中国医科大学学报  2020, Vol. 49 Issue (10): 935-939

文章信息

哈生林, 李晓东, 贾晨红
HA Shenglin, LI Xiaodong, JIA Chenhong
冠状动脉慢血流现象患者的超声心动图特点
Characteristics of echocardiography in patients with coronary slow flow phenomenon
中国医科大学学报, 2020, 49(10): 935-939
Journal of China Medical University, 2020, 49(10): 935-939

文章历史

收稿日期:2019-06-12
网络出版时间:2020-10-07 15:42
冠状动脉慢血流现象患者的超声心动图特点
中国医科大学附属盛京医院心内科, 沈阳 110004
摘要目的 研究冠状动脉慢血流现象(CSFP)患者心脏结构和功能的特点。方法 本研究为回顾性病例对照研究,研究对象包括254例CSFP患者(CSFP组)和作为对照的251例冠状动脉血流正常(NCF)者(NCF组)。收集研究对象信息,并计算心肌梗死溶栓血流帧数(TFC)。结果 CSFP组患者的男性比例、体质量指数(BMI)、高血压比例、吸烟比例、TFC和平均TFC值均显著高于NCF组(P均 < 0.05)。CSFP组患者的室间隔厚度、左心室后壁厚度、右心室内径、左心室舒张末内径、肺动脉内径均显著大于NCF组(P均 < 0.05),而CSFP组患者的二尖瓣E峰血流速度、主动脉瓣血流速度显著低于NCF组(P=0.035和P=0.005)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,BMI(OR=1.077,P=0.011)、室间隔厚度(OR=1.180,P=0.044)与CSFP呈独立正相关,而主动脉瓣血流速度(OR=0.311,P=0.016)与CSFP呈独立负相关。结论 与BMI升高相关的代谢异常可能在CSFP中发挥作用。室间隔增厚可能伴随着冠状动脉微循环受损,从而导致CSFP。CSFP患者可能有一定程度的心脏功能受损,从而导致收缩期流经主动脉瓣血流速度减慢。
Characteristics of echocardiography in patients with coronary slow flow phenomenon
Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
Abstract: Objective To study the characteristics of cardiac structure and function in patients with coronary slow flow phenomenon (CSFP). Methods This retrospective case-control study included 254 patients with CSFP (CSFP group) and 251 patients with normal coronary flow (NCF) as controls (NCF group). The patients' data were collected and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count (TFC) was calculated. Results The CSFP group had a significantly higher prevalence of male patients, hypertension, and tobacco use (all P < 0.05). The CSFP patients had a higher body mass index (BMI) and TFC value (all P < 0.05). The interventricular septal thickness (IVST), left ventricular posterior wall thickness, right ventricular diameter, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, and pulmonary artery diameter were greater in the CSFP group (all P < 0.05). However, the mitral valve E peak velocity and aortic valve velocity (AV) were significantly lower in the CSFP group than in the NCF group (P=0.035 and P=0.005, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, BMI (OR=1.077, P=0.011) and IVST (OR=1.180, P=0.044) were independently and positively correlated with CSFP, while AV (OR=0.311, P=0.016) was independently and negatively correlated with CSFP. Conclusion Metabolic abnormalities associated with elevated BMI may play a role in the development of CSFP. Secondary to ventricular septal hypertrophy, the coronary microcirculation is impaired and causes CSFP. Patients with CSFP may have cardiac dysfunction and a slowed aortic valve velocity.

目前,冠状动脉造影仍然是诊断冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的一种重要手段,可明确冠状动脉病变部位并评估其狭窄程度,一般认为冠状动脉管腔直径减少达到70%或者左主干管腔直径减少达到50%会限制血流,从而导致心肌缺血症状[1]。尽管如此,部分接受冠状动脉造影的患者其冠状动脉并无严重狭窄,但造影剂充盈血管床的速度减慢、时间延长,这种现象被定义为冠状动脉慢血流现象(coronary slow flow phenomenon,CSFP)[2]。部分研究提示,微血管病变[3]、炎症损伤[4]等可能在CSFP的发生和发展中发挥一定的作用,但CSFP的具体机制尚无确切阐述。XING等[5]的研究显示,CSFP患者的心脏功能受损。临床上,超声心动图在评估心脏结构和功能方面发挥重要作用。本研究的主要目的是探究CSFP患者心脏结构和功能的特点。

1 材料与方法 1.1 研究对象

本研究为回顾性病例对照研究。回顾2017年2月至2018年4月间于中国医科大学附属盛京医院住院并接受冠状动脉造影和超声心动图检查的患者,从影像系统内查阅冠状动脉造影和超声心动图结果。CSFP的定义根据GIBSON等[6]推荐的方法,共纳入254例符合CSFP的患者(CSFP组),同时随机选择251例冠状动脉血流正常(normal coronary flow,NCF)者作为对照(NCF组)。排除标准:急性心肌梗死,有冠状动脉血管再灌注治疗史,因为造影导管选择不合适或冠状动脉开口异常导致冠状动脉显影不佳,冠状动脉血管狭窄程度超过50%,冠状动脉血管肌桥,冠状动脉瘤样扩张,冠状动脉痉挛,心脏瓣膜疾病(主动脉瓣或二尖瓣狭窄、关闭不全、心脏瓣膜置换术后),心力衰竭,心律失常,主动脉狭窄或左心室流出道梗阻,心脏脉冲发生器植入术后,肺动脉高压。

1.2 CSFP定义

根据GIBSON等[6]提出的方法定义CSFP,GIBSON等测得冠状动脉正常者右冠状动脉(right coronary artery,RCA)的心肌梗死溶栓(thrombolysis in myocardial infarction,TIMI)血流帧数值(TIMI frame count,TFC)为20.4±3.0,左回旋支(left circumflex,LCX)的TFC为22.2±4.1,而左前降支(left anterior descending coronary artery,LAD)的TFC值需要除以1.7,以得到校正的TFC值(corrected TFC,cTFC),LAD的cTFC值为21.1±1.5。若TFC或cTFC值大于正常范围上限2个标准差则定义为CSFP,TFC或cTFC值在正常范围内则定义为NCF。

1.3 冠状动脉造影

冠状动脉造影血管通路选择桡动脉或股动脉,以Seldinger技术穿刺血管建立通路。造影导管有多功能造影导管、Judkins Right、Judkins Left造影导管。数字减影血管造影系统冠状动脉造影时图像采集速度为15帧/s,而TFC计算要求的图像采集速度为30帧/s,因此本研究计算的帧数结果需要乘以2。

1.4 超声心动图

患者在住院期间接受超声心动图检查,超声仪为PHILIPS EPIQ 7C,超声探头频率为3~5 MHz。

1.5 信息采集

从医院信息系统内采集患者信息,包括人口学特征、生命体征、伴随疾病、用药情况。计算TFC值,记录超声心动图结果。平均TFC(mean TFC,mTFC)=(LAD cTFC+LCX TFC+RCA TFC)/3。E/A比值为二尖瓣E峰血流速度和二尖瓣A峰血流速度的比值。体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)=体质量(kg)/身高2(m2)。

1.6 统计学分析

数据的收集和整理采用EXCEL 2010软件,数据的统计分析采用SPSS 19.0软件。应用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验与直方图相结合验证资料是否符合正态分布,符合正态分布的定量资料用x±s表示,采用独立样本t检验进行比较,不符合正态分布的定量资料用MP25~P75)表示,采用Mann-Whitney U检验进行比较。定性资料用率和百分比表示,采用χ2检验进行比较。所有P值都为双侧,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 一般资料的比较

CSFP组患者的男性比例、BMI、高血压比例、吸烟比例、LAD cTFC值、LCX TFC值、RCA TFC值和mTFC值均高于NCF组(P均 < 0.05)。见表 1

表 1 2组患者临床特征和冠状动脉TFC值的比较 Tab.1 Comparison of clinical characteristics and TFC values of coronary between the two groups
Clinical characteristic NCF group(n = 251) CSFP group(n = 254) P
Male [n(%)] 90(35.86) 121(47.64) 0.007
Age(year) 58.28±10.26 58.68±10.04 0.659
BMI(kg/m2 24.95±3.40 26.19±3.76 < 0.001
Hypertension [n(%)] 115(45.82) 143(56.29) 0.018
SBP(mmHg) 135.82±19.95 133.09±17.41 0.103
DBP(mmHg) 78.18±10.64 78.17±10.84 0.988
Diabetes mellitus [n(%)] 39(15.54) 47(18.50) 0.375
Smoking [n(%)] 69(27.49) 91(35.83) 0.044
CHD family history [n(%)] 58(23.11) 63(24.80) 0.655
Medication [n(%)]
 Nitrate 61(24.30) 76(29.92) 0.095
 β-blocker 116(46.22) 138(54.33) 0.080
 ACEI/ARB 97(38.65) 107(42.13) 0.425
 CCB 61(24.30) 60(23.62) 0.858
LAD cTFC 20.00(17.65-23.53) 29.99(24.71-36.76) < 0.001
LCX TFC 24.00(20.00-26.00) 30.00(24.00-40.00) < 0.001
RCA TFC 22.00(18.00-24.00) 34.00(26.00-40.00) < 0.001
mTFC 21.61(19.88-23.22) 30.43(26.90-37.26) < 0.001
ACEI,angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor;ARB,angiotensin receptor blocker;BMI,body mass index;CCB,calcium channel blocker;CHD,coronary heart disease;CSFP,coronary slow flow phenomenon;DBP,diastolic blood pressure;LAD,left anterior descending coronary artery;LCX,left circumflex;mTFC,mean thrombolysis in myocardial infarction(TIMI)frame count;NCF,normal coronary flow;RCA,right coronary artery;SBP,systolic blood pressure;TFC,TIMI frame count.

2.2 2组患者超声心动图结果的比较

CSFP组患者室间隔厚度(interventricular septal thickness,IVST)、左心室后壁厚度、右心室内径、左心室舒张末内径、肺动脉内径均显著高于NCF组(P均 < 0.05),而CSFP组患者二尖瓣E峰血流速度、主动脉瓣血流速度(aortic valve velocity,AV)显著低于NCF组(P = 0.035和P = 0.005)。2组比较,主动脉根部内径、左心房内径、二尖瓣A峰血流速度、E/A比值、三尖瓣血流速度、肺动脉瓣血流速度、左心室射血分数的差异无统计学意义(P均 > 0.05)。见表 2

表 2 2组患者超声心动图参数的比较 Tab.2 Comparison of the echocardiographic indexes between the two groups
Echocardiographic index NCF group(n = 251) CSFP group(n = 254) P
IVST(mm) 8.00(8.00-9.00) 8.00(8.00-9.03) < 0.001
LVPWT(mm) 8.00(8.00-8.15) 8.00(8.00-9.00) 0.045
AORD(mm) 27.98±4.01 28.61±4.29 0.087
LAd(mm) 33.24±4.61 33.74±4.86 0.235
RVD(mm) 18.95±1.85 19.32±1.95 0.033
LVDD(mm) 47.0(44.0-49.0) 48.0(45.0-50.0) 0.001
PAD(mm) 22.0(20.0-23.0) 22.0(20.0-24.0) 0.046
MVE(m/s) 0.77±0.19 0.74±0.17 0.035
MVA(m/s) 0.81±0.17 0.79±0.18 0.180
E/A ratio 1.00±0.32 0.99±0.32 0.754
TV(m/s) 0.61±0.09 0.60±0.09 0.386
AV(m/s) 1.21±0.21 1.16±0.21 0.005
PV(m/s) 0.97±0.16 0.95±0.17 0.301
LVEF(%) 63.34±4.04 62.89±4.11 0.218
AORD,aortic root dimension;AV,aortic valve velocity;CSFP,coronary slow flow phenomenon;E/A,MVE/MVA;IVST,interventricular septal thickness;LVDD,left ventricular end-diastolic dimension;LVEF,left ventricular ejection fraction;LVPWT,left ventricular posterior wall thickness;LAd,left atrial diameter;MVA,mitral valve A peak velocity;MVE,mitral valve E peak velocity;NCF,normal coronary flow;PAD,pulmonary artery diameter;PV,pulmonary valve velocity;RVD,right ventricular diameter;TV,tricuspid valve velocity.

2.3 多因素logistic回归分析

将单因素分析中有统计学意义的变量纳入多因素logistic回归分析,多因素logistic回归分析显示,BMI(OR = 1.077,P = 0.011)、IVST(OR = 1.180,P = 0.044)与CSFP呈独立正相关,而AV(OR = 0.311,P = 0.016)与CSFP呈独立负相关,见表 3

表 3 CSFP的多因素logistic回归分析 Tab.3 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of patients with coronary slow flow phenomenon
Variable OR 95% CI P
Male 1.063 0.644-1.755 0.810
BMI 1.077 1.017-1.141 0.011
Hypertension 1.243 0.828-1.866 0.294
Smoking 1.217 0.739-2.003 0.440
IVST 1.180 1.005-1.387 0.044
LVPWT 0.990 0.907-1.081 0.822
RVD 1.029 0.926-1.143 0.601
LVDD 1.029 0.974-1.086 0.306
PAD 1.007 0.923-1.099 0.872
MVE 0.506 0.168-1.519 0.225
AV 0.311 0.120-0.804 0.016
AV,aortic valve velocity;CI,confidence interval;IVST,interventricular septal thickness;LVDD,left ventricular end-diastolic dimension;LVPWT,left ventricular posterior wall thickness;MVE,mitral valve E peak velocity;PAD,pulmonary artery diameter;RVD,right ventricular diameter.

3 讨论

CSFP由TAMBE等[7]于1972年首次提出。研究[8]报道,CSFP在接受冠状动脉造影者中发生率为1%~7%,至少80%的CSFP患者反复发作胸痛,且其中20%的患者因同样的诊断反复住院。尽管如此,目前关于CSFP发生、发展的机制尚不完全清楚。超声心动图检查是临床上应用非常广泛的检查,能直观显示心脏结构和运动状态,并且评价心脏收缩、舒张功能[1]。有研究[9]提示,CSFP患者心脏功能受损。

BMI是目前常用的评估人体营养状态的工具[10],通过BMI水平定义肥胖、超重、低体重等。随着生活方式的改变,超重和肥胖的发生率逐年增高,且是发生心血管疾病的危险因素[11]。这可能是因为超重和肥胖导致高血压、血脂异常、糖尿病、冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病、卒中、睡眠呼吸暂停等疾病的发生风险增高[12]。研究[13-14]显示,BMI和CSFP独立正相关。本研究中,CSFP组的BMI水平明显高于NCF组,且多因素logistic回归分析显示BMI和CSFP独立正相关,与上述研究结果相符。

室间隔是分割左、右心室的组织,常见疾病如高血压、肥厚型心肌病、糖尿病心肌病等均可导致室间隔增厚。上述的室间隔增厚可能是疾病状态下心脏结构和功能的重构,这种重构可能伴随着冠状动脉微循环血管的损伤[15],而微血管病变则可能是CSFP的重要发病机制之一[3]。本研究显示,CSFP组的IVST水平高于NCF组,且在多因素分析中排除性别、BMI、高血压病史的干扰后,IVST仍然与CSFP独立正相关。这提示,合理地管理高血压、糖尿病等慢性代谢性疾病可能会改善冠状动脉血流灌注,但本研究缺乏后续的队列研究和随访冠状动脉造影。本研究结果显示,CSFP组的主动脉瓣血流速度明显低于NCF组,且在多因素logistic回归分析中,排除性别、高血压等因素干扰后,主动脉瓣血流速度仍与CSFP独立负相关。但关于超声心动图测得的经主动脉瓣血流速度与冠状动脉血流速度关系的数据不多,推测可能与经主动脉瓣血流速度增快时冠状动脉血流速度也增快有关。

综上所述,与BMI升高相关的代谢异常可能在CSFP中发挥作用。室间隔肥厚可能伴随着冠状动脉微循环受损,从而导致CSFP。同时,CSFP患者可能有一定程度的心脏功能受损,从而导致其收缩期流经主动脉瓣血流速度减慢。

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