中国医科大学学报  2021, Vol. 50 Issue (2): 160-164

文章信息

奚曼, 王爽, 陈妍, 刘钢
XI Man, WANG Shuang, CHEN Yan, LIU Gang
甲强龙联合托烷司琼对妇科日间手术全身麻醉患者术后恶心呕吐的预防作用
Prophylactic effect of methylprednisolone combined with tropisetron on nausea and vomiting after general anesthesia for gynecological day surgery
中国医科大学学报, 2021, 50(2): 160-164
Journal of China Medical University, 2021, 50(2): 160-164

文章历史

收稿日期:2020-03-15
网络出版时间:2021-01-13 16:38
甲强龙联合托烷司琼对妇科日间手术全身麻醉患者术后恶心呕吐的预防作用
奚曼 , 王爽 , 陈妍 , 刘钢     
中国医科大学附属第一医院麻醉科, 沈阳 110001
摘要目的 探究甲强龙联合托烷司琼对妇科日间手术全身麻醉患者术后恶心呕吐(PONV)的预防作用。方法 选取我院2017年6月至2018年6月择期行妇科日间手术全身麻醉患者300例,按照随机数表法分为2组:托烷司琼组(T组;手术结束前15 min静脉注射托烷司琼5 mg)和托烷司琼+甲强龙组(T+M组;手术结束前15 min静脉注射托烷司琼5 mg,甲强龙40 mg)。所有患者均知情同意并签署知情同意书。根据纳入与排除标准最终纳入289例,其中T组143例,T+M组146例。记录2组术后0~6 h、6~24 h恶心和呕吐发生情况,术后24 h VAS评分、Ramsay评分和内脏牵拉评分。结果 与T组比较,T+M组术后急性恶心、呕吐及延迟性呕吐发生率明显降低(P < 0.05)。对于PONV高危(APFEL评分2~4分)患者,与T组比较,T+M组术后呕吐的发生率明显降低(P < 0.05)。对于PONV高危(APFEL评分3分)患者,与T组比较,T+M组术后恶心发生率明显降低(P < 0.05)。2组术后VAS评分、Ramsay镇静评分、内脏牵拉评分无统计学差异(均P>0.05)。结论 甲强龙联合托烷司琼可明显降低妇科日间手术全身麻醉患者PONV的发生率,尤其对于急性恶心、呕吐以及延迟性呕吐有明显的预防作用。对于PONV高危患者甲强龙和托烷司琼联合应用预防效果更佳。
关键词甲强龙    托烷司琼    妇科日间手术    全身麻醉    术后恶心呕吐    
Prophylactic effect of methylprednisolone combined with tropisetron on nausea and vomiting after general anesthesia for gynecological day surgery
Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
Abstract: Objective To study the effects of methylprednisolone combined with tropisetron on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after gynecologic day surgery. Methods We selected 289 patients who received general anesthesia for gynecological day surgery. The patients were divided into group T (n=143) and group T + M (n=146) according to the random number table. All patients provided written informed consent. PONV within 6 h and within 6-24 h was recorded, and visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, Ramsay scores, and visceral traction scores were evaluated within 24 h. Results The incidence of urgent and delayed vomiting, and urgent nausea in group T + M after surgery was significantly lower than that in group T (P < 0.05). Patients with APFEL scores of 2-4 showed benefit from taking methylprednisolone and tropisetron in terms of postoperative vomiting (P < 0.05). The incidence of postoperative nausea in group T + M (patients with APFEL scores of 3) was significantly lower than that in group T (P < 0.05).There were no significant differences in VAS scores, Ramsay scores, and visceral traction scores between the two groups (all P>0.05). Conclusion Methylprednisolone combined with tropisetron significantly reduced the incidence of PONV after gynecologic day surgery, especially in urgent PONV and delayed postoperative nausea, compared to tropisetron alone. Patients with higher APFEL scores benefit more from combined methylprednisolone and tropisetron.

术后恶心呕吐(postoperative of nausea and vomiting,PONV)是日间手术患者术后常见的并发症之一。1999年APFEL等[1]提出PONV发生的4个危险因素:女性、否认吸烟史、术后应用阿片类药物、晕动史或PONV史。APFEL评分为0、1、2、3、4分患者的PONV发生率分别为10%、20%、40%、60%和80%[1]。女性是PONV发生的危险因素,因此如何降低妇科日间手术PONV的发生率是急需解决的问题。目前,临床上预防PONV的药物主要有5-HT3受体拮抗药、吩噻嗪类、丁酰苯类、皮质激素类、抗胆碱类等。托烷司琼是一种外周及中枢神经系统的5-HT3受体拮抗剂,具有高选择性及高效性,广泛用于PONV的预防[2]。甲强龙(泼尼松龙)是一种人工合成的糖皮质激素,它通过抑制前列腺素合成,释放内源性阿片肽,降低内脏和神经系统的5-HT水平来发挥抗呕吐作用[3]。对于PONV高危因素患者,两种或三种不同机制的抗呕吐药物联合应用可显著降低PONV的发生率[4]。本研究探讨甲强龙联合托烷司琼对妇科日间手术患者PONV的预防作用。

1 材料与方法 1.1 临床资料与分组

选择2017年6月至2018年6月中国医科大学附属第一医院妇科日间手术全身麻醉ASA分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级患者。应用APFEL评分对妇科日间手术全身麻醉ASA分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级患者行PONV危险因素分级。其中APFEL评分1分患者不推荐预防性使用止吐药物[5],因此排除。将APFEL评分2~4分的300例患者纳入本研究。排除标准:(1)术前或术后需要放化疗的患者;(2)既往有糖皮质激素过敏史;(3)术前48 h或术后24 h内需服用类固醇激素;(4)术后进入麻醉后监测治疗室(postanesthesia care unit,PACU)或病房后额外给予阿片类药物镇痛的患者。本研究经我院伦理委员会批准,患者均签署知情同意书。按照随机数表法分为2组:托烷司琼组(T组)和托烷司琼联合甲强龙组(T+M组),每组150例。其中T组失访7例,T+M组失访4例,最终纳入本研究T组143例,T+M组146例。其中,T组宫腔镜手术66例,宫颈锥切术67例,外阴良性肿物切除术10例。T+M组宫腔镜手术64例,宫颈锥切术64例,外阴良性肿物切除术18例。

1.2 麻醉方法

患者术前禁食水8 h,进入手术室后常规监测心电图(electrocardiogram,ECG)、血氧饱和度、无创袖带压。建立外周静脉通道,面罩吸氧。麻醉诱导:咪达唑仑1 mg,舒芬太尼0.5 μg/kg,依托咪酯0.2~0.3 mg/kg,顺式阿曲库铵0.2 mg/kg。全身麻醉诱导后行气管插管或LMA Supreme双管喉罩置入。术中呼吸机辅助通气,潮气量6~8 mL/kg,呼吸频率10~12次/min,呼气末CO2维持在35~45 mmHg。麻醉维持选择丙泊酚[3~6 mg/ (kg·h)]全凭静脉麻醉或者丙泊酚-七氟醚静吸复合麻醉维持脑电双频指数(bispectral index,BIS) 50~60。手术结束前15 min,T组静脉注射托烷司琼(5 mg),T+M组静脉注射托烷司琼(5 mg)、甲强龙(40 mg)。术后镇痛药物采用氟比洛芬酯(100 mg)或者羟考酮(0.1 mg/kg)静脉注射。

1.3 观测指标

记录患者麻醉时间、插管方式、术中入液量以及术后镇痛药物种类。分别记录术后0~6 h及6~24 h患者恶心、呕吐的发生情况。其中,患者仅伴有恶心感觉,但未有膈肌、腹肌等收缩运动时为术后恶心;患者发生膈肌、腹肌收缩,伴或不伴有胃内容物呕出,或者同时具有恶心及呕吐表现时为术后呕吐[6]。记录患者术后24 h VAS评分[7] (0分,无痛;1~3分,有轻微疼痛,患者能忍受;4~6分,疼痛并影响睡眠,尚能忍受;7~10分,强烈疼痛,难以忍受)、内脏牵拉指数[8] (0分,无牵拉痛及不适感;1分,轻度牵拉痛;2分,牵拉痛明显,有鼓肠)、Ramsay镇静评分[9] (1分,烦躁不安;2分,清醒,安静合作;3分,嗜睡,对指令反应敏捷;4分,浅睡眠状态,可迅速唤醒;5分,入睡,呼叫反应迟钝;6分,深睡,对呼叫无反应)。

1.4 统计学分析

采用SPSS 23.0统计软件对数据进行统计分析。计量资料以x±s表示,2组间比较采用t检验。计数资料比较采用χ2检验。与PONV发生的相关分析采用logistic回归分析。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 2组一般资料比较

结果显示,2组年龄、体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、麻醉方式、插管方式、麻醉时间、吸烟史、晕动史或PONV史比较均无统计学差异(均P > 0.05),见表 1

表 1 2组一般资料比较 Tab.1 Comparison of general data between the two groups
Item T group (n = 143) T+M group (n = 146) P
Age (year) 44.5±11.5 42.3±10.5 0.100
BMI (kg/m2) 23.3±3.0 22.7±3.1 0.130
Time of anesthesia (min) 45.7±25.9 44.2±20.7 0.590
ASA [n (%)] 0.905
  Ⅰ 86(29.8) 89(30.8)
  Ⅱ 57(19.7) 57(19.7)
Intubation method [n (%)] 0.638
  Endotracheal intubation 71(24.6) 68(23.5)
  Laryngeal mask 72(24.9) 78(27.0)
Type of anesthesia [n (%)] 0.141
  Total intravenous anesthesia 17(5.9) 27(9.3)
  Balanced anesthesia 126(43.6) 119(41.2)
Smoking history [n (%)] 0.485
  Yes 11(3.8) 8(2.8)
  No 132(45.7) 138(47.7)
History of motion sickness or history of PONV [n (%)] 0.635
  Yes 63(21.8) 60(20.7)
  No 80(27.7) 86(29.8)
Postoperative analgesia [n (%)] 0.260
  Flurbiprofen axetil 91(31.5) 103(35.6)
  Oxycodone 52(18.0) 43(14.9)
PONV,postoperative nausea and vomiting.

2.2 2组术后恶心、呕吐发生率比较

结果显示,T组术后恶心、呕吐发生率分别为25.9%、27.3%,T+M组术后恶心、呕吐发生率分别为12.3%,10.3%。2组比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=0.316,P < 0.01)。术后0~6 h和6~24 h PONV的发生率统计结果显示,患者PONV发生主要表现为急性(术后0~6 h)。与T组比较,T+M组急性术后恶心的发生率明显降低(P = 0.007);急性和延迟性呕吐的发生率也明显降低(P分别为0.011、0.005)。见表 2

表 2 2组术后不同时间恶心呕吐发生情况[n (%)] Tab.2 Occurrence of nausea and vomiting in the two groups at different time after surgery[n (%)]
Item T group (n = 143) T+M group (n = 146) P
Nausea
  0-6 h 34(23.8) 17(11.6) 0.007
  6-24 h 3(2.1) 1(0.7) 0.304
Vomiting
  0-6 h 29(20.3) 14(9.6) 0.011
  6-24 h 10(7.0) 1(0.7) 0.005

2.3 2组不同APFEL评分患者PONV发生率比较

结果显示,与T组比较,T+M组APFEL评分2~4分患者术后呕吐的发生率明显降低;APFEL评分3分患者术后恶心的发生率明显降低(均P < 0.05)。见表 3

表 3 2组不同APFEL评分患者PONV发生率比较[n (%)] Tab.3 Comparison of the incidence of nausea and vomiting between the two groups of patients with different APFEL scores [n (%)]
Item T group T+M group
2 scores (n = 57) 3 scores (n = 72) 4 scores (n = 14) 2 scores (n = 62) 3 scores (n = 67) 4 scores (n = 17)
Nausea 14(24.6) 21(29.2) 2(14.3) 7(11.3) 8(11.9) 1) 3(17.6)
Vomiting 10(17.5) 22(30.6) 7(50.0) 3(4.9)1) 11(16.4)1) 1(5.9)2)
Compared with group T at the same APFEL scores,1) P < 0.05;2) P < 0.01.

2.4 术后PONV发生的多因素logistics回归分析

结果显示,发生术后呕吐的危险因素包括术后应用阿片药物、患者自身晕动史或PONV史。与单独应用托烷司琼比较,甲强龙联合托烷司琼可显著减少术后恶心和呕吐的发生率(均P < 0.001)。见表 4

表 4 术后PONV发生多因素logistic回归分析 Tab.4 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of postoperative nausea and vomiting
Viable Nausea Vomiting
Adjusted odds ratio (95%CI) P Adjusted odds ratio (95%CI) P
Age (year)
   < 50 1.0 - 1.0 -
  ≥50 0.576(0.243-1.369) 0.212 1.456(0.488-4.344) 0.500
BMI (kg/m2)
   < 28 1.0 - 1.0 -
  ≥28 2.276(0.582-8.906) 0.237 1.037(0.314-3.425) 0.952
Type of anesthesia
  Total intravenous anesthesia 1.0 - 1.0 -
  Balanced anesthesia 0.557(0.219-1.421) 0.221 4.205(0.909-19.466) 0.066
Anesthesia time (min)
   < 120 1.0 - 1.0 -
  ≥120 2.653(0.274-25.648) 0.399 0.362(0.081-1.264) 0.185
Smoking history
  No 1.0 - 1.0 -
  Yes 1.420(0.403-5.011) 0.586 3.213(0.643-16.046) 0.155
Postoperative use of opiates
  Yes 1.0 - 1.0 -
  No 1.202(0.566-2.551) 0.632 2.664(1.213-5.853) 0.015
Motion sickness
  Yes 1.0 - 1.0 -
  No 0.954(0.490-1.857) 0.889 2.214(1.108-4.426) 0.025
Methylprednisolone
  No 1.0 - 1.0 -
  Yes 3.915(2.012-7.617) < 0.001 4.183(2.064-8.476) < 0.001

2.5 术后6 h内2组患者VAS评分、Ramsay镇静评分、内脏牵拉评分比较(表 5)
表 5 2组患者VAS评分、Ramsay镇静评分、内脏牵拉评分比较 Tab.5 Comparison of VAS scores, Ramsay sedation scores, and visceral traction scores between the two groups
Group VAS score Ramsay sedation score Visceral traction score
T 1.4±1.7 2.1±0.5 0.11±0.4
T+M 1.2±1.4 2.0±0.4 0.10±0.4

结果显示,2组术后VAS评分、Ramsay镇静评分、内脏牵拉评分无统计学差异(均P > 0.05)。

3 讨论

日间手术具有住院时间短、风险小、术后快速恢复等优点,SARIN等[10]研究表明,日间手术患者PONV发生率为25%,具有2、3种高危因素患者发生率可达65%。严重的PONV可导致伤口破裂、脱水、电解质紊乱、吸入性肺炎、呼吸道阻塞等不良后果,增加患者在PACU停留时间,延长住院时间,给患者带来巨大的精神和经济压力[11]

本研究结果显示,与单独应用托烷司琼比较,甲强龙联合托烷司琼对于APFEL评分2~4分患者术后呕吐均有显著的预防作用,而且对于APFEL评分3分患者,甲强龙联合托烷司琼可显著降低术后恶心的发生率。甲强龙联合托烷司琼可有效降低术后急性恶心的发生;也可有效预防急性和延迟性(术后第2天)呕吐的发生。

本研究结果表明,发生术后呕吐的危险因素包括术后应用阿片药物,患者自身晕动史或PONV史。晕动病史考虑是患者自身因素,可能与大脑内某些核团的激活以及胃肠道肌肉异常放电活动有关[12],其具体机制尚待研究。阿片类药物作用于胃肠道u受体[13],可以引起恶心呕吐发生。MIYAGAWA等[14]研究发现单纯应用甲强龙可明显预防膝关节置换术PONV的发生。本研究结果表明,与单纯应用托烷司琼比较,甲强龙联合托烷司琼有明显的预防效果。而且对于APFEL评分4分患者甲强龙联合托烷司琼联合用药术后呕吐发生率仅为5.9%,具有良好的预防效果。

综上所述,甲强龙联合托烷司琼对于妇科日间手术全身麻醉患者术后急性恶心、呕吐和延迟性呕吐具有明显的预防作用。尤其对于具有多项危险因素患者,联合用药预防效果更加显著。

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