中国医科大学学报  2019, Vol. 48 Issue (7): 633-637

文章信息

付颖辉, 张庆, 杨雪, 侯刚
FU Yinghui, ZHANG Qing, YANG Xue, HOU Gang
气管-支气管结核患者焦虑和抑郁的现状及其影响因素
Prevalence and Influencing Factors for Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Tracheobronchial Tuberculosis
中国医科大学学报, 2019, 48(7): 633-637
Journal of China Medical University, 2019, 48(7): 633-637

文章历史

收稿日期:2018-06-23
网络出版时间:2019-07-15 11:04
气管-支气管结核患者焦虑和抑郁的现状及其影响因素
付颖辉1,2 , 张庆3 , 杨雪2 , 侯刚1     
1. 中国医科大学附属第一医院呼吸和危重症医学科, 沈阳 110001;
2. 沈阳市胸科医院结核科, 沈阳 110034;
3. 沈阳市胸科医院内窥镜中心, 沈阳 110034
摘要目的 探讨气管-支气管结核(TBTB)患者焦虑和抑郁的现状及相关影响因素。方法 采用结构式问卷对辽宁省3家医院TBTB患者进行横断面调查。通过医院焦虑抑郁量表(HADS)评估患者抑郁和焦虑的情况。结果 336例TBTB患者中18.15%有抑郁症状,19.05%有焦虑症状。呼吸困难评分增加是抑郁症状的危险因素;呼吸困难评分增加和临床症状4种及以上是焦虑症状的危险因素(均P < 0.05)。结论 TBTB患者常见抑郁症状和焦虑症状;呼吸困难评分增加及临床症状4种及以上是抑郁症状和焦虑症状的危险因素;筛查具有这些危险因素的TBTB患者至关重要。
关键词气管-支气管结核    抑郁    焦虑    危险因素    
Prevalence and Influencing Factors for Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Tracheobronchial Tuberculosis
FU Yinghui1,2 , ZHANG Qing3 , YANG Xue2 , HOU Gang1     
1. Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China;
2. Department of Tuberculosis, Shenyang Thoracic Hospital, Shenyang 110034, China;
3. Endoscopic Centre, Shenyang Thoracic Hospital, Shenyang 110034, China
Abstract: Objective To determine the prevalence and the associated risk factors for anxiety and depression in patients with tracheobronchial tuberculosis(TBTB). Methods A cross-sectional survey was performed among patients with TBTB in three hospitals in Liaoning Province using a structured questionnaire. The patients were assessed for depression and anxiety using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS). Results According to the HADS results, of the surveyed 336 patients with TBTB, 18.15% were diagnosed with depression and 19.05% were diagnosed with anxiety. High dyspnea score was the risk factor related to depression, whereas anxiety-related risk factors included high dyspnea score and clinical symptoms lasting ≥ 4(P < 0.05 for all). Conclusion Patients with TBTB commonly develop depression and/or anxiety disorders, with the related high-risk factors being high dyspnea score and clinical symptoms lasting ≥ 4. Screening for depression and anxiety in these patients is critical for identifying those who need further psychological assessment and support.
Keywords: tracheal-bronchial tuberculosis    depression    anxiety    risk factors    

结核病是世界上最致命的传染病之一,国内患病率较高[1]。焦虑和抑郁是常见的精神障碍和公共健康问题,慢性疾病患者中抑郁症患病率较高[2-6],有研究[1, 7-9]发现结核病患者中普遍存在精神疾病,可能因长期治疗、抗结核药物不良反应和结核复发所致。精神疾病能导致慢性病患者治疗依从性差,进而导致治疗不规范和治疗成功率降低[4]。本研究对辽宁省三家医院气管-支气管结核(tracheal-bronchial tuberculosis,TBTB)患者焦虑和抑郁症状进行横断面调查,旨在探讨TBTB患者焦虑和抑郁现状及其相关危险因素。

1 材料与方法 1.1 研究对象

采取横断面研究,招募2014年5月至2018年3月期间中国医科大学附属第一医院、沈阳市胸科医院以及鞍山市中心医院非住院、实行全面监督化学治疗(directly observed treatment short course chemotherapy,DOTS)初诊或正在接受治疗的TBTB患者。所有患者均接受支气管镜检查,TBTB诊断通过支气管镜检查和组织学以及微生物学检测[组织活检和(或)刷涂结核分枝杆菌(mycobacterium tuberculosis,MTB)样本培养物]来证实[10]。排除标准:(1)耐药患者;(2)无TBTB单纯性肺外结核患者;(3)年龄 < 18岁;(4)怀孕;(5)危重患者;(6)有交流问题患者;(7)患有癌症等严重疾病患者。本研究经中国医科大学附属第一医院机构伦理审查委员会审查通过;3家医院均获得研究许可;所有患者均提供书面知情同意书。

1.2 数据采集

数据采用结构化调查问卷收集,由数据收集员进行管理。数据收集员均是3家医院的执业医生,并经过统一培训,以标准化访谈方式收集数据。结构化问卷收集社会人口因素信息[人口统计数据、体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、教育水平、职业、婚姻、月收入、家族史、吸烟、饮酒、合并症、结核病症状和其他社会因素]。采用医院焦虑和抑郁量表(hospital anxiety and depression scale,HADS)[11]评估患者焦虑和抑郁症状,采用改进的医学研究委员会(modified medical research council,mMRC)呼吸困难量表[12]评估呼吸困难程度。从医院医疗数据库收集与患者治疗有关的信息。HADS 14个项目用于筛查焦虑和抑郁症状。7个项目的分量表用于评估焦虑和抑郁,得分≥8分的患者存在焦虑、抑郁症状。mMRC呼吸困难量表采用5个程度等级[无(0级)至几乎完全无能(4级)[12]]来评估呼吸困难的严重程度。

1.3 统计学分析

统计分析使用SPSS 17.0软件,正态分布数据采用x±s表示。计数资料比较采用χ2检验。将焦虑和抑郁危险因素变量(P < 0.1)进行多因素logistic回归分析。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 患者的一般资料及抑郁、焦虑症状单因素分析

本研究共纳入336例患者,男113例(33.63%),女223例(66.37%)。平均年龄(34.95±14.53)岁,BMI(20.92±3.45)kg/m2。61例(18.15%)诊断为有抑郁症状。单因素分析结果显示,年龄(51~80岁)、月收入 < 1 500元、已婚、现在吸烟、慢性阻塞性肺疾病病史、粉尘暴露、临床症状4种及以上、呼吸困难评分增高均与TBTB患者抑郁症状风险增加相关。64例(19.05%)诊断为有焦虑症状。单因素分析结果显示,呼吸困难评分、离异、月收入 < 1 500元和临床症状4种及以上是焦虑症状出现的危险因素,见表 1

表 1 患者临床特征与抑郁、焦虑症状的关系 Tab.1 Relationship between patients' characteristics and depression and anxiety symptoms in patients with TBTB
Characteristic n Depression symptoms Anxiety symptoms
P OR(95%CI P OR(95%CI
Age(year)          
  18-30 176   1.000   1.000
  31-50 116 0.079 1.740(0.938-3.226) 0.139 1.548(0.868-2.763)
  51-80 44 0.014 2.656(1.220-5.780) 0.126 1.825(0.844-3.946)
Sex          
  Male 113   1.000   1.000
  Female 223 0.965 0.987(0.551-1.767) 0.678 0.890(0.513-1.545)
Body mass index(kg/m2          
   < 18.5 77   1.000   1.000
  18.5-25 230 0.854 1.065(0.547-2.072) 0.507 1.250(0.647-2.415)
   > 25 29 0.691 0.783(0.234-2.623) 0.647 1.286(0.438-3.772)
Monthly income(CNY)          
  ≥1 500 45   1.000   1.000
   < 1 500 291 0.042 0.824(0.274-0.932) 0.037 0.676(0.297-0.852)
Marital status          
  Single 171   1.000   1.000
  Married 153 0.009 2.160(1.209-3.861) 0.183 1.452(0.838-2.516)
  Divorced 10 0.143 2.903(0.698-12.064) 0.003 7.345(1.949-27.680)
  Widowed 2   0.999   0.999
Education level          
  Elementary 9   1.000   1.000
  Middle/high school 169 0.429 0.561(0.134-2.350) 0.513 0.620(0.148-2.593)
  Vocational/college/unduegraduatend 158 0.129 0.324(0.075-1.389) 0.230 0.412(0.097-1.751)
Alcohol drinking          
  Never drinker 181   1.000   1.000
  Occasional 135 0.244 0.700(0.385-1.275) 0.364 1.289(0.745-2.229)
  Frequent 20 0.296 1.726(0.620-4.805) 0.507 1.441(0.490-4.238)
Smoking          
  Never 270   1.000   1.000
  Current 28 0.048 2.368(1.007-5.570) 0.470 1.397(0.564-3.462)
  Former smoker 38 0.504 1.333(0.574-3.098) 0.169 1.708(0.796-3.665)
Mental disease family history          
  No 334   1.000   1.000
  Yes 2   1.000   1.000
Tuberculosis family          
  No 311   1.000   1.000
  Yes 25 0.924 1.051(0.379-2.915) 0.785 0.869(0.315-2.396)
Diabetes mellitus          
  No 309   1.000   1.000
  Yes 27 0.647 1.250(0.481-3.249) 0.673 0.805(0.293-2.210)
Hypertension          
  No 321   1.000   1.000
  Yes 15 0.069 9.440(0.840-106.137) 0.095 7.862(0.701-88.213)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease          
  No 331   1.000   1.000
  Yes 5 0.022 14.388(1.466-141.229)   0.999
Dust exposure          
  No 42   1.000   1.000
  Yes 294 0.043 2.707(1.030-7.118) 0.231 1.826(0.681-4.898)
Occupation status          
  Unemployed 192   1.000   1.000
  Employed 144 0.586 1.168(0.668-2.041) 0.279 0.737(0.424-1.281)
mMRC dyspnea score          
  0 180   1.000   1.000
  1 97 0.030 2.132(1.077-4.222) 0.005 2.544(1.323-4.892)
  2 41 0.001 4.055(1.795-9.159) < 0.001 6.505(2.990-14.152)
  3-4 18 < 0.001 13.474(4.000-45.381) 0.002 6.814(2.083-22.297)
Symptoms lasting ≥4          
  No 105   1.00   1.000
  Yes 231 0.029 1.404(1.108-2.439) 0.009 2.044(1.199-3.485)

2.2 患者抑郁及焦虑症状的危险因素多因素logistic分析

在单因素分析中,年龄51~80岁、低收入、已婚、目前吸烟状态、合并COPD、粉尘接触、临床症状4种及以上、呼吸困难评分高是患者出现抑郁症状的危险因素;低收入、离异、呼吸困难评分高、临床症状4种以上是患者出现焦虑症状的危险因素。将这些指标纳入多因素分析显示,呼吸困难评分高是TBTB患者出现抑郁症状的危险因素,见表 2。呼吸困难评分高、临床症状4种及以上是患者出现焦虑症状的危险因素,见表 3

表 2 患者抑郁症状的多因素logistic分析 Tab.2 Multivariate logistic analysis for depression symptoms in patients with TBTB
Factor P OR(95%CI
Age(year)    
  31-50 0.950 1.03(0.42-2.51)
  51-80 0.540 1.49(0.41-5.37)
Monthly income < 1 500(CNY) 0.650 0.75(0.32-1.81)
Married 0.390 2.25(0.35-14.43)
Current smoker 0.340 1.97(0.49-7.87)
Hypertension 0.450 3.18(0.16-63.36)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 0.100 8.86(0.66-119.74)
Dust exposure 0.150 1.99(0.90-4.37)
mMRC dyspnea score    
  1 0.110 1.88(0.86-4.11)
  2 0.010 3.71(1.43-9.59)
  3-4 0.030 8.26(0.86-52.58)
Symptoms lasting ≥4 0.084 1.13(0.90-2.97)

表 3 患者焦虑症状的多因素logistic分析 Tab.3 Multivariate analysis for anxiety symptoms in patients with TBTB
Factor P OR(95%CI
Monthly income < 1 500(CNY) 0.660 0.85(0.57-1.66)
Divorced 0.090 4.45(0.81-24.39)
Hypertension 0.210 6.43(0.35-118.78)
mMRC dyspnea score    
  1 0.040 2.11(1.04-4.28)
  2 0.001 4.62(1.92-11.07)
  3-4 0.050 6.16(0.64-4.74)
Symptoms lasting ≥4 0.020 2.17(1.14-4.13)

3 讨论

近年来,已证实患者焦虑和抑郁症状与结核病患者治疗效果有关[1, 13]。已有研究[14-16]表明,结核病患者抑郁症状患者患病率差异较大(16.8%~80%)。本研究结果显示抑郁症状患病率为18.15%。与既往研究比较患病率处于较低水平。分析原因可能是研究对象种族、国家和患者人群存在差异所致(住院患者的抑郁症患病率高)。

本研究多因素分析结果显示,呼吸困难评分高和临床症状≥4种是患者焦虑症状危险因素,但单因素分析低收入、离异、呼吸困难评分高、临床症状≥4种是患者出现焦虑症状的危险因素,这可能与本研究样本量较少有关;在抑郁风险评估中同样发现部分单因素分析的风险因素,在多因素分析中没有统计学意义,均可能与本研究样本量有限有关;既往研究[17]表明离异患者社会支持少于已婚患者,这可能是其焦虑症状风险增加的原因。既往研究[18-19]表明慢性阻塞性肺疾病和哮喘等慢性呼吸系统疾病患者中多种临床症状和呼吸困难是疾病相关抑郁症的危险因素,与本研究结果一致。与高收入患者比较,本研究发现低收入患者可能更易有焦虑和抑郁症状,这表明家庭和社会支持在预防抑郁方面发挥重要作用[1, 20]。另外,本研究还显示目前吸烟可能与患者的抑郁症状相关,与以往研究[1, 21]结果一致。多因素logistic分析显示呼吸困难评分高、临床症状4种及以上是患者焦虑症状的危险因素。因此及早干预治疗,减轻患者呼吸困难及其他临床症状可能降低焦虑、抑郁症状的风险。

本研究不足之处如下:(1)不能排除结果受回忆偏倚影响的可能性;(2)缺乏对照组,研究结果可能受混杂因素影响;(3)横断面调查能够显示相关性,但不能显示事件的时间顺序,本研究不能明确分辨出抑郁或焦虑症状与危险因素的因果关系[22]

综上所述,TBTB患者中存在焦虑或抑郁症状发生增加的可能性,呼吸困难评分高、临床症状4种及以上是TBTB患者出现焦虑或抑郁症状的危险因素。因此,临床医生应该关注TBTB患者的精神状态,通过对危险因素的预防以及干预来降低患者焦虑及抑郁症状的发生及发展。

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