中国媒介生物学及控制杂志  2021, Vol. 32 Issue (4): 428-431

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赵嘉欣, 王玉姣, 李永香, 母群征, 夏青, 宋秀平, 栗冬梅, 鲁亮, 李贵昌
ZHAO Jia-xin, WANG Yu-jiao, LI Yong-xiang, MU Qun-zheng, XIA Qing, SONG Xiu-ping, LI Dong-mei, LU Liang, LI Gui-chang
小型兽类不同器官恙虫病东方体阳性率调查
Positive rate of Orientia tsutsugamushi in different organs of small mammals
中国媒介生物学及控制杂志, 2021, 32(4): 428-431
Chin J Vector Biol & Control, 2021, 32(4): 428-431
10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.04.008

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收稿日期: 2021-05-14
小型兽类不同器官恙虫病东方体阳性率调查
赵嘉欣1 , 王玉姣1,2 , 李永香1,3 , 母群征1 , 夏青1,3 , 宋秀平1 , 栗冬梅1 , 鲁亮1 , 李贵昌1     
1 中国疾病预防控制中心传染病预防控制所媒介生物控制室, 传染病预防控制国家重点实验室, 北京 102206;
2 佳木斯大学公共卫生学院, 黑龙江佳木斯 154007;
3 山东第一医科大学公共卫生学院, 山东 泰安 271016
摘要: 目的 探究小型兽类不同器官恙虫病东方体阳性率有无差别,为恙虫病的病原学监测提供参考依据。方法 分别选取2017年10月在河南省永城市采集的105只小型兽类的肝、脾、肺、肾、耳样本和2018年9-11月在北京市平谷区采集的324只小兽的肝、脾、耳样本,提取组织DNA,采用巢式PCR扩增检测恙虫病东方体56 kDa蛋白基因核酸片段,出现特异性条带标本通过核酸序列比对确定基因分型并计算阳性率。结果 永城市和平谷区小兽阳性率分别为10.48%和12.96%,二者差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.494,P=0.504)。相同地点小兽不同器官阳性率在0.98%~14.81%,经两两比较χ2检验,永城市小兽耳的阳性率高于其他4种器官,平谷区肝脏的阳性率高于脾脏,差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.818,P=0.022)。两地之间比较,永城市小兽耳的阳性率高于平谷区,差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.525,P=0.011)。平谷区小兽脾的Shimokoshi型阳性率低于肝和耳,Kawasaki型不同器官阳性率差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.560,P=0.455)。两地肝、脾检测结果合并后配对结果显示肝脏的阳性率高于脾脏。一致性检验结果无统计学意义(Kappa=0.015,P=0.744),肝脏、脾脏阳性感染一致性差。结论 永城市和平谷区小兽Kawasaki型的肝、脾、肺、肾恙虫病东方体阳性率差异无统计学意义,而Shimokoshi型肝、耳高于脾。检测多种小兽脏器或多种器官混合可提高恙虫病东方体检出率,兽耳也可作为病原学检测样本。
关键词: 小型兽类    恙虫病东方体    器官    阳性率    
Positive rate of Orientia tsutsugamushi in different organs of small mammals
ZHAO Jia-xin1 , WANG Yu-jiao1,2 , LI Yong-xiang1,3 , MU Qun-zheng1 , XIA Qing1,3 , SONG Xiu-ping1 , LI Dong-mei1 , LU Liang1 , LI Gui-chang1     
1 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control, Department of Vector Biology and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China;
2 School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154007, China;
3 School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the difference in the positive rate of Orientia tsutsugamushi between different organs of small mammals, and to provide a reference for the pathogen monitoring of scrub typhus. Methods Liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and ear samples were collected from 105 small mammals collected in Yongcheng city of Henan province, China in October 2017, and liver, spleen, and ear samples were collected from 324 small mammals collected in Pinggu district of Beijing, China from September to November 2018. DNA was extracted, and nested PCR amplification was used to detect the nucleic acid fragment of the 56 kDa protein gene of O. tsutsugamushi. The specimens with specific bands were genotyped by comparison of nucleotide sequence, and the positive rate was calculated. Results The positive rate of O. tsutsugamushi in small mammals was 10.48% in Yongcheng city and 12.96% in Pinggu district, with no significant difference (χ2=0.494, P=0.504). The positive rate of O. tsutsugamushi in different organs within the same site was 0.98%-14.81%; pairwise comparison showed that the positive rate of O. tsutsugamushi in the ear of the small mammals in Yongcheng city was higher than that in the other four organs, and the positive rate of O. tsutsugamushi in the liver of the small animals in Pinggu district was significantly higher than that in the spleen (χ2=5.818, P=0.022). The comparison of the two places showed that the positive rate of O. tsutsugamushi in the ear of the small mammals in Yongcheng city was significantly higher than that in Pinggu district (χ2=6.525, P=0.011). For the small mammals in Pinggu district, the positive rate of Shimokoshi-type O. tsutsugamushi in the spleen was lower than that in liver and the ear, while there was no significant difference in the positive rate of Kawasaki-type O. tsutsugamushi between the different organs (χ2=1.560, P=0.455). The pooled analysis of the detection results of the liver and the spleen in Yongcheng city and Pinggu district showed that the positive rate of O. tsutsugamushi in the liver was higher than that in the spleen. The results of consistency test showed no significant difference (Kappa=0.015, P=0.744), with poor consistency of positive infection in the liver and the spleen. Conclusion There are no significant differences in the positive rates of Kawasaki-type O. tsutsugamushi in the liver, spleen, lung, and kidney of small mammals between Yongcheng city and Pinggu district, while the positive rate of Shimokoshi-type O. tsutsugamushi in the liver and the ear is higher than that in the spleen. Detection of O. tsutsugamushi in the organ of various small mammals or in multiple organs can improve the detection rate of O. tsutsugamushi, and rodent ears can also be used as samples for the pathogen monitoring of scrub typhus.
Key words: Small mammal    Orientia tsutsugamushi    Organ    Positive rate    

恙虫病(scrub typhus)是由恙虫病东方体(Orientia tsutsugamushi,Ot)感染引起的自然疫源性疾病,以鼠类为主要传染源,经恙螨幼虫叮咬传播。Ot是一种专性胞内寄生菌,可侵害多个器官。恙虫病疫源地调查或监测中鼠类等小型兽类(小兽)病原学检测最常用标本是脾脏和肝脏[1],然而其他器官也可用于病原学检测。为探究小兽不同器官Ot阳性率有无差别,本文对河南省永城市和北京市平谷区小兽不同器官的Ot阳性率进行分析,为恙虫病的病原学监测提供参考依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 检测标本

2017年10月自永城市采集105只小兽肝、脾、肺、肾、耳样本[2],2018年9-11月在平谷区采集324只小兽肝、脾、耳样本[3]。其中耳部捡取叮咬恙螨最多的部位皮肤,如没有恙螨,则根据有恙螨小兽耳确定恙螨寄生最多的部位。部分样本因采样原因未检测。

1.2 病原学检测

使用北京百泰克生物技术有限公司生产的磁珠法DNA提取试剂盒提取小兽标本的DNA。用《恙虫病预防控制技术指南(试行)》(中疾控〔2009〕1号)的巢式PCR引物和方法检测Ot 56 kDa外膜蛋白基因序列。电泳出现特异性条带的PCR产物送北京奥科鼎盛生物技术有限公司测序,序列比对为目标核酸片段者判定为阳性。根据文献[4]从GenBank上下载不同基因型56 kDa蛋白基因序列,建立系统发育树,确定标本Ot基因型。

1.3 数据分析

使用Excel 2019、SPSS 22.0软件进行数据整理和统计分析。应用χ2检验比较小兽不同器官的Ot阳性率和基因分型的关系,McNemar检验和Kappa检验对2种小兽器官Ot阳性率进行一致性比较,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 小兽不同器官Ot阳性率

永城市和平谷区共检测小兽429只,其中53只阳性,Ot总阳性率为12.35%。其中永城市共检测小兽105只,黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrarius)检测94只,阳性8只;褐家鼠(Rattus norvegicus)检测5只,阳性1只;小家鼠(Mus musculus)检测3只,阳性2只;臭鼩鼱(Suncus murinus)检测2只、大仓鼠(Tscherskia triton)检测1只均为阴性。对105只小兽的不同器官样本进行巢式PCR检测,11只鼠的15份不同器官样本为阳性。永城市小兽总的Ot阳性率为10.48%,其中小兽耳的阳性率最高,为14.81%,肝、脾、肺、肾的阳性率依次为2.91%、1.03%、1.92%和0.98%。小兽不同器官阳性率之间差异有统计学意义(χ2=17.083,P < 0.001)。两两比较结果显示,小兽耳的阳性率与肝、脾、肺、肾的阳性率差异均有统计学意义(χ2分别为6.371、9.89、8.348和10.501,P分别为0.012、0.002、0.003和0.001),并高于其他器官,肝、脾、肺和肾之间阳性率差异无统计学意义(Fisher检验,P=0.622、0.683、0.621、1.000、1.000、1.000)。

平谷区共检测小兽324只,其中黑线姬鼠检测185只,阳性9只,小家鼠检测115只,阳性21只,中华姬鼠(A. draco)检测7只,阳性1只;山东小麝鼩(Crocidura shantungensi)检测5只,阳性1只;大仓鼠和北社鼠(Niviventer confucianus)各检测6只,均为阴性。42只小兽的49份不同器官样本为阳性。总的Ot阳性率为12.96%,其中肝脏的阳性率最高为8.00%,脾脏为3.81%,小兽耳为4.64%。小兽不同器官阳性率之间差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.619,P=0.033)。两两比较结果显示,肝脏与脾脏的阳性率差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.818,P=0.022),且肝脏的阳性率高于脾脏。肝脏、脾脏与小兽耳的阳性率差异均无统计学意义(χ2=2.88、0.519,P=0.090、0.471)。

两地小兽总的Ot阳性率差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.494,P=0.504),分别比较小兽不同器官Ot阳性率,两地小兽的肝脏、脾脏阳性率差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.175、1.874,P=0.107、0.207),小兽耳的阳性率差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.525,P=0.011),两地小兽不同器官Ot阳性率见表 1

表 1 河南省永城市和北京市平谷区小兽不同器官恙虫病东方体阳性率 Table 1 Positive rate of Orientia tsutsugamushi in different organs of small mammals in Yongcheng city and Pinggu district
2.2 小兽肝、脾Ot阳性率与基因分型的关系

永城市鼠体Ot为Kawasaki型,平谷区则包括Kawasaki和Shimokoshi型2种,故对平谷区小兽不同器官感染的Ot基因分型进行分析。Kawasaki型和Shimokoshi型的总阳性率分别为4.94%和7.10%(表 2),差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.337,P=0.248)。相同器官不同Ot基因型别的阳性率差异均无统计学意义(χ2=2.778、2.313、2.632,P=0.096、0.128、0.105)。Kawasaki型在小兽不同器官的阳性率差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.560,P=0.455),Shimokoshi型在小兽不同器官的阳性率差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.662,P=0.007),即肝脏的阳性率高于小兽耳及脾脏。Shimokoshi型在小兽不同器官的阳性率两两比较结果显示,肝脏与脾脏、脾脏与小兽耳的阳性率差异均有统计学意义(χ2=9.850、4.159,P=0.002、0.041),且肝脏的阳性率高于脾脏,小兽耳高于脾脏。肝脏与小兽耳的阳性率差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.489,P=0.222)。

表 2 北京市平谷区小兽不同器官不同基因型恙虫病东方体阳性率 Table 2 Positive rate of different genotypes of Orientia tsutsugamushi in different organs of small animals in Pinggu district
2.3 小兽肝、脾Ot阳性率一致性比较

永城市阳性小兽标本中有27.27%(3/11)是2个以上器官同时阳性,平谷区为14.29%(6/42)。因永城市和平谷区小兽的肝脏、脾脏Ot阳性率差异无统计学意义,将两地肝、脾检测结果合并后进行McNemar检验(表 3),结果显示肝脏、脾脏Ot阳性率差异有统计学意义(P=0.017),2个器官检测的阳性率有差异,肝脏的阳性率高于脾脏。Kappa值为0.015,Kappa检验结果无统计学意义(P=0.744)。

表 3 河南省永城市和北京市平谷区小型兽类肝、脾恙虫病东方体阳性率配对比较 Table 3 Pairwise comparison of the positive rate of different genotypes of Orientia tsutsugamushi in the liver and the spleen of small mammals between Yongcheng city and Pinggu district
3 讨论

Ot可以侵犯多种哺乳动物的不同细胞,当动物被恙螨幼虫叮咬后,Ot通过叮咬处侵入宿主体内,首先在被叮咬部位皮肤中被真皮树突状细胞和激活的单核-巨噬细胞吞噬,引起局部炎症反应,然后以活化的树突状细胞和单核细胞作为传播载体[5],随着血液或淋巴转移到局部淋巴结和全身组织器官,并侵入小血管内皮细胞及其周边的单核-吞噬细胞中,引起细胞凋亡,造成多种器官的功能损害[6-7]。Ot在人体内可侵害多种器官的多种细胞,例如3例死于战争期间的病例尸检显示Ot分布于心、肺、脑、肾、胰腺和皮肤等器官的内皮细胞及肝和脾的巨噬细胞中[8]。而在动物模型中也可观察到Ot的广泛分布,如Keller等[9]在小鼠足垫皮内注射Ot,14 d后在肝、脾、肺、肾、心、脑和淋巴结等多种器官中均出现Ot 47 kDa蛋白核酸拷贝数的高峰,此后开始下降,但28 d仍可检出。Soong等[10]采用耳侧皮内注射感染小鼠动物模型,发现Ot可在小鼠血液、淋巴结、肝、脾、肺、耳中持续至少84 d,但拷贝数很低。上述研究说明Ot不仅可在哺乳动物宿主的多种器官中增殖,且持续时间很长,并有拷贝数的差异。后两项研究均为实验室动物模型感染实验,但在野外动物自然感染Ot以后不同器官Ot感染率情况的横断面调查尚无报道。

本研究中野外捕获的小兽肝、脾、肺、肾和耳均可检出Ot 56 kDa蛋白基因,证实在野外Ot感染黑线姬鼠、小家鼠等多种鼠类以后可侵入多种器官,与实验室小鼠模型的研究结果一致[9-11]

永城市小兽肝、脾、肺、肾Ot阳性率无差异,而平谷区肝、脾Ot阳性率则存在差异。通过比较平谷区Kawasaki和Shimokoshi基因型小兽不同器官的阳性率,发现平谷区Kawasaki基因型小兽肝、脾、耳阳性率并无差别,与永城市单一的Kawasaki型一致,而平谷区小兽肝、脾阳性率的差异可能是由Shimokoshi基因型的阳性率不同造成的,其原因还有待后续研究。

永城市仅检测了携带恙螨的小兽耳,但携带和未携带恙螨的小兽耳可能存在Ot感染率差异,从而造成永城市小兽耳Ot阳性率高于其他4种器官,也高于平谷区全部检查小兽耳的阳性率。而且平谷区的小兽耳阳性率依然高于脾,小兽耳比较高的阳性率提示我们在鼠体病原学监测中,可以只检测鼠耳中的Ot,这样即可将恙螨监测与Ot病原学监测结合起来,捕获鼠以后只需剪下鼠耳,不需解剖和保存脏器,可以减少鼠体解剖的操作和生物安全风险。但小兽耳皮肤的取样应靠近恙螨叮咬的部位。

永城市和平谷区均发现同一只小兽的不同器官同时阳性的概率较小,且两地肝、脾合并后配对检测结果不一致。推测原因是小兽各器官在感染早期或后期Ot拷贝数较低[10],此时巢式PCR较少的加样量可能导致56 kDa蛋白基因拷贝数较低,从而出现假阴性结果。通过检测多种器官可以提高检测方法的灵敏性,提高小兽Ot的检出率。

本研究仅针对永城市和平谷区2个秋季型恙虫病疫源地,其媒介均为小盾纤恙螨(Leptotrombidium scutellare),宿主为黑线姬鼠和小家鼠[2-3],但在其他宿主、媒介和Ot基因型不同的疫源地内宿主各器官感染率情况,今后需在不同类型疫源地开展相关研究。

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