中国医科大学学报  2019, Vol. 48 Issue (6): 507-510

文章信息

宇洪浩, 原泉
YU Honghao, YUAN Quan
老年无骨折脱位颈脊髓损伤患者术后谵妄相关危险因素分析
Risk Factors Associated with Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Patients with Cervical Spinal Cord Injury without Fracture and Dislocation
中国医科大学学报, 2019, 48(6): 507-510
Journal of China Medical University, 2019, 48(6): 507-510

文章历史

收稿日期:2019-02-26
网络出版时间:2019-05-24 18:14
老年无骨折脱位颈脊髓损伤患者术后谵妄相关危险因素分析
宇洪浩 , 原泉     
中国医科大学附属盛京医院脊柱外科, 沈阳 110004
摘要目的 探讨老年无骨折脱位的颈脊髓损伤(CSCIWFD)后路单开门微型钢板内固定患者术后谵妄的发生率及其相关危险因素。方法 回顾分析2015年10月至2018年1月于我院接受颈椎后路单开门微型钢板内固定治疗的65岁以上CSCIWFD患者304例,利用患者人口学、实验室和手术相关信息,计算CSCIWFD后路术后谵妄发病率。应用logistic逐步回归分析,筛选出老年CSCIWFD术后谵妄的独立危险因素。结果 304例患者中有48例(15.79%)发生术后谵妄,年龄65~88岁,平均74.5岁。发生时间为手术当天至手术后3 d之间,平均为1.2 d。谵妄的持续时间为1~8 d,平均为3.1 d。应用logistic逐步回归分析,结果显示酗酒史、糖尿病、术后低血红蛋白和脑脊液漏是老年CSCIWFD术后谵妄发生的独立危险因素。结论 酗酒史、糖尿病、术后低血红蛋白和脑脊液漏是老年CSCIWFD后路术后谵妄发生的独立危险因素。
关键词颈脊髓损伤    谵妄    危险因素    
Risk Factors Associated with Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Patients with Cervical Spinal Cord Injury without Fracture and Dislocation
YU Honghao , YUAN Quan     
Spinal Surgery Ward, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the incidence and risk factors of delirium in elderly patients with cervical spinal cord injury without fracture and dislocation (CSCIWFD) after posterior single-door miniplate internal fixation. Methods From October 2015 to January 2018, 304 patients with CSCIWFD aged over 65 years who underwent posterior cervical single-door mini-plate internal fixation were retrospectively analyzed. The incidence of delirium after CSCIWFD was calculated using demographic, laboratory, and surgical information. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to screen independent risk factors for delirium in elderly patients after CSCIWFD. Results Among 304 patients, 48 (15.79%) had postoperative delirium; the average age of these patients was 74.5 (range, 65-88) years. Delirium was observed between the day of operation and 3 days after operation, with an average of 1.2 days. The duration of delirium ranged from 1 to 8 days, with an average of 3.1 days. Logistic stepwise regression analysis showed that alcohol abuse, diabetes mellitus, postoperative low hemoglobin level, and cerebrospinal fluid leakage were independent risk factors for delirium after CSCIWFD in elderly patients. Conclusion Alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, postoperative low hemoglobin level, and cerebrospinal fluid leakage are independent risk factors for delirium after CSCIWFD in elderly patients.
Keywords: cervical spinal cord injury    delirium    risk factor    

谵妄是一种急性的波动性的精神紊乱综合征,是涉及认知功能的急性全身性损害。其特征是意识障碍、方向、记忆、思维、感知和行为能力下降[1-3]。老年患者术后谵妄的发生率和死亡率高[4]。目前对术后谵妄的研究中,普通外科手术的发生率为7%~14%[5-6],髋部骨折的发生率为26%~61%[7-8],关节置换术的发生率为13%~41%[8-9]。我国老年颈椎外伤患者逐年增加,目前对于老年颈椎损伤患者术后谵妄报道较少,本研究旨在探讨老年无骨折脱位的颈脊髓损伤(cervical spinal cord injury without fracture and dislocation,CSCIWFD)患者术后谵妄的发生率及可能的危险因素。

1 材料与方法 1.1 一般资料

回顾我院2015年10月至2018年1月收治的CSC-IWFD手术患者663例,以年龄 > 65岁,采用颈椎后路单开门微型钢板内固定治疗为标准纳入。排除合并严重复合外伤、重度精神或神经疾病及失访者。最终纳入患者304例。其中,男160例,女144例。年龄65~88岁,平均74.5岁。手术前1 d无禁忌证患者口服地西泮(5或10 mg)缓解紧张和焦虑。手术期间麻醉药物为丙泊酚、异氟醚或芬太尼,麻醉医师为同一治疗组。

1.2 资料收集

发生术后谵妄的患者为谵妄组,其余为未谵妄组。收集CSCIWFD手术患者的人口学信息,包括性别、年龄、脑梗病史、酗酒史、糖尿病史、冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病史和下肢血栓;实验室资料,包括术前和术后血红蛋白值、术前和术后白蛋白值;损伤信息,包括伤后至入院时间、入院至术前时间、高信号累及数目和损伤能量[低能量(摔倒)和高能量(车祸)];手术资料,包括手术时间、减压节段、脑脊液漏、美国麻醉医师协会评分、失血量、异体血输入量和自体血输入量。

1.3 谵妄评定标准

以病历记录及护理记录量表记录的精神状态信息,以谵妄诊断量表(the confusion assessment method,CAM)为标准[10]。且经心理科室医生会诊评定并复查头部CT及神经内科会诊排除新发梗塞及出血等。CAM量表包括:(1)意识状态急性改变或波动;(2)注意力障碍;(3)意识水平改变;(4)思维混乱。总体评估符合(1)+(2)+(3)或(4)即诊断为谵妄。

1.4 统计学分析

应用SPSS 17.0统计软件进行统计分析,计量和计数资料分别以x±s和构成比(%)表示,组间比较采用t检验和χ2检验。运用单因素和多因素logistic逐步回归分析术后谵妄的独立危险因素。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

304例CSCIWFD患者中有48例(15.79%)发生术后谵妄。其中,男26例,女22例,年龄65~88岁,平均74.5岁。发生时间为手术当天到手术后3 d之间,平均为1.2 d。谵妄的持续时间为1~8 d,平均为3.1 d。其中11例患者需要口服奥氮平(2.5~5 mg/d)。出院后每月进行电话跟踪随访(随访时间为60~180 d),均未再次发生谵妄。

2.1 2组相关因素比较

2组年龄、冠心病史、酗酒史、糖尿病史、脑梗病史、伤后至入院时间、术后血红蛋白、脑脊液漏、失血量、手术时间、术后白蛋白(P < 0.05)差异有统计学意义。2组患者在双下肢血栓、性别、损伤能量、高血压、术前入院时间、术前白蛋白、ASA评分、术前血红蛋白、损伤累及节段、异体血输入量、减压节段、自体血输入量等方面(P > 0.05)差异无统计学意义,见表 1

表 1 2组相关危险因素比较结果 Tab.1 Comparison of risk factors between the groups
Risk factors Delirium group(n = 48) Non-delirium group(n = 256) P
Age(x±s,year) 76.4±8.2 72.8±5.5 0.018
Gender(male/female) 26/22 134/122 0.816
History of hypertension(no/yes) 21/27 121/135 0.654
History of coronary heart disease(no/yes) 20/28 186/70 < 0.001
History of alcoholism(no/yes) 27/21 190/66 0.011
History of diabetes(no/yes) 18/30 198/58 < 0.001
History of cerebral infarction(no/yes) 8/40 43/213 0.982
Time from injury to hospitalization(x±s,d) 2.5±1.5 6.5±6.5 0.035
Preoperative hospital stay(x±s,d) 2.2±1.2 3.6±1.9 0.910
Hemoglobin level(x±s,g/dL) 11.3±1.5 11.0±4.5 0.063
Postoperative hemoglobin level(x±s,g/dL) 7.2±1.7 10.1±3.5 0.002
Preoperative albumin level(x±s,g/L) 35.4±2.6 36.7±3.8 0.070
Postoperative albumin level(x±s,g/L) 29.5±2.5 32.8±4.0 0.004
ASA score(x±s 2.8±0.6 2.6±0.4 0.233
Injury involving segment(x±s 2.8±1.5 2.3±1.2 0.317
Decompression section(x±s 3.8±0.8 3.7±1.2 0.506
Cerebrospinal fluid leakage(no/yes) 23/25 70/186 0.002
Damage energy(low / high) 15/33 52/204 0.064
Allogeneic blood input(x±s,mL) 176.0±83.4 152.0±55.6 0.207
Operative duration(x±s,min) 118.5±50.4 95.2±24.3 0.012
Intraoperative blood loss(x±s,mL) 320.3±95.2 195.0±55.6 0.038
Autologous blood input(x±s,mL) 108.0±95.4 84.0±83.4 0.088
Thrombosis of the lower limb(yes / no) 11/37 62/194 0.452

2.2 单因素logistic回归分析结果

单因素logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、酗酒史、糖尿病、术后低血红蛋白、手术时间和脑脊液漏是老年CSCIWFD后路术后发生谵妄的可能危险因素,见表 2

表 2 单因素logistic回归分析结果 Tab.2 Univariate logistic regression analysis
Item β SE Wald P OR 95% CI
Lower limit Upper limit
Age 0.111 0.055 4.301 0.024 1.108 1.056 1.398
Postoperative hemoglobin 1.136 0.097 138.150 < 0.001 3.114 2.577 3.763
History of alcoholism 0.083 0.242 11.990 0.001 2.310 1.438 3.711
Diabetes history 0.375 0.110 11.731 0.001 1.456 1.174 1.804
Operative time 0.175 0.073 5.708 0.017 1.192 1.032 1.376
Cerebrospinal fluid leakage 1.197 0.130 84.234 < 0.001 3.309 2.563 4.273

2.3 多因素logistic回归分析结果

将具有统计学意义变量纳入多因素logistic回归分析,结果显示酗酒史、糖尿病,术后低血红蛋白和脑脊液漏是老年CSCIWFD后路术后谵妄发生的独立危险因素,见表 3

表 3 多因素logistic回归分析结果 Tab.3 Multivariate logistic regression analysis
Item β SE Wald P OR 95% CI
Lower limit Upper limit
Postoperative hemoglobin 1.114 0.071 75.430 0.003 3.047 2.753 3.534
History of alcoholism 0.072 0.169 13.823 0.004 1.075 1.032 1.191
Diabetes history 0.256 0.102 12.128 0.013 1.292 1.199 1.402
Cerebrospinal fluid leakage 1.095 0.102 95.152 0.009 2.989 2.036 4.018

3 讨论

既往对于老年颈椎术后谵妄报道较少,脊椎手术谵妄发生率为3.8%~13.6% [11-12]。本研究中谵妄发生率为15.8%.,考虑患者均为老年(平均74.5岁),因此发病率较高。本研究中男性酗酒者更多,更易发病,可能与本研究对象为东北地区男性地域及生活习惯相关。慢性酒精饮用导致额叶萎缩[13-14]和皮层低代谢[15],额叶功能障碍与谵妄及记忆受损相关。酗酒造成的对镇静及镇痛药耐受性高,使得麻醉用药量增加及残余药量增多,导致苏醒期谵妄发生[16]

老年颈脊髓损伤患者大多伴有上肢功能障碍,伤后影响进食,造血以及代偿能力较差。老年患者多合并椎管狭窄,在开门后会在骨面存在术后缓慢失血,术后存在隐性失血。KAWAGUCHI等[11]及MARCANTONIO等[5]提出,红细胞压积 < 30%的患者有术后谵妄的风险。低浓度的血红蛋白和低血细胞压积可能会减少大脑的氧气供应并导致术后谵妄。谵妄本身还会影响术后进食,导致恶性循环。

头痛、恶心、低钠与术后谵妄相关,当脑脊液漏超过500 mL/24 h,通常会出现以上症状[17]。脑内血流分布会受到低颅压影响,研究[18]报道,部分脑脊液漏患者发现引起间脑和脑干急性移位,导致停滞深部脑结构中的静脉引流导致严重的脑干肿胀和静脉充血,从而出现神经症状。糖尿病史也是发生术后谵妄的危险因素,国内研究[19]报道,术后谵妄患者顶叶、颞叶和额叶葡萄糖代谢降低,而额叶功能障碍和记忆受损及谵妄相关。老年颈椎外伤患者常合并糖尿病,由于应激反应以及激素使用等会导致血糖异常变化,糖尿病患者围术期更需要严密监测及控制血糖。

对于发生术后谵妄患者,应给予心理科及神经内科的共同治疗,在心理科指导下,予以少量镇静剂并严密监控。要积极控制老年患者身体营养状态以及基础疾病,尤其注意血糖监控,术前进行心理疏导及心理干预,多学科协作制定个体化治疗镇痛及麻醉方案。此外,手术前改善身体状况对于防止谵妄发生非常重要。

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