中国医科大学学报  2019, Vol. 48 Issue (1): 53-57

文章信息

张鑫, 李小寒
ZHANG Xin, LI Xiaohan
护士循证护理综合能力影响因素分析
Influencing Factors of the Comprehensive Competency for Evidence-based Nursing among Clinical Nurses
中国医科大学学报, 2019, 48(1): 53-57
Journal of China Medical University, 2019, 48(1): 53-57

文章历史

收稿日期:2018-09-23
网络出版时间:2018-12-29 14:49
护士循证护理综合能力影响因素分析
张鑫 , 李小寒     
中国医科大学护理学院人文护理学教研室, 沈阳 110122
摘要目的 探讨护士循证护理综合能力水平及其影响因素。方法 2018年6月至7月对沈阳市4所三甲医院800名护士采用自行设计的一般资料调查表和护士循证护理素质与实施水平量表进行调查。结果 临床护士循证护理综合能力总分为(70.86±14.59)分,影响护士循证护理综合能力的主要因素依次是循证护理小组或循证护理专家对临床实践指导、循证护理知识培训、护理专业热爱程度以及沟通能力,可解释因变量的27.9%。结论 护士循证护理综合能力处于中等合格水平。建议护理管理者加强循证护理培训力度,积极培养循证护理人才,激发护士的专业热情,从而提高护理团队循证水平。
关键词护士    循证护理综合能力    影响因素    
Influencing Factors of the Comprehensive Competency for Evidence-based Nursing among Clinical Nurses
ZHANG Xin , LI Xiaohan     
Department of Humanities Nursing, Nursing School, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
Abstract: Objective To explore the comprehensive competency level and influencing factors of evidence-based nursing (EBN) among nurses. Methods From June to July 2018, 800 nurses from among four of the 3A-grade hospitals in Shenyang were surveyed by a self-designed general data questionnaire and the nurses' competency for EBN practice and implementation was measured. Results The total score of clinical nurses' comprehensive competency for EBN was 70.86±14.59. The main factors were the guidance of EBN teams or EBN experts on clinical practice, training for EBN knowledge, enthusiasm for the nursing profession, and communication ability; these explained 27.9% of the dependent variable. Conclusion The comprehensive competency for EBN of nurses is at an intermediate level. Nursing managers should strengthen the training for EBN, actively cultivate EBN-related skills, and motivate the professional enthusiasm of nurses, so as to improve the level of EBN level in the nursing team.

循证护理(evidence-based nursing,EBN)是未来护理发展的核心[1],它能够提高临床护理工作效率,同时使患者获得更好的健康结局[2]。国外研究[3-4]显示影响EBN临床效果的重要原因之一是临床护士的EBN综合能力。为了进一步加速EBN临床效果的发展,对护士团队的整体EBN综合能力水平及影响因素进行分析显得尤为重要[5-6]。本研究对沈阳市三甲医院护士EBN综合能力现状及其影响因素进行分析,旨在为医院培养高素质的EBN专业人才,制订科学的培训措施提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 研究对象

采取多阶段分层抽样方法,于2018年6月至7月随机抽取沈阳市4个行政区,每个行政区内随机选取1所三甲医院,对4所三甲医院注册护士(共800名)进行调查。纳入标准:从事临床一线护理工作,科室为内科、外科、妇产科、儿科、急诊科、ICU;工作年限≥1年;知情同意并自愿参加。排除标准:因外出进修学习、病假、产假等原因无法填写问卷的护士。

1.2 研究工具

1.2.1  

一般资料调查表:调查表由研究者根据相关研究[7]自行设计,内容包括年龄、性别、工作时间、职称等。

1.2.2  

护士EBN素质与实施水平量表:采用赵梅珍等[8]研制的护士EBN素质与实施水平量表。量表共35个条目,5个维度。维度包括知识(9个条目)、技能(5个条目)、态度(8个条目)、行为(8个条目)、实施信念(5个条目)。量表采用Likert 3级评分法,得分35~105分。各维度评分越高,表示护士对EBN知识越了解,护士EBN技能越强,态度越赞成,实践行为越频繁,实施信念越坚定。量表的总分和各维度得分均可以转换成百分制,分为4个等级:很差,≤25分;稍差,> 25~50分;合格,> 50~75分;良好,> 75分[7]。量表总Cronbach’s α系数为0.921,各维度Cronbach’s α系数为0.85~0.90,具有较好的信效度以及临床实用价值[8]

1.3 资料收集

研究者在征得各医院领导同意后,向各科室护士集中讲述研究目的和意义。获得知情同意后发放问卷,并要求护士独立答题。答题结束后回收问卷并逐一检查,发现漏填项目当场及时补充。共发放问卷800份,回收768份;有效问卷711份,有效回收率为92.6%。

1.4 统计学分析

通过SPSS 22.0软件对数据进行处理。问卷中的计数资料用频数(%)表示,计量资料用x±s表示,单因素分析采用t检验或方差分析,多因素分析则采用多元逐步线性回归分析。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 不同人口学特征护士EBN综合能力得分比较

结果显示,按照编制、英语等级考试、发表论文或科研经历、EBN知识培训、EBN小组或者EBN专家对临床实践进行指导、专业热爱程度以及沟通能力分组,EBN综合能力评分差异具有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。而按照年龄、工作时间、职称、第一学历、最高学历、科室、临床带教、计算机等级考试分组,其EBN综合能力评分差异无统计学意义(均P > 0.05)。见表 1

表 1 不同人口学特征的护士EBN综合能力得分比较 Tab.1 Comparison of scores of evidence-based nursing comprehensive competency among nurses with different demographic characteristics
Item n Score t/F P
Age (year) 0.574 0.632
  20- < 30 307 70.29±14.56
  30- < 40 310 70.92±14.45
  40- < 50 70 72.53±15.84
  ≥50 24 72.58±13.21
Working time (year) 1.115 0.352
  1- < 6 247 71.58±14.49
  6- < 11 261 69.44±14.90
  11- < 16 81 70.98±14.29
  16- < 21 41 72.98±12.11
  21- < 26 28 71.00±13.74
  26- < 31 43 74.00±17.04
  ≥31 10 66.90±8.90
Job title 2.283 0.078
  Nurse 183 71.70±14.78
  Nurse-in-charge 359 69.94±14.21
  Chief nurse 149 71.10±15.22
  Associate chief nurse or above 20 77.95±13.06
First degree 1.518 0.220
  Technical secondary school 227 70.95±14.09
  Junior college 286 69.86±15.12
  Bachelor 198 72.21±14.32
Highest degree 0.748 0.524
  Technical secondary school 12 77.00±12.71
  Junior college 132 70.80±15.06
  Bachelor (including associate to bachelor) 519 70.69±14.47
  Master degree or above
(including undergraduate)
48 71.33±15.05
Department 0.966 0.438
  Internal medicine 278 71.32±14.58
  Surgery 261 69.89±14.94
  Gynecology or obstetrics 39 72.41±11.61
  Pediatrics 26 67.31±15.80
  Emergency 43 71.42±12.28
  ICU 64 72.97±15.65
Clinical teaching 0.313 0.755
  Yes 382 71.02±15.15
  No 329 70.68±13.93
Post of the public institution 2.652 0.008
  Yes 169 73.45±14.73
  No 542 70.06±14.46
Pass any English level test 2.646 0.008
  Yes 302 72.57±15.49
  No 409 69.60±13.76
Pass any computer level test 1.508 0.132
  Yes 363 71.67±14.72
  No 348 70.02±14.42
Experience of published papers or research 4.018 < 0.001
  Yes 226 74.05±14.37
  No 485 69.38±14.46
Training of EBN knowledge 12.995 < 0.001
  Yes 231 80.08±13.48
  No 480 66.43±12.94
EBN teams or EBN experts guide clinical practice 13.276 < 0.001
  Yes 231 80.24±13.13
  No 480 66.35±13.03
Enthusiasm of nursing profession 35.730 < 0.001
  Low level 163 64.53±11.63
  Middle level 265 69.51±14.32
  High level 283 75.77±14.73
Communication ability -6.891 < 0.001
  General 294 66.59±13.24
  Very good at 417 73.88±14.75
EBN,evidence-based nursing.

2.2 护士EBN综合能力得分情况

护士EBN综合能力平均得分为(70.86±14.59)分,90.4%的护士EBN综合能力处于合格及以上水平。各维度得分中EBN态度和实施信念得分较高,均为良好;其他3个维度得分均为合格。见表 2

表 2 护士EBN综合能力各维度得分比较 Tab.2 Scores of clinical nurses'evidence-based nursing comprehensive competency on all dimensions
Item Score Standardized score
(%)
Equalization level (%)
Very poor Poor Qualified Good
Knowledge 14.26±5.30 52.81±19.63 0.0 50.2 38.7 11.1
Skill 9.20±2.84 61.33±18.93 0.0 20.4 65.5 14.1
Attitude 20.87±3.96 86.96±16.50 0.0 4.9 24.5 70.6
Behavioral 14.53±4.80 60.54±20.00 0.0 36.3 44.2 19.5
Implementation belief 11.99±2.97 79.93±19.80 0.0 8.6 41.6 49.8
Total 70.86±14.59 67.49±13.90 0.0 9.6 63.3 27.1

2.3 护士EBN综合能力影响因素分析

以护士EBN素质与实施水平量表总分为因变量,以单因素分析结果中有统计学意义的变量为自变量(表 3)进行多元线性逐步回归分析,最终EBN培训、EBN小组或者EBN专家对临床实践进行指导、护理专业热爱程度及沟通能力4个自变量进入回归方程,解释因变量的27.9%,F = 40.167,P < 0.001,见表 4

表 3 自变量赋值方法 Tab.3 Assignment method of independent variable
Independent variable Assignment
Post of the public institution Yes=1,no=0
Pass any English level test Yes=1,no=0
Experience of published papers or research Yes=1,no=0
Training of EBN knowledge Yes=1,no=0
EBN teams or EBN experts guide clinical practice Yes=1,no=0
Enthusiasm of nursing profession Low level=1,middle level=2,high level=3
Communication ability General=1,very good at=2
EBN,evidence-based nursing.

表 4 护士EBN综合能力的影响因素分析 Tab.4 Analysis of influencing factors by the comprehensive competency
Item Regression coefficients SE Standardized regression coefficient t P
Constant 55.746 1.779 - 31.342 < 0.001
EBN teams or EBN experts guide clinical practice 7.669 1.230 0.246 6.236 < 0.001
Enthusiasm of nursing profession 2.738 0.685 0.145 3.996 < 0.001
Communication ability 2.215 1.079 0.075 2.052 0.040
EBN,evidence-based nursing.

3 讨论

研究结果显示,护士EBN综合能力总分为(70.86±14.59)分,处于中等合格水平。其中90.4%护士具备一定的EBN综合能力;在各维度得分方面,EBN态度和实施信念处于良好水平,其余维度均处于合格水平[7]。本研究中58.5%护士听说过EBN,仅有32.5%护士接受过EBN知识培训,护士总体缺乏“meta分析具体含义”、“系统综述与传统综述区别”等专业知识的理解,与郑先琳等[7]的研究结果一致。本研究分析认为大部分临床护士可能对EBN的认识仅停留在表面阶段,缺乏EBN更深层次的理论知识。本研究中79.6%护士EBN技能处于中等及以上水平,说明大部分护士具有选择信息源、评估信息、利用信息,进而解决临床护理问题的能力[9]。本研究中95.1%护士EBN态度较积极,与以往研究[6, 7]研究结果一致。分析认为大部分护士认识并认可了EBN的价值,有自觉学习EBN并将其应用于临床实践的积极性。本研究结果显示63.7%护士采取过EBN行为去解决临床护理问题,优于郑先琳等[7]的研究结果。研究[10]认为护士护理积极的态度是行为的始动剂,因此能够发现问题,寻找科学证据并应用于临床实际,形成一定的EBN行为[2]。本研究中91.4%护士实施信念较强,与曾铁英等[11]、郑先琳等[7]研究结果相近,说明大部分护士实施信念强而坚定,并确信可以在今后的临床护理实践中很好地去实施EBN[7]

本研究表明,科室内若组建EBN小组或者有EBN专家对科室临床进行指导,可使护士置身于EBN氛围中,持续地接受来自科室的循证文化熏陶,不断地理解和认识EBN,进而更容易将所学知识应用到临床情境中去。因此,建议管理者可根据医院具体情况适当地增设EBN资源,积极引进EBN专业人才,培养EBN的学科带头人,逐步组建循证团队,进一步促进护士EBN综合能力的提升。

本研究发现,接受过EBN知识培训的护士EBN综合能力高于未接受过EBN相关知识培训的护士,与国内外研究[7, 12]结论一致。美国学者研究[12]表明对护士进行计算机技能、文献质量评价以及证据运用等内容培训能够有效促进护士提高EBN综合能力。可见,教育和培训可增加临床护士对EBN的理解和认同[6, 13],是提高护士EBN综合能力的有效措施[14]。因此,医院管理者应重视EBN的相关培训,为护士提供循证科研机会,进而提高整体EBN综合能力水平。

本研究显示,热爱护理工作的护士其EBN综合能力总体水平要高于其他护士。这与张青月等[15]对天津市临床带教护士的研究结论一致。分析其原因可能是,热爱护理岗位的护士职业认同感更高,学习愿望更强烈,进而对EBN的热情更高,更愿意接受EBN的学习与实践[7],乐于尝试先进的方法去解决临床护理问题[15]。因此建议管理者应该建立恰当的奖励机制,从职称晋升、薪酬福利等方面调动护士的积极性,激发护士对护理工作的热情,鼓励护士积极投身于EBN中去。

本研究表明,沟通能力越好的临床护士EBN综合能力得分更高,与张青月等[15]研究结果相同。分析认为沟通能力好的护士更善于与患者进行交谈,能够及时发现临床护理中的问题,同时了解患者意愿,进而做出临床护理决策;另一方面,沟通能力好的护士乐于与工作伙伴分享护理经验和科学证据,进而促进自身的EBN知识不断提高。

综上所述,目前临床护士的EBN综合能力处于中等合格水平。EBN小组或EBN专家对临床实践指导、EBN知识培训、护理专业热爱程度以及沟通能力是影响护士EBN综合能力的主要因素。建议管理者应重视EBN的开展,加强EBN继续教育和培训力度,组建EBN专家核心团队,激发临床护士的专业热情,促进临床护士整体EBN综合能力的提高[16-17]

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