中国医科大学学报  2021, Vol. 50 Issue (10): 935-939

文章信息

徐海琪, 黄心悦, 张丽君
XU Haiqi, HUANG Xinyue, ZHANG Lijun
WWP2在急性淋巴细胞白血病细胞系中的表达及其对多柔比星药物敏感性的影响
WWP2 expression and biological effects in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells
中国医科大学学报, 2021, 50(10): 935-939
Journal of China Medical University, 2021, 50(10): 935-939

文章历史

收稿日期:2021-01-06
网络出版时间:2021-09-30 10:47
WWP2在急性淋巴细胞白血病细胞系中的表达及其对多柔比星药物敏感性的影响
中国医科大学附属第一医院血液内科, 沈阳 110001
摘要目的 探讨WWP2基因对急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)细胞系增殖与凋亡的影响。方法 通过转染分别在ALL细胞系Jurkat中敲减和过表达WWP2基因。在多柔比星(dox)作用下,通过细胞增殖试验、流式细胞术及ROS染色等实验方法检测Jurkat细胞增殖、凋亡情况。结果 敲减组细胞增殖活性降低,细胞凋亡率增高,产生活性氧物质增多;过表达组细胞增殖活性升高,细胞凋亡率降低,产生活性氧物质减少。敲减了WWP2基因的Jurkat细胞对dox更敏感,而过表达WWP2基因的Jurkat细胞对dox敏感性降低。结论 WWP2能够增强ALL细胞系增殖能力,减少细胞凋亡,可能作为癌基因调控ALL的发生发展。WWP2基因的表达水平能影响Jurkat细胞对dox药物的敏感性,对临床治疗有一定指导作用。
关键词WWP2    急性淋巴细胞白血病    完全缓解    凋亡    多柔比星    
WWP2 expression and biological effects in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells
Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
Abstract: Objective To observe the effect of WWP2 gene on proliferation and apoptosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell line Jurkat after knocked down and overexpressed WWP2 gene. Methods With the stimulating of chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (dox), we tested the proliferation and apoptosis of the transfected Jurkat cells by CCK-8, flow cytometry and ROS staining. Results In the group of cells knocked down WWP2 gene, the cells proliferation activity decreased, the apoptosis rate increased and the reactive oxygen content decreased; in the group of cells overexpressed WWP2 gene, the cells proliferation activity increased, the apoptosis rate decreased and the reactive oxygen content increased. Interestingly, we also infer that WWP2 gene may partially regulate the damage caused by dox to ALL cells. Cells with low WWP2 expression were more sensitive to dox, on the contrary, cells with high WWP2 expression were less sensitive to dox. Conclusion WWP2 may develop and regulate ALL as an oncogene, it can enhance the proliferation and reduce the apoptosis of ALL cells line. Furthermore, the level of WWP2 gene expression in ALL patients may suggest some treatment.
Keywords: WWP2    acute lymphoblastic leukemia    complete remission    apoptosis    doxorubicin    

含有E3泛素蛋白连接酶2的WW结构域(recombinant WW domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2,WWP2)是编码Nedd4家族成员中一种重要的E3连接酶[1-3]WWP2参与包括膜蛋白转运、蛋白质降解、信号转导以及转录凋亡等多种细胞过程,并与肿瘤等多种疾病的发生发展有关[4]。急性淋巴细胞白血病(acute lymphoblastic leukemia,ALL)是血液系统的一种异质性恶性肿瘤,预后较差,其病因和发病机制目前尚不明确。本研究拟观察WWP2对ALL细胞系生物学行为的可能的影响,旨在探讨该基因对ALL发生发展的潜在作用。

1 材料与方法 1.1 材料

ALL细胞系Jurkat来自中国医科大学附属第一医院血液研究室。RPMI-1640及PBS购自美国Gibco公司;polybrene、两性霉素B及嘌呤霉素购自日本Sigma公司;Higene购自中国普利莱公司;质粒购自中国吉凯公司;多柔比星(doxorubicin,dox)购自美国辉瑞制药有限公司;CCK-8试剂盒购自日本同仁化学公司;细胞凋亡试剂盒及组织活性氧购自中国碧云天生物技术公司。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 细胞培养

用含10%FBS的RPMI-1640培养基,于37℃孵箱中培养Jurkat细胞。细胞传代3次后行台盼蓝染色,应用细胞计数仪计数细胞,存活率≥97%即可进行后续实验。

1.2.2 细胞转染

用PBS清洗细胞,接种至6孔板中(密度60%~70%),更换含polybrene(6 μg/mL)的培养基。分别加入60 μL含WWP2 shRNA及空载的病毒液孵育,48 h后再滴加60 μL,48 h后更换培养瓶,补5~10 mL培养液,观察细胞生长情况。转染结束后,向培养基中加入10 μg/mL嘌呤霉素进行阳性筛选。将1 mL 0.9% NaCl、24 μL转染试剂、HA质粒15 μL、WWP2质粒20 μL混匀后,室温静置20 min,加入细胞培养基中,36~48 h后观察细胞形态,进行后续实验。

1.2.3 CCK-8实验

将转染后Jurkat细胞(3.0×105/mL)接种于96孔板中,100 μL/孔。设置空白孔,设置不同浓度(0、0.05、0.1、0.2、0.4 μmol/mL)dox药物处理组,每组4个复孔,孵育6 h,加入CCK-8试剂10 μL/孔,继续孵育1 h后,用酶标仪检测样品450 nm处OD值。

1.2.4 流式细胞术

将经过0.2 μmol/mL dox处理的细胞重悬于500 μL binding buffer中,分别加入细胞3 μL FITC和1 μL PI染料,混匀,同时设置3管FITC-/PI-、FITC+/PI-、FITC-/PI+,避光静置10~15 min,应用流式细胞仪检测。

1.2.5 活性氧检测

用无血清RPMI-1640稀释(1︰1 000)活性氧荧光探针(2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate,DCFH-DA)至终浓度10 μmol/L。收集细胞,与DCFH-DA充分接触,于37 ℃孵育30 min,每隔3~5 min颠倒混匀1次,用RPMI-1640洗涤细胞3次,充分去除未进入细胞的DCFH-DA。利用甩片机将细胞甩至载玻片,荧光显微镜下观察。

1.3 统计学分析

采用SPSS 22.0和Graphpad prism 5软件进行统计分析。采用秩和检验的非参数检验方式分析,两变量相关程度采用双变量相关分析。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 WWP2表达水平与细胞增殖活性

分别用0、0.05、0.1、0.2、0.4 μmol/mL的dox刺激细胞48 h,通过CCK-8实验探讨WWP2对Jurkat细胞增殖活性的影响。结果表明,与未敲减的对照组相比,敲减WWP2后,细胞增殖活性明显减弱,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01),而过表达WWP2后,细胞增殖活性则明显升高(P < 0.01),见图 1。当dox浓度为0.2 μmol/mL时,细胞增殖活性约为50%,因此选择该药物浓度进行后续实验。

A, under the different concentrations of dox, the value change of cells' OD450 nm between nc and shRNA; nc, normal control; shRNA, cells knocked down WWP2 gene; B, under the different concentrations of dox, the value change of cells' OD450 nm between WWP2 and control; WWP2, cells overexpressed WWP2; control, cells without treatment. * P < 0.05. 图 1 不同浓度dox刺激下各组细胞增殖能力的比较 Fig.1 Comparison of cells proliferation under different concentrations of dox between different groups

2.2 流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况

流式细胞术结果显示,加入dox后,敲减WWP2组细胞凋亡率较对照组明显增高(P < 0.01),而过表达WWP2基因组细胞凋亡率较对照组明显降低(P < 0.01),见图 2。提示WWP2基因可能作为癌基因抑制Jurkat细胞的凋亡。未经dox处理的各组细胞凋亡率无显著差异,WWP2低表达的细胞对dox更敏感,而WWP2表达水平较高的细胞对dox不敏感,因此,推测dox对细胞的损伤作用可能部分受WWP2基因调控。

A, the flow cytometry result of cells knocked down WWP2 gene; B, the ratio of apoptosis in cells knocked down treated with 0.2 μmol/mL of dox; C, the flow cytometry result of cells overexpressed WWP2 gene; D, the ratio of apoptosis in cells over-expressed treated with 0.2 μmol/mL of dox. nc, cells untreated; nc+0.2dox, cells treated with 0.2 μmol/mL dox; shRNA, cells knocked down WWP2 gene; shRNA, cells knocked down WWP2 gene treated with 0.2 μmol/mL dox; Control, cells untreated; Control+0.2dox, cells treated with 0.2 μmol/mL dox; WWP2, cells overexpressed WWP2 gene; WWP2+0.2dox, cells over-expressed WWP2 gene treated with 0.2 μmol/mL dox. ** P < 0.01. 图 2 流式细胞技术检测各组Jurkat细胞凋亡情况 Fig.2 Apoptosis analysis of Jurkat cells by flow cytometry

2.3 细胞中活性氧检测结果

荧光显微镜下可见,与对照组相比,加入0.2 μmol/mL dox后,敲减WWP2组细胞更亮,细胞数相对更少(图 3A),而过表达WWP2组细胞更暗,细胞数相对更多(图 3B)。间接证明,敲减WWP2的Jurkat细胞产生的活性氧物质增多,而过表达WWP2的Jurkat细胞产生活性氧物质减少;dox对敲减WWP2的Jurkat细胞抑制作用明显增强,对过表达WWP2的细胞抑制作用则减弱。

A, the result of cells knocked down WWP2 gene; B, the result of cells overexpressed WWP2 gene. 图 3 通过安装DCFH-DA探针评估活性氧ROS×200 Fig.3 Reactive oxygene production evaluated by DCFH-DA ROS×200

3 讨论

WWP2基因位于染色体16q21.1,可在人类心脏、脑、肝脏、胰腺、肺及肾脏等器官表达。WWP2参与多种细胞过程,并与肿瘤相关底物结合,与肿瘤等多种疾病的发生发展有关[4]。FUKUMOTO等[5]发现,在人口腔鳞状细胞癌细胞系中WWP2 mRNA表达上调,蛋白表达显著增加;敲除WWP2基因可抑制细胞增殖能力,但对迁移能力则无显著影响。研究[6-10]表明,WWP2在多种实体肿瘤中表达水平上调,发挥癌基因的作用。有学者研究了WWP2与淋巴瘤的关系,发现该基因可作为生物标志物鉴别反应性滤泡增生和滤泡性淋巴瘤。文献[11-12]报道,日本蟾蜍毒治疗对多发性骨髓瘤诱导的骨溶解具有抑制作用。

ALL是一种血液系统恶性肿瘤,以未成熟的淋巴样细胞分化和增殖受损为主,发生于骨髓、外周血或某些髓外组织中[13]。ALL多发病于2~5岁或50岁后[14]。近年来,儿童ALL治愈率明显提高,而成人ALL预后远不如小儿[15],长期无病生存率仅为35%~45%[16-17]。ALL预后较差,治愈率仅为20%~40%[18]WWP2在多种实体肿瘤中均发挥癌基因的作用[7-10],而它在血液系统,尤其是ALL中的作用机制尚未明确。本研究首次探讨了WWP2在ALL中的作用,通过细胞增殖实验、流式细胞术以及活性氧染色等方法观察了WWP2基因对ALL细胞系Jurkat的生物学行为的影响。结果显示,敲减WWP2基因使Jurkat细胞增殖活性降低,细胞凋亡增多,产生活性氧减少,而过表达WWP2产生的作用则相反。本研究还发现,WWP2基因敲减的细胞对dox更加敏感,而WWP2过表达的细胞对dox的敏感性则明显降低。这意味着对WWP2低表达的患者应用dox药物治疗可能产生良好的效果,但WWP2高表达的患者则应考虑选择其他合适的药物进行治疗。因此,临床上可以对所有ALL初治患者进行WWP2表达水平检测,其结果将会为ALL疾病的治疗及预后提供依据。另外,WWP2也许可作为指导ALL患者的治疗及预后的靶基因,为相关靶向药物研究及复发难治患者的治疗提供新的思路。

综上所述,本研究首次证明了WWP2基因可能是ALL新的潜在癌基因,有望为疾病诊断、治疗和预测预后提供新的靶点。此外,对WWP2低表达的患者,dox是一种很有效的药物,而对WWP2高表达的患者应慎重选择其他合适的化疗药物。

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