌灌注更佳。

AMANO等[8]和PU等[14]均发现AP是发生PMN的危险因素。本研究中,2组患者术后24 h cTnI和CK-MB均高于术前,提示2组患者均发生了不同程度的PMN,但预处理组PCI术后24 h cTnI和CK-MB显著低于常规治疗组,表明硝普钠+腺苷预处理可显著减少PMN的发生。

SHISHIKURA等[6]认为,AP与MACCE发生率增加相关;而贾若飞等[7]认为,AP与术后的主要不良心血管事件无明显相关。本研究中,2组患者PCI术后6个月MACCE发生情况比较,差异无统计学意义。由于本研究为单中心研究,样本量偏小,随访时间较短,无法准确反映AP对MACCE的长期影响。

综上所述,本研究结果显示,预先经指引导管冠状动脉内注射腺苷及硝普钠可降低AP患者PCI术中NR发生率,改善PCI术后TMPFC和PMN。今后有待通过扩大样本量、延长随访时间进一步验证本研究结果。

参考文献
[1]
刘健, 韩雅君, 王伟民, 等. 急性心肌梗死介入治疗后慢血流现象的血管内超声影像分析[J]. 中国介入心脏病学杂志, 2011, 19(1): 20-23. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-8812.2011.01.006
[2]
张迪瑞, 何路平, 于波. 腔内影像学对冠状动脉易损斑块的识别与治疗最新进展[J]. 中国介入心脏病学杂志, 2021, 29(9): 520-522. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-8812.2021.09.008
[3]
王宏宇, 付茜, 苏福祥. 载脂蛋白B/载脂蛋白A1比值与急性冠脉综合征患者冠状动脉多支病变及斑块易损性的相关性[J]. 中国医科大学学报, 2022, 51(7): 577-582. DOI:10.12007/j.issn.0258-4646.2022.07.001
[4]
LAWTON JS, TAMIS-HOLLAND JE, BANGALORE S, et al. 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI guideline for coronary artery revascularization: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association joint committee on clinical practice guidelines[J]. Circulation, 2022, 145(3): e4-e17. DOI:10.1161/cir.0000000000001039
[5]
HONG YJ, AHN Y, JEONG MH. Role of intravascular ultrasound in patients with acute myocardial infarction[J]. Korean Circ J, 2015, 45(4): 259-265. DOI:10.4070/kcj.2015.45.4.259
[6]
SHISHIKURA D, KATAOKA Y, DI GIOVANNI G, et al. Progression of ultrasound plaque attenuation and low echogenicity associates with major adverse cardiovascular events[J]. Eur Heart J, 2020, 41(31): 2965-2973. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa173
[7]
贾若飞, 朱华刚, 李响, 等. 血管内超声探测的衰减斑块对经皮冠状动脉介入治疗患者术中及术后的影响: 12个月临床随访结果[J]. 中国介入心脏病学杂志, 2016, 24(5): 266-271. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-8812.2016.05.006
[8]
AMANO H, WAGATSUMA K, YAMAZAKI J, et al. Virtual histology intravascular ultrasound analysis of attenuated plaque and ulcerated plaque detected by gray scale intravascular ultrasound and the relation between the plaque composition and slow flow/no reflow pheno- menon during percutaneous coronary intervention[J]. J Interv Cardiol, 2013, 26(3): 295-301. DOI:10.1111/joic.12035
[9]
HOSHINO M, YONETSU T, MURAI T, et al. Multimodality coronary imaging to predict periprocedural myocardial necrosis after an elective percutaneous coronary intervention[J]. Coron Artery Dis, 2018, 29(3): 237-245. DOI:10.1097/MCA.0000000000000595
[10]
中华医学会心血管病学分会, 中华心血管病杂志编辑委员会. ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者急诊PCI微循环保护策略中国专家共识[J]. 中华心血管病杂志, 2022, 50(3): 221-230. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn112148-20211112-00987
[11]
《冠状动脉钙化病变诊治中国专家共识》专家组. 冠状动脉钙化病变诊治中国专家共识(2021版)[J]. 中国介入心脏病学杂志, 2021, 29(5): 251-259. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1004-8812.2021.05.002
[12]
GE H, DING S, AN D, et al. Frame counting improves the assessment of post-reperfusion microvascular patency by TIMI myocardial perfusion grade: evidence from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging[J]. Int J Cardiol, 2016, 203: 360-366. DOI:10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.10.194
[13]
MULLER JE, TOFLER GH, STONE PH. Circadian variation and triggers of onset of acute cardiovascular disease[J]. Circulation, 1989, 79(4): 733-743. DOI:10.1161/01.cir.79.4.733
[14]
PU J, MINTZ GS, BIRO S, et al. Insights into echo-attenuated plaques, echolucent plaques, and plaques with spotty calcification: novel findings from comparisons among intravascular ultrasound, near-infrared spectroscopy, and pathological histology in 2, 294 human coronary artery segments[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2014, 63(21): 2220-2233. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.576
[15]
WU XF, MINTZ GS, XU K, et al. The relationship between atte- nuated plaque identified by intravascular ultrasound and no-reflow after stenting in acute myocardial infarction: the HORIZONS-AMI (Harmonizing Outcomes With Revascularization and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction) trial[J]. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2011, 4(5): 495-502. DOI:10.1016/j.jcin.2010.12.012
[16]
ENDO M, HIBI K, SHIMIZU T, et al. Impact of ultrasound atte- nuation and plaque rupture as detected by intravascular ultrasound on the incidence of no-reflow phenomenon after percutaneous coro-nary intervention in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction[J]. JACC Cardiovasc Interv, 2010, 3(5): 540-549. DOI:10.1016/j.jcin.2010.01.015