中国医科大学学报  2021, Vol. 50 Issue (2): 97-101

文章信息

张家红, 夏楠, 王金行, 宋鉴清
ZHNAG Jiahong, XIA Nan, WANG Jinhang, SONG Jianqing
3种狼疮抗凝物检测方法的临床应用价值评价
Evaluation of the clinical application value of three lupus anticoagulant detection methods
中国医科大学学报, 2021, 50(2): 97-101
Journal of China Medical University, 2021, 50(2): 97-101

文章历史

收稿日期:2020-07-03
网络出版时间:2021-01-13 16:12
3种狼疮抗凝物检测方法的临床应用价值评价
中国医科大学附属第一医院检验科, 沈阳 110001
摘要目的 探讨3种狼疮抗凝物(LA)检测方法的临床应用价值。方法 回顾分析2019年2月至2020年1月于我院检测LA的血液样本1 240例,检测方法包括二氧化硅凝固时间(SCT)法、改良的稀释蝰蛇毒时间(DRVVT)法及活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)即刻纠正试验法(APTT法)。筛选出SCT法和DRVVT法检测LA阳性332例(A组),应用SCT法、DRVVT法及APTT法同时检测LA135例(B组),应用3种方法同时检测且LA持续阳性87例(C组),将各组再分为相应亚组。采用非参数检验、Spearman秩相关和受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,分析组间差异、相关程度,评估3种检测方法的诊断价值。结果 A组中,SCT法阳性率(74.4%)与DRVVT法阳性率(78.3%)无统计学差异;当SCT法或DRVVT法的标准化比值(NR)分别≥1.2、1.5、2.0时,两者的阳性符合率(52.7%、48.3%、45.9%)无统计学差异。B组中,SCT阳性/DRVVT阳性组APTT即刻纠正试验罗斯纳指数(RI)高于仅SCT阳性组、仅DRVVT阳性组、LA阴性组,差异有统计学意义,后3个亚组间则无统计学差异;当NR分别≥1.2、1.5、2.0时,RI诊断LA阳性的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.792、0.851、0.891,临界值分别为22.2、23.9、26.5,敏感度分别为57.4%、71.0%、89.2%,特异度分别为89.1%、88.9%、81.4%。C组中,38例诊断为抗磷脂综合征(APS),其他49例诊断为非APS,SCT NR、DRVVT NR及RI诊断APS的ROC-AUC分别为0.683、0.653、0.664,临界值分别为2.26、1.66、28.2,敏感度分别为57.9%、63.2%、71.1%,特异度分别为78.6%、73.2%、67.9%。结论 SCT法和DRVVT法联合检测可提高筛查LA的阳性率。APTT即刻纠正试验对判断LA及其阳性程度有重要价值。在LA持续阳性患者中,可用SCT NR、DRVVT NR和RI适当的临界值对APS和非APS患者进行初步实验室指标的鉴别诊断。
Evaluation of the clinical application value of three lupus anticoagulant detection methods
Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
Abstract: Objective To evaluate the clinical application value of three types of lupus anticoagulant (LA) detection methods. Methods Data obtained from 1 240 samples regarding the detection of LA using the silica coagulation time (SCT) method, the dilute Russell viper venom time (DRVVT) method, and the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) immediate correction method (APTT method) from February 2019 to January 2020 were collected from our hospital for retrospective analysis. LA-positive cases were screened and divided into three groups:group A, 332 LA cases involving the use of the SCT and DRVVT methods; group B, 135 LA cases involving the use of the SCT, DRVVT, and APTT methods; and group C, 87 LA cases involving the use of the three detection methods which were further divided into corresponding subgroups. Nonparametric tests, Spearman rank correlation, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to analyze the differences between groups, degree of correlation, and diagnostic values of the three detection methods. Results In group A, there was no significant difference in positivity rates between the SCT (74.4%) and DRVVT (78.3%) methods. The normalized ratios (NR) of the SCT and DRVVT methods were ≥ 1.2, 1.5, and 2.0, respectively. There was no significant difference in the positive coincidence rate (52.7%, 48.3%, 45.9%) of the two. In group B, the SCT-positive/DRVVT-positive group, the Rosner index (RI) was higher in the APTT immediate correction group than in the only SCT-positive group, only DRVVT-positive group, and LA-negative group. The difference was statistically significant. However, there was no significant difference among the last three subgroups. With NRs of ≥ 1.2, 1.5, and 2.0, the areas under the ROC curve (AUC) for RI for the diagnosis of LA positivity were 0.792, 0.851, and 0.891, respectively. The corresponding cut-off values were 22.2, 23.9, and 26.5, respectively. The corresponding sensitivities were 57.4%, 71.0%, and 89.2%, respectively. The corresponding specificities were 89.1%, 88.9%, and 81.4%, respectively. In group C, 38 patients were diagnosed with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), and the other 49 patients were diagnosed with non-APS. The AUC values of the SCT NR, DRVVT NR, and RI for APS diagnosis were 0.683, 0.653, and 0.664, respectively. The corresponding cut-off values were 2.26, 1.66, and 28.2, respectively. The corresponding sensitivities were 57.9%, 63.2%, and 71.1%, respectively, and the corresponding specificities were 78.6%, 73.2%, and 67.9%, respectively. Conclusion Combined detection of the SCT and DRVVT methods can improve the positivity rate for LA screening. The APTT immediate correction method provides important data for assessing the presence of LA and the degree of LA positivity. In patients with persistently positive LA, appropriate cut-off values of SCT NR, DRVVT NR, and RI can be used as preliminary laboratory indicators for the differential diagnosis of patients with APS and non-APS.

狼疮抗凝物(lupus anticoagulant,LA)是一组能与带负电荷的磷脂或磷脂蛋白复合物结合的免疫球蛋白,在体外能延长磷脂依赖的凝血试验时间[1]。目前检测LA常用的方法为活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)、改良的稀释蝰蛇毒时间(dilute Russell viper venom time,DRVVT)及二氧化硅凝固时间(silica clotting time,SCT)检测法,通常以筛选试验、混合试验和确认试验传统的三步法来判读是否存在LA。本研究拟通过APTT即刻纠正试验(APTT法)、SCT法及DRVVT法的筛选和确认试验检测血浆中的LA,旨在评估3种方法的临床应用价值。

1 材料与方法 1.1 材料

1.1.1 一般资料

根据实验室信息系统(laboratory information system,LIS)及电子病历,回顾分析2019年2月至2020年1月于我院就诊的通过SCT法、DRVVT法及APTT法检测LA的1 240例样本,排除凝血因子缺乏、含因子抗体、凝血酶时间异常、应用抗凝药物及红细胞压积非正常者。筛选出通过SCT法及DRVVT法检测LA阳性332例(A组),同时应用DRVVT法、SCT法及APTT法检测LA135例(B组),同时应用3种方法检测且LA持续阳性(至少间隔12周检测LA阳性≥2次)87例(C组)。其中,抗磷脂综合征(antiphospholipid syndrome,APS)38例,非APS 49例。

1.1.2 仪器与试剂

法国思塔高公司STA-R-Evolution仪器及相关配套试剂用于APTT检测;美国实验仪器公司TOP-750及相关配套试剂用于SCT和DRVVT检测。

1.1.3 标本制备

采取静脉血2.7 mL,置于含有0.3 mL枸橼酸钠(0.109 mol/L)的负压试管中,充分混匀。2 000~2 500 g、10 min离心2次,获得乏血小板血浆(血小板计数 < 10×109/L),用于LA检测,离心1次乏血小板血浆用于APTT检测。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 APTT即刻纠正试验

分别即刻检测患者血浆(a)、正常血浆(b)、患者血浆和正常血浆1︰1相同体积混合后血浆(c)的APTT。计算罗斯纳指数(Rosner index,RI)值= [(APTTc-APTTb)/APTTa]×100%。RI≥11.0%为未纠正,即血浆含有抑制物;RI < 11.0%为纠正,即血浆凝血因子缺乏。

1.2.2 LA检测

用SCT和DRVVT 2种方法进行筛选和确认检测,检测结果以标准化比值(normalized ratio,NR)表示。SCT NR和DRVVT NR < 1.2为LA阴性,SCT和DRVVT任一种方法的NR≥1.2即为LA阳性。

1.2.3 临床诊断

动、静脉血栓由计算机断层扫描、多普勒超声、肺灌注显像、血管造影或磁共振成像确定。病态妊娠根据2006年悉尼修订的Sapporo标准确定[2]

1.3 统计学分析

采用SPSS 22.0及GraphPad Prism 7.0软件进行统计学分析及作图。非正态分布的计量资料采用非参数检验进行比较,以MP25~P75)表示,计数资料采用χ2检验进行比较。应用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线统计参数的诊断效能。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 A组SCT法和DRVVT法检测LA阳性率和符合率比较

SCT法和DRVVT法阳性率(74.4%和78.3%)间无统计学差异(P > 0.05),2种方法在NR分别 > 1.2、1.5和2.0时的符合率(52.7%、48.3%和45.9%)亦无统计学差异(P > 0.05),见表 1

表 1 SCT法和DRVVT法检测LA的符合率 Tab.1 LA coincidence rate detected by SCT method and DRVVT method
Item NR > 1.2 NR > 1.5 NR > 2.0
SCT+/DRVVT+ 175 83 34
Only SCT+ 72 65 37
Only DRVVT+ 85 24 3
Total 332 172 74
Coincidence rate(%) 52.7 48.3 45.9

2.2 B组各亚组RI的比较及对LA阳性的诊断分析

2.2.1 SCT NR、DRVVT NR和RI的相关性

B组的135例样本SCT NR、DRVVT NR和RI均为非正态分布,Spearman相关分析结果显示,SCT NR与DRVVT NR、RI的相关系数分别为0.732、0.509(P < 0.01)。DRVVT NR和RI相关系数为0.516(P < 0.01)。

2.2.2 B组各亚组的RI值比较

将B组分为SCT阳性/DRVVT阳性组(66例)、仅SCT阳性组(14例)、仅DRVVT阳性组(19例)、LA阴性组(36例)4个亚组。各组RI值的中位数分别为34.05(21.05~38.72),16.05(9.38~26.65),12.65(7.95~22.73),12.95(8.20~18.13)。如图 1所示,SCT阳性/DRVVT阳性组与仅SCT阳性组、仅DRVVT阳性组、LA阴性组RI值均有统计学差异(P < 0.05,P < 0.01,P < 0.01),而后三者之间无统计学差异。

图 1 B组不同亚组RI比较 Fig.1 Comparison of RI in different subgroups of group B

2.2.3 RI在不同NR诊断LA阳性的ROC曲线分析

RI对应不同的NR诊断LA阳性的效能也不相同,当NR≥2.0时,RI诊断LA阳性效能最高。见图 2表 2

图 2 不同NR值时RI诊断LA阳性的ROC曲线 Fig.2 ROC curve of RI for diagnosing LA positive with different NR values

表 2 RI在不同NR诊断LA阳性的ROC曲线分析 Tab.2 ROC curve analysis of RI diagnosing LA positive with different NR
NR Cut-off AUC Sensitivity(%) Specificity(%) P
≥1.2 22.2 0.792 57.4 89.1 < 0.001
≥1.5 23.9 0.851 71.0 88.9 < 0.001
≥2.0 26.5 0.891 89.2 81.4 < 0.001

2.3 3种检测方法诊断APS的ROC曲线分析

C组87例样本均为LA持续阳性,其中,38例诊断为APS,其他49例诊断为非APS。38例APS患者中,男8例,女30例,中位年龄33(11~76)岁。见表 3图 3

表 3 3种检测方法诊断APS的ROC曲线分析 Tab.3 ROC curve analysis of the three detection methods for diagnosing APS
Method Cut-off AUC Sensitivity(%) Specificity(%) P
SCT 2.26 0.683 57.9 78.6 0.003
DRVVT 1.66 0.653 63.2 73.2 0.012
APTT 28.2 0.664 71.1 67.9 0.007

图 3 3种方法诊断APS的ROC曲线 Fig.3 ROC curve of three methods for diagnosing APS

3 讨论

抗磷脂抗体(antiphospholipid antibody,APL)与血栓形成、病态妊娠、产科并发症和皮肤表现有关[3]。当临床表现有血栓形成或病态妊娠且试验室检查有持续性APL存在时,可诊断为APS [2]。LA在APS的诊断和治疗中起着非常重要的作用,在APL谱中,相较于抗心磷脂抗体(anticardiolipin antibody,ACL)和抗β2糖蛋白(β2 glycoprotein,β2GP)-Ⅰ抗体,LA与临床事件的相关性最佳,因此,LA检测越来越受到临床重视。但LA的异质性以及不同的检测试剂和仪器等差异问题导致很难建立金标准。目前,还没有单一的检测系统能检测到所有的LA[4]。为了增加检测LA的敏感性,3个国际指南[5-7]都建议采取2种不同途径的试验方法,APTT和DRVVT是国际上最常使用的2种检测方法[8],文献指出SCT也可作为LA检测的备选方法。本实验室常规检测LA采用SCT法和DRVVT法,APTT纠正试验只是用于区分内源途径及共同途径因子缺乏和抑制物。

本研究中,SCT法和DRVVT法检测LA的阳性率虽无显著差异,但二者联合检测可提高LA的阳性率,且随着NR逐渐升高,SCT法和DRVVT法的阳性符合率逐渐降低。AVERINA等[9]在1项关于评估SCT法在具有各种APS症状的临床人群诊断准确性的研究中,用SCT法和DRVVT法在123个健康供体中计算参考临界值,将高于第99百分位的值定义为阳性临界值,第97.5百分位的95%CI的下限定义为边界临界值,采用2种方法阳性临界值的符合率低于采用边界临界值时的符合率。本研究结果与既往文献一致。

APTT即刻纠正试验通常用于区分凝血因子缺乏和抑制物。本研究B组样本中,SCT阳性/DRVVT阳性组的RI明显高于其他组,说明APTT法的RI对LA的诊断是有价值的,与文献[10]报道一致,但该文献也指出,很难将低活性的LA阳性样本从阴性样本中分离出来。本研究发现,仅SCT阳性组、仅DRVVT阳性组与LA阴性组的RI值无显著差异,也验证了这一观点。因此,由于稀释效应,混合试验阴性不能排除弱阳性LA[6]。LA阴性组RI中位数是12.95,大于本研究采用的临界值11.0[11],可以解释为APL谱中除了LA,还包括抗β2GP-Ⅰ抗体和ACL等其他APL,虽然它们所占比例较低。因此,血浆中不含LA而含有抗β2GP-Ⅰ抗体或ACL也可能导致APTT即刻纠正试验阳性。没有单一的混合试验解释可以100%敏感或特异地区分因子缺乏或抑制物[11-12]。由于SCT法和DRVVT法的存在,如果单纯从检测LA的角度看,APTT即刻纠正试验似乎是可有可无的。CLSI 2014更进一步优化并重新排列了筛查、确认和混合试验的顺序,混合试验仅在初始试验不明确的情况下才进行,因可能导致假阴性报告,在没有证据表明凝血时间延长的其他原因的样本中,应省略混合试验。但有研究[13]认为,尽管较为罕见,但LA的辅助因子效应在没有混合试验的情况下不能得到验证,且仅靠综合试验不能检测到这种现象。关于混合试验在LA分析中还存在更多争议[14],而在没有能力使用SCT和DRVVT等方法检测LA的实验室,APTT即刻纠正试验仍是一种比较有效的检测手段,且成本低廉。

3个国际指南并未明确判断LA强弱的标准,FAVALORO等[8]报道,以NR 1.2~ < 1.5为弱阳性,1.5~ < 2.0为中等阳性,≥2.0为强阳性。在本研究中,当NR分别≥1.2、1.5、2.0时,RI诊断LA阳性的最佳临界值分别为22.2、23.9、26.5,这与KUMANO等[10]认定的LA阳性组的RI中位值为24.0相似。RI诊断LA阳性的ROC-AUC随RI临界值的增高而增高,与RATZINGER等[15]的研究结果,即对LA敏感的APTT试剂的混合试验RI诊断LA阳性ROC-AUC为0.83相似,但该研究未将NR分层比较。

1项队列研究[16]发现,高水平的LA与APS的临床事件相关,该研究用SCT法和DRVVT法对APS进行了诊断,NR临界值分别为1.91和1.61,有较好的特异性,后者更敏感。目前未见用APTT即刻纠正试验的RI诊断APS的报道。本研究显示,3种方法中,APTT法诊断APS的敏感度最高。尽管指南将DRVVT法描述为更特异地检测LA而特别强调其使用,但有文献[6, 17]显示,APTT法比DRVVT法具有更好的性能、更少的假阴性和假阳性结果。

综上所述,本研究通过APTT即刻纠正试验、SCT法及DRVVT法的筛选和确认试验检测了血浆中的LA,旨在评估3种方法的临床应用价值。由于LA的异质性、方法的局限性,使其检测具有挑战性,因此,要充分了解LA检测的仪器、方法、试剂性能及APS本质,为临床诊断APS提供有力证据。作为1项回顾性研究,本研究的样本量较小,信息采集可能还存在缺陷,可能存在回顾性信息偏倚,今后需要扩大样本量进一步证实本研究结果。

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